Cns3 - Infections - Encephalitis And Misc

Front 1

What are the 4 classes of encephalitis?

Back 1

-Primary
-Secondary
-Post-infectious, post-vaccine
-Slow-virus infection

Front 2

What is Primary encephalitis?
What is an example?

Back 2

That in which the causative agent always causes encephalitis and brain involvement
Example = rabies

Front 3

What is Secondary encephalitis?
What are two examples?

Back 3

That in which CNS involvement is not always present.
Polio via Enterovirus, malaria

Front 4

How are primary/secondary encephalitis similar?

Back 4

-Both cause similar pathologic findings
-Both have high mortality rates

Front 5

What are 6 common microscopic findings in encephalitis?

Back 5

-Neuron necrosis
-Neuronophagia
-Glial nodules
-Intracytoplasmic or intranuclear inclusion bodies
-Perivascular infiltration of lymphs and plasma cells
-Petechiae

Front 6

What are 4 common gross findings in the brain/spinal cord in encephalitis?

Back 6

-Swelling
-Softness
-Necrosis
-Hemorrhages

Front 7

What is the typical distribution of encephalitis?

Back 7

Involves the whole brain

Front 8

What are clinical manifestations of encephalitis?

Back 8

-Fever
-Lethargy
-Coma
-Focal neurological manifestations

Front 9

What are 3 disease that have specific sites of involvement, pathological findings, and clinical courses?

Back 9

-Poliomyelitis
-Herpes encephalitis
-Rabies

Front 10

What are 2 prodromal signs of poliomyelitis?

Back 10

-Respiratory signs
-GI disturbances

Front 11

What component of the CNS is affected by Poliomyelitis?

Back 11

-Motor neurons of SC and brainstem

Front 12

What is the clinical manifestation of the motor neuron involvement?

Back 12

Flaccid paralysis of the muscles innervated by the affected nerves

Front 13

What is often the cause of death in poliomyelitis?

Back 13

Respiratory failure due to brainstem involvement (bulbar)

Front 14

Where does HSVI prefer to attack the CNS? What does it do to brain morphology there?

Back 14

-Frontal lobes
-Temporal lobes
-Causes hemorrhagic necrosis

Front 15

What are 5 clinical manifestations as a result of HSVI targeting the frontal and temporal lobes?

Back 15

-Aphasia
-Behavioral disturbances
-Convulsions
-Disorientation
-Coma

Front 16

How does HSVI enter the brain?

Back 16

Via the trigeminal and olfactory nerves

Front 17

What type of HSV are neonates prone to getting?

Back 17

HSVII

Front 18

Where in the CNS does HSVII in adults typically target?

Back 18

The spinal cord

Front 19

What is the hallmark microscopic finding in Rabies?

Back 19

Negri bodies

Front 20

What are Negri bodies?

Back 20

Acidophilic, intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in neurons

Front 21

Where in the brain are Negri bodies typically found in Rabies?

Back 21

-Hippocampus
-Cerebellum

Front 22

What are 4 common clinical manifestations of Rabies?

Back 22

-Convulsions
-Hydrophobia
-Paralysis
-Parasthesia

Front 23

What is Post-infectious or post-vaccinal encephalomyelitis?

Back 23

An immunological reaction to a viral infection or vaccination in which antibodies attack the brain - esp the white matter

Front 24

When does the disease usually manifest after the infection or vaccine?

Back 24

2-3 weeks later

Front 25

What are 2 slowly progressive, fatal diseases of the CNS?

Back 25

-Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy PML
-CNS involvement of AIDS

Front 26

What virus causes PML? When is it typically acquired?

Back 26

The JC virus - usually acquired early and remains dormant.

Front 27

What causes the JC virus to emerge from dormancy?

Back 27

Immunodeficiency and malignant neoplasms like lymphoma

Front 28

What are characteristic morphologic findings in PML?

Back 28

-Multifocal demyelination
-Bizarre astrocytes
-Abnormal swollen oligodendroglia w/ inclusions

Front 29

How does AIDS give rise to CNS involvement?

Back 29

By impairing the immune system thus allowing for opportunistic infections to develop.

Front 30

What is the most common opportunistic infections to develop in AIDS?

Back 30

CMV

Front 31

What are 2 types of CNS diseases associated with CMV?

Back 31

-Meningitis
-Encephalitis

Front 32

What is the actual AIDS-caused encephalitis also called in AIDS?

Back 32

AIDS dementia

Front 33

What are the 2 main pathological changes seen in AIDS dementia?

Back 33

-White matter involvement
-Multinucleated giant cells

Front 34

What is it called when AIDS attacks the spinal cord? Why? What specific sites does it attack?

Back 34

Vacuolar myelopathy - because of presence of foamy macrophages
-Posterior and lateral columns.

Front 35

What are 4 miscellaneous infections of the CNS?

Back 35

-Prion diseases
-Toxoplasmosis
-Trichinosis
-Cysticercosis

Front 36

What does Prion disease do to the brain and at what sites?

Back 36

-Causes spongiform degeneration
-Cortex and basal ganglia

Front 37

What does Toxoplasmosis do to the brain and at what sites?

Back 37

-Causes granulomatous inflammatn
-Obstructs the cerebral aquaduct
-Hydrocephus results

Front 38

In what age of patients is Toxoplasmosis usually seen?

Back 38

Develops in utero and seen in newborns