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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the other 2 names for coccidiomycosis?
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Valley Fever
San Joaquin Valley Fever |
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What is the causative agent of coccidiomycosis?
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Geophilic dimorphic fungus Coccidiodes immitis
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What environmental conditions do coccidiodes flourish in?
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Grows in sandy, alkaline soils in semiarid conditions w/ high summer temperatures and moderate winter temperatures and close to sea level
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Where is coccidiomycosis endemic?
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Desert in the SW
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When do coccidiodes go through the mycelial phase?
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Mycelial phase lies dormant below the soil surface during droughts
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When does the dormant stage of the mycelial phase of coccidiodes end?
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Following rain, the organism returns to the surface, sporulates, and arthrospores are dispersed by the wind
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When do coccidioidomycosis outbreaks occur?
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When drought and dust storms follows periods of rain
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How are mammals infected with coccidioides?
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Usually via inhalation of arthrospores from the environment (incubation of 1 to 3 weeks in dogs)
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What happens to the arthrospores after being inhaled by a mammal?
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-Move to the subpleura area
-Spherules form and produce endospores, which in turn produce more spherules |
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How does systemic dissemination of coccidioides occur?
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Via blood and lymphatics
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True or false. Direct inoculation of coccidioides can rarely cause localized cutaneous infections.
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True
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What is the signalment of the animals most infected by coccidioides?
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-dogs> cats
-young (<4 yrs), large and medium-size male dogs that are housed outside -males= weaker immune system -large= outside + roam more |
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What are the 4 organs commonly affected by coccidioidomycosis?
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1) Bones & joints
2) Spleen, liver, kidneys 3) Heart & lungs 4) Eyes and nervous system |
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The severity of coccidioidomycosis depends on what?
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The immune response
-vast majority subclinical |
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What are the signs of coccidioidomycosis that has caused pulmonary infection?
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-soft cough from small airway disease or a dry hacking cough due to enlarged hilar lymph nodes
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What is a common sign of pulmonary infection and disseminated disease due to coccidioidomycosis?
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Fever***
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What are the common clinical signs of disseminated coccidioidomycosis?
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-fever, anorexia, weight loss, depression, weakness
-lameness, localized peripheral lymphadenomegaly, *draining skin lesions that won't heal -keratitis, uveitis and acute blindness |
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What are the rare signs of disseminated coccidioidomycosis?
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Involve cardiac, GI or nervous systems
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What may be seen on radiology of a dog with coccidioidomycosis? Why?
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Bone infections usually occur at the end of distal long bones and radiographically they are productive and lytic
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What is different about the clinical signs of coccidioidomycosis in cats compared to dogs?
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Similar, but skin lesions are the most common type of presentation
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What laboratory abnormalities are found in an animal with coccidioidomycosis?
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Non-specific
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What are 3 ways a sample can be collected to demonstrate the coccidioides organism?
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1) Fine needle aspiration of lymph nodes, bones or other affected tissues
2) Impression smears from draining skin lesions 3) airway washings -false (-) may occur due to interstitial location of organisms |
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What is the most common method for diagnosing fungi? Why?
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Find the organism!!! rule of thumb for fungus= easy to see on cytology
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What should be your approach to diagnosing coccidioidomycosis?
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Cytology first if not diagnostic==> serology
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Where are coccidiodes organisms found in cytology?
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within macrophages
-characteristic basophilic center surrounded by a clear halo due to shrinking of capsule during fixation |
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Why should fungal cultures be send to an outside lab?
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The arthroconidia from mycelial growth are highly infectious
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What can you determine about coccidioidomycosis from a skin test?
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Only determines exposure and not active infection- shouldn't be used clinically
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What is the treatment for animals mildly affected by coccidioidomycosis?
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Will likely recovery and do not require treatment
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What is the treatment for an animal with severe or disseminated coccidioidomycosis?
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Treat with systemic antifungals
-continue treatment after resolution of signs |
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What is the prognosis of local infection from coccidioides? Systemic disease?
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Local: good
systemic: 90% respond to ketaconazole w/ complete recovery of 60% -some animals may require chronic low-dose therapy to stay in remission |
