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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gross classification of brain tumours |
1/3 astrocytomas 1/3 Mets 1/3 Non-glial |
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Astrocytoma classification |
Low-grade pilocytic Intermediate anaplastic High grade GBM |
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Common tumours < 2 years |
Choroid plexus papilloma Anaplastic astrocytoma Teratoma |
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Common first decade tumours |
Medulloblastoma Astrocytoma Ependymoma Craniopharyngioma Gliomas (Mets very rare) |
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Common adults tumours - Supratentorial |
Mets (50%) Astrocytomas Glioblastoma multiforme Meningiomas Oligodendrogliomas Pituitary adenomas Schwannomas |
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Common adult Intra-axial tumours - Infratentorial |
* Mets (common) * Haemangioblastoma |
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Common paediatric intra-axial tumours: Supratentorial |
* Astrocytoma * Pleomorphic xanthoastro (PXA) * PNET * DNET * Ganglioglioma
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Common paediatric intra-axial tumours - Infratentorial |
* Juvenile pilocytic astro * PNET (Medulloblastoma) * Ependymoma * Brainstem astrocytoma |
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Signs of extra-axial location |
CSF cleft Displaced subarachnoid vessels Cortical gray between mass and white matter Displace and expand subarachnoid space Broad dural base Bony reaction |
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Tumours that cross the midline |
GBM Radiation necrosis Meningioma Lymphoma Epidermoid cysts MS |
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Multifocality |
Usually mets Some other tumours: lymphomas, multicentric glioblastomas and gliomatosis cerebri Meningiomas and Schwannomas (esp in NF2) |
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Tumours in NF 2 |
Bilateral acoustic schwannoma Meningioma |
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Tumours in NF 1 |
Optic glioma Cafe au lait |
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Tumours in tuberous sclerosis |
Subependymal tubers Intraventricular giant cell astrocytomas Ependymomas |
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Tumours in von Hippel Lindau |
Hemangioblastomas |
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Most intra-axial tumors are located in white or grey matter |
White matter (non-cortex) |
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Grey matter tumours (cortex) |
Oligodendroglioma Ganglioglioma Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithial Tumor (DNET). |
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Fat within tumour |
Lipomas Dermoid cysts Teratomas |
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Calcium in tumours: Intra-axial |
Astrocytoma (25%) Oligodendroglioma (90%) Mets Ependymoma (50%) Choroid plexus papilloma (25%) Ganglioglioma (40%) |
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Calcium in extra-axial tumours |
Meningiomas (25%) Craniopharyngeoma (90%) Chordomas Chondrosarcoma |
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Most tumours are ? on T1 |
Low/intermediate |
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High on T1 |
Pit apoplexy Haemorrhagic tumour or met Thrombosed aneurysm Cyst with protein fluid Lipoma Dermoid cyst Colloid cyst Melanoma met |
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Most tumours are ? on T2 |
High (water content) |
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Low on T2 |
Lymphoma, meningioma, PNET, germinoma, GBM, oligo, mucinous-adeno met Calcium Blood (old haemorrhage) Colloid cyst Melanoma met |
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DWI positive |
Abscess Epidermoid cyst Acute infarction Herpes Medulloblastoma |
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Enhancement |
Extra-axial tumours: meningioma, schwannoma High grade glioma Low grade glioma: ganglioglioma, pilocytic astrocytoma Lymphoma Mets Non-tumoral: infection, abscess, MS, infarction |
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No enhancement |
Low grade astrocytoma Cystic-non-tumoral: dermoid, epidermoid, arachnoid |
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Ring enhancement |
Mets GBM Abscess MS Chronic haematoma |
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Skull base tumours |
Chordoma Chondrosarcoma Esthesioneuroblastoma Lymphoma Mets Myeloma Paraganglioma Sinonasal carcinoma |
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Sella/parasellar |
Pit adenoma Craniopharyngioma Meningioma Rathke Cyst Chiasmatic glioma Epidermoid Germinoma Schwannoma Mets |
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CP angle |
Schwannoma Meningioma Epidermoid Arachnoid cyst Paraganglioma Mets |
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Pineal region tumours |
Pineocytoma Germ cell PNET Tectal glioma Meningioma Dermoid Arachnoid cyst |
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Intraventricular tumour |
Ependymoma Subependymoma Choroid plexus papilloma Central neurocytoma Colloid cyst Meningioma Giant cell astrocytoma |
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Paediatric 4th ventricle tumours |
Astrocytomas Medulloblastomas Ependymomas Brainstem gliomas |
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Adult 4th ventricular tumours |
(Uncommon) Mets most commonly Also: hemangioblastomas, choroid plexus papillomas and dermoid and epidermoid cysts |
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Tumour mimics |
Abscess MS Aneurysm Herpes encephalitis Dural AV fistula |
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PNET meaning |
Primitive neuroectodermal tumor |
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DNET meaning |
Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumours |
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Intradural intramedullary appearance |
Cord widened, CSF thinned |
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Intradural intramedullary dd |
Ependymoma Astrocytoma Haemangioblastoma Lipoma/Epidermoid Syringohydromyelia Intramedullary AVM Rarely: met/abscess |
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Intradural extramedullary appearance |
Contrast/CSF acute angles with the mass, resulting in meniscus around the mass and widened contrast column between cord and mass on one side |
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Intradural extramedullary dd |
Meningioma Schwannoma/neurinoma Neurofibroma Haemangiopericytoma Lipoma/epidermoid Arahnoid cyst/adhesion Leptomeningeal met Veins |
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Extradural appearance |
Dura and sac displaced away from mass. CSF angles around mass are obtuse, with "marble under carpet" appearance |
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Extradural dd |
Degenerative: * Herniated disc * Synovial cyst * Osteophyte * Rheumatoid space Non-degenerative * Mets * Abscess * Haematoma * Primary tumour expansion or invasion * Epidural lipomatosis |
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Most common intramedullary neoplasm in adults |
Ependymoma |
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Le Fort fractures include ... |
Maxilla bilaterally
(posterior maxillary buttress at junction of posterior maxillary sinus and pterygoid plates of sphenoid) |
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Le Fort 1 |
Maxillary arch moves in relation to rest of face/skull |
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Le Fort 2 |
Entire maxilla will move in relation to skull base |
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Le Fort 3 |
Entire craniofacial separation |
