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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Energy Management
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Nate, this should not have taken longer than the two minutes you usually last
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Initial flight training consists of two different types of airspace. What are they?
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MOAs and Alert Areas
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The major difference in MOAs and Alert Areas is…
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the level of air traffic CONTROL for the airspace
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An airspace set aside for military aircraft to accomplish maneuvers in the lateral, vertical, and horizontal planes is called
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a MOA
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ATC uses ____ flight rules to control a MOA
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instrument
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Can VFR traffic enter a MOA?
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Yes…practice see and avoid
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How is a MOA defined?
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off of a VORTAC or TACAN by radials and DME
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Name another way a MOA can be defined.
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Lat/Long coordinates read by a GPS
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How is a MOA defined vertically?
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a MOA will have a min/max MSL/FL
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Speaking of altitudes, how are the altitudes in a MOA categorized?
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Low altitude block and high altitude block with (normally) a 2000 foot buffer between the two.
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Low MOA's are generally for
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aerobatics, stalls, and formation
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High MOAs are generally for
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spins
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What is an Alert Area
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airspace with defined dimensions which contain a high volume of military OR CIVILIAN pilot training (or unusual aerial activity like skydiving….yeeeeeaaaah!!!
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In alert areas would you generally be IFR or VFR?
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VFR
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Is ATC REQUIRED to direct aircraft through alert areas?
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No. Most of the time airliners and other civ pilots will steer clear however, SEE AND AVOID
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How is an alert area defined?
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lat/long or by designated radials and DME.
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True or False Both MOAs and alert areas have individual working areas within their boundaries?
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TRUE but rememeber AA's may have VFR ground landmarks as boundaries
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How high can an alert area be?
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Up to but not including FL180. AA's may have split altitude blocks as well
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Entry into a lower altitude working area creates what kind of energy problem?
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You may have to GAIN energy
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Entry into a higher altitude working area creates what kind of energy problem?
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You may need to LOSE energy.
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So you need to solve this _____ problem and maintain the necessary ____ to perform maneuvers in the working area.
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energy level; energy
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What are two reasons for staying in your assigned airspace?
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Reduces traffic conflicts and makes you a better pilot.
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REVIEW: Total energy is the sum of ____ and ____
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potential energy and kinetic energy
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Potential energy is directly realted to _____
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altitude
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Kinetic Energy is directly related to _____
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airspeed
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An aircraft at 12,000 feet has (more/less) potential energy than that of an aircraft at 6,000 feet. (AIRSPEED IS CONSTANT)
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MORE
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a speed of 250 knots gives and aircraft (more/less) kinetic energy than one flying at 100 knots
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MORE
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The higher the altitude and airspeed, the ___ the total energy
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GREATER
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Trading energy (potential for kinetic or vice-versa) does what three things?
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Takes less time and distance, saves fuel, and demonstrates proper judgment
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you can convert potential energy to kinetic energy by ____ the aircraft.
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DIVING
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Will doing a constant airspeed descent do you an good in the energy trading business?
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NO…P.E. (altitude) is lost while K.E. (airspeed) remains constant
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To trade higher altitude for higher airspeed put the cockpit canopy bow on the ___.
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Horizon (this gives you approx. 10 degress down)
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REVIEW: Drag increases as airspeed increases.
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Don't forget this, fool
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As you dive you’re a/c drag increases, so to optimize energy gained set your PCL to _____.
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FULL POWER
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With full power and the cockpit caopy bow on the horizon you will gain _____ knots of IAS for every _____ feet of ALT lost.
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50 knots; 1,000 feet
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What if you want to slow down instead of speed up? Do you just want to pull power back?
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NO, this will result in wasting extra K.E.
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To lose airspeed, would want to pull the stick back to initiate a ____
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back; climb
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Pulling the stick back to lose speed would be considered trading _____ for ______
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airspeed for altitude
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If you need to gain a lot of altitude, use ___ power, don't slow below ____ knots, and try to do this ___ ___
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MAX, 140, wings level (max 30° of bank if you MUST turn)
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An increase in total drag without adding power results in a ____ of total energy
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LOSS
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If you are pulling Gs and descending at low power or losing airspeed you are _____ energy
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LOSING
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If you are ____ or _____ with more than one G, tou are not gaining the most energy possible.
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accelerating; climbing
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What are the three inflight planning concepts?
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1. Mission Profile 2. Energy Management 3. Area Orientation
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The mission profile is the ____ for your sortie
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blueprint
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TRUE OR FALSE The mission profile outlines the sequence of events from the time you leave the building till the time you return to the building.
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TRUE
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Efficient energy management results in accomplishing your sortie without lots of ____ wasted between maneuvers configuring
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time
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What is the first rule of energy management?
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Sequence maneuvers so that each one builds, maintains, or loses energy as required for the next maneuver
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What is the second rule of energy management?
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Maintain a working energy level during your area profile until you are ready to depart the area
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Maneuvers can be classified into three different categories. What are they?
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Gainers, Neutral, Losers
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With a "gainer" maneuver, the a/c completes the maneuver with a ____ total energy state than when it started the maneuver
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HIGHER
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What types of maneuvers are gainers?
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Power-on stalls, nose high recoveries, and climbing aerobatics
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What is a neutral energy maneuver?
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the a/c completes the maneuver at roughly the same energy as when it started
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TRUE OR FALSE? Any maneuver that starts and finished at the same altitude and airspeed or makes a pure energy trade is a neutral?
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TRUE
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What type of maneuver is considered in the neutral category?
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Inverted recoveries
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If an aircraft is at a lower enrgy state at the end of the maneuver is is considered a ____ in the energy trade
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LOSER
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What type of maneuvers are LOSERS
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Traffic pattern stalls, ELP stalls, OCF recoveries, spins, nose low recoveries, slow flight, and descending high-G aerobatics
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What is the "working" energy level?
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altitude/airspeed combo that will allow you to trade altitude and airspeed to accomplish your maneuvers WITHIN your altitude block
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What is the working energy level for the T-6
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The middle of your altitude block and 180-200 knots
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If you want to enter and leave an area at the bottom you want to do energy ____ maneuvers first
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GAINING, NEUTRAL, then LOSING
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If you want to enter and leave at the top of your area, you'd do your maneuvers in what order?
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LOSING, NEUTRAL, then GAINING
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Area orientation applies to what areas?
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the working area, landing pattern, departure and recovery, and ramp ops
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What are the four major area orientation concepts?
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1. Knowing where you are. 2. Knowing the boundaries of your present working area. 3. Knowing the flight paths and required airspace for planned profile maneuvers. 4. know and compensating for winds at altitude in your area.
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To maintain area orientation….
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Look outside and find suitable ground references to keep you in your area
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If operating near the shorline, keep the beach between the ____ and the ____ of the wing to be within _____ distance.
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root, wing, gliding
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What do you do if clouds obsecure your area?
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use your EHSI and DME or use ground references near the center of the largest amount of clear air
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Wind rules! You need to account for wind while maneuvering. To do so, state the first rule.
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Know the direction and velocity of wind
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State the second wind rule
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Displace your "working" reference point upwind from your area's geographical center.
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Fly your maneuvers ___ the wind and ____ from your working reference.
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Into, upwind (HUH? This means keep you’re a/c's flight path opposite the wind direction)
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Power on Stalls are ___ stalls at ___ power settings
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climbing, high
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Power on stalls simulate
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conditions found during departure and other climbing conditions
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POWER ON STALLS entry airspeed/power
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approx 30-60% torque
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POWER ON STALLS altitude required ABOVE
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1500 feet ABOVE entry altitude
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POWER ON STALLS lateral distance required
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3NM AHEAD and 3NM in the direction of the planned turn
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Is a power on stall an energy gainer, loser, or is it neutral?
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GAINER (you gain more altitude in a stall entry than you lose)
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A procedure used to safely reutrn to level flight from an abnormal climbing flight condition is a ___ _____ ____
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Nose high recovery
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NOSE HIGH RECOVERY PARAMETERS:
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here we go…
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entry airspeed/power
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varies on setup
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Altitude required
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2000 feet ABOVE; 1000 feet BELOW (setup only)
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Lateral distance required
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3NM in ALL directions
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Is a nose high recovery a gainer, loser, or neutral
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GAINER (you recover at a higher altitude than you started)
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A procedure used to safely return to level flight from an abnormal diving flight condition is called a ___ ___ ___
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nose low recovery
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NOSE LOW RECOVERY PARAMETERS
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yo yo here were go
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entry airspeed/power
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varies on setup
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Altitude required
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1000 feet ABOVE (setup only); 2000 feet BELOW
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Lateral distance required
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3NM in ALL directions
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Is a nose low recovery an energy gainer, loser or neutral
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LOSER (energy loss is from G loading and idle power used during dive recovery)
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What is an inverted recovery?
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a procedure used to safely return to level flight from any inverted flight condition
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INVERTED RECOVERY PARAMETERS
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YEAAAAH BOYEEEE
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entry airspeed/power
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varies on setup
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Altitude required
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2000 feet above AND below
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Lateral distance required
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3 NM all directions
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How is an inverted recovery a gainer?
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if a climbing inverted entry is used
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How is an inverted recovery a loser?
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if a diving inverted entry isused
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How is an inverted recovery neutral?
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if it is entered from near level flight
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What is the OCF recovery?
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a recovery from a spin in the early stages of development
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The OCF maneuver is a ____ maneuver
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vertical (only a small distance is convered horizontally)
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OCF PARAMETERS
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This is getting old
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entry airspeed/power
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AS REQ'D / IDLE
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Altitude required
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1000 feet ABOVE; 3500 feet BELOW
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Lateral distance required
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1NM ahead and 1NM in the direction of the turn
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Is OCF maneuver a gainer, loser, or neutral
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LOSER (climbing entry done at low power and recovery is at idle)
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A spin recovery is a recovery from a fully developed ____.
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spin
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SPIN PARAMETERS
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SAME AS OCF!!
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Is a spin recovery a gainer, loser, or neutral
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LOSER
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what are decending stalls at low power settings to simulate conditions that you could encounter in the landing patterm?
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Traffic Pattern Stalls
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Not planning enough _____ and area to complete the stall series is a common mistake
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altitude
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Another common mistake is failing to check ___ ___ after ech individual stall.
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area orientation
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TRAFFIC PATTERN STALL PARAMETERS
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grrrrr
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entry airspeed/power
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FINAL TURN: STALLS 120 kias/idle LANDING ATTITUDE STALL: 5-10 kias above final appch speed (100 kias min)/idle
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Altitude required
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2500 feel below
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Lateral distance required
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3NM in ALL directions
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Is the traffic pattern stall a gainer, loser, or neutral?
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LOSER (you are in descending flight at low poer settings prior to the stall and level recoveries at 100-120 kts)
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These are practiced to teach you to recognize and recover from an approach to stall with a adead engine or feathered prop.
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Power-off/ELP PARAMETERS
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POWER OFF / ELP PARAMETERS
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here we go, AGAIN
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entry airspeed/power for CLEAN GLIDE
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125 KIAS (4-6%)
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entry airspeed/power for high key to low key
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120 KIAS (4-6%)
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entry airspeed/power for low key to runway
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120 KIAS (4-6%)
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Altitude required
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4000 feet
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Is the power off / ELP maneuver a gainer, loser, or neutral?
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Loser (low power, low airspeed descent and power off recoveries)
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What is level flight maneuvering at just above stall speed called?
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Slow flight
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Should you change altitude during slow flight?
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NO
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SLOW FLIGHT PARAMETERS
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Last one….yippee
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entry airspeed/power LDG flaps
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80-85 KIAS
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entry airspeed/power TO flaps
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85-90
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entry airspeed/power NO flaps
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90-95
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Altitude Buffer
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500 feet above and below
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Lateral distance required
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2NM Ahead and 2NM in direction of first turn
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Is slow flight a gainer, loser, or neutral/
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Neutral (if done from a traffic pattern or power off series) OTHERWISE, LOSER, since you have to slow down
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This lesson REALLY SUCKS
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yes it does
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