Cns Exam 2 Neuro

Front 1

prosencephalon

Back 1

telencephalon
diencephalon

Front 2

telencephalon

Back 2

adult structures:
cerebrum
cortex, gray and white mattter and basal nuclei

neural canal regions: lateral ventricles

Front 3

lateral ventricles come from what primary brain vesicle

Back 3

prosencephalon

Front 4

mesencephalon

Back 4

mesencephalon

cerebral aqueduct

Front 5

diencephalon

Back 5

-thalamuses

third ventricle

Front 6

rhombencephalon

Back 6

metencephalon
myelencephalon

Front 7

metencephalon

adult brain structures

neural regions

Back 7

adult: brain stem, pons, cerebellum

fourth ventricle

Front 8

myelencephalon

Back 8

adult: brainstem, medulla

neural: central canal

Front 9

central canal comes from

Back 9

myelencephalon (brainstem and medulla)

Front 10

epidural space

Back 10

around dura mater

anesthesia given here

epidural hemmorhage - between periosteal and meningeal layers of dura

Front 11

subdural space

Back 11

betweeen dura and arachnoid

Front 12

contains CSF

Back 12

subarachnoid space

Front 13

all ascending and descending tracts go through ___

Back 13

medulla

Front 14

pons derived from which part of rhombencephalon

Back 14

metencephalon

Front 15

cerebral peduncle part of what part of rhombencephalon

Back 15

mesencephalon (midbrain)
ascending and descending nerve fibers

Front 16

separates lateral ventricles

Back 16

septum pellucidum

Front 17

internal carotid arteries

Back 17

came off of the common carotid
at bifurcatoin- carotid contains baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

three branches:
opthalmic a
anterior cerebral a
middle cerebral a

Front 18

three branches of internal carotid

Back 18

opthalmic a
anterior cerebral a
middle cerebral a

Front 19

vertebral arteries arise from which arteries

Back 19

arise from subclavian arteries at the base of the neck

pass up through transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae and enter the skull throught he foramen magnum

unite to form the basilar artery

Front 20

which artery goes superiorly to form basilar artereries

Back 20

vertebral arteries that come from the sublclavian arteries

Front 21

basilar arteries

Back 21

formed at the level of the pons,
branches include: inferior and superior cerebellar arteries
terminates by forming two posterior cerebral arteries

Front 22

what are the branches of the basilar arteries

Back 22

inferior and superior cerebellar arteries

--> forms 2 posterior CEREBRAL arteries

Front 23

which arteries form the 2 posterior cerebral arteries

Back 23

inferior and superior CEREBELLAR arteries

Front 24

anterior cerebral artery supplies:

Back 24

the frontal and parietal lobes

Front 25

middle cerebral artery supplies:

Back 25

midbrain and lateral surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres

Front 26

headquarters of RF is in what part of the brain

Back 26

mesencephalon

Front 27

important nuclei of the RF located in

Back 27

SC
medulla
pons
mesencephalon
thalamus
HT

Front 28

functions of RF

Back 28

somatic motor control - gives rise to reticulospinal tracts of the SC which adjust muscle tension to maintain balance and posture. relays signals from eyes and ears to the cerebellum to integrate motor coordinatoin
CV control
pain modulation
cortical alertnes
habituation

Front 29

somatic motor control of the RF

Back 29

give rise to the reticulospinal tracts of the SC
these adjust msucle tension to maintain balance and posture.
relays signals from eyes and ears to cerebellum to integrate motor coordinatoin

Front 30

funcions of medulla

Back 30

CV - adjust HR, strength of cardiac cxn, flow of blood through periopheral tissues
respiratory rhymicity centers

pyramids, and olives
nucleus gracilis
nucleus cuneatus
CN 9-12

Front 31

lateral tract fibers cross in what brainstem structure

Back 31

pyramids of the medulla

Front 32

what structure relay information from the SC, cerebral cortex, diencephalona dn brainstem to the cerebellar cortex

Back 32

olives of medulla

Front 33

primary neurons from the lower extremeities synapse with secondary neurons here____ before getting to the thalamus

Back 33

nucleus gracilis in the medulla

Front 34

primary neurons from the upper extremities synapse with secondary neurosn here___ on their way to the thelamus

Back 34

nucleus cuneatus of the medulla

Front 35

cardiovascular and respiratory autonomic nuclei are here:

Back 35

medulla

gives rise to CN 9-12

Front 36

transverse myelinated fibers connect ___ thru ___to___

Back 36

pass from cortex thru middle cerebellar peduncle to the cerebellum

Front 37

longitudinal fibers connect the __ to the ____

Back 37

midbrain to the medulla

Front 38

pons gives rise to which CN

Back 38

5-8

Front 39

what part of the brainstem has respiratory centers that regulat the respoiratory centers in teh medulla

Back 39

pons

Front 40

where do you find cerebral peduncles

Back 40

midbrain/mesencephalon

Front 41

tectum

Back 41

roof of mesencephalon
ocntains corpora quadrigemina
-superior colliculi - visual reflexes
-inferior colliculi - auditory reflexes

Front 42

superior colliculi

Back 42

in the tectum which contains the corpora quadrigemina which contains the colliculi

visual reflex

Front 43

red nucleus

Back 43

in mesencephalon
iron containing pigment in cell
connects cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum, funcitoning in reflexes concerned with motoro coordination and maintennace of posture. involuntary motor commands.

Front 44

which nuclei lcoated in midbrain responsibel for posture and involuntary movments

Back 44

nucleus rubor / red nucleus

Front 45

substantia nigra

Back 45

in midbrain
inhibit forced involuntary movments

produces DA
DA inhibits excitatoyr motor neurons

Front 46

what structure programs and fine tunes the voluntary and involuntary through regulation fo pyramidal and extrapyramidal pathways

Back 46

cerebellum,

rapid automatic adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium

Front 47

flocculonodular lobes

Back 47

anterior inferior
cerebellar
balance and eye movement control maintenance

Front 48

cerebellar hemispheres

Back 48

divided by primary fissure
anteiror and posterior
planning
execution and coordinatoin of limb and trunk movments

Front 49

cerebellar peduncles

Back 49

superior cerebellar peduncle --> mesencephalon, diencephalon, cerebrum
middle cerebellar peduncle --> pons
inferior cerebellar peduncle --> medulla, SC

Front 50

sensory inputs to the cerebellum are ipsi or contralateral

Back 50

ipsilateral from body

but via contralateral motor cortex

Front 51

pontine nuclei

Back 51

found in the cerebellum
receive contralateral inputs from the motor and sensory areas of brain

Front 52

difference between inputs from the pontine nuclei and inferior olivary nucleus

Back 52

contralateral cortex to the pontine nuclei

inferior olivary nucleus form ipsilateral SC

Front 53

deep cerebellar nuclei relay info from the cerebellar cortex via___ to ____ then to which side of cortex

Back 53

via superior cerebellar peduncle to contralateral thalamus and then to the contralateral cortex

Front 54

inputs to the CEREBELLAR CORTEX

Back 54

-vestibular system
-SC via olivary nucleus: mechano and proprioceptor info from the skin, muscles and joints
-cerebral cortex via pontine nuclei: motor and premorot and somatosoensory cortex via nuclei in pons

Front 55

OUTputs from deep cerebellar nuclei

Back 55

communicate with motor areas in RF and SC (govern posture, etc)
motor cortex and premotor cortex via thalamus --> influnce volunary movements

Front 56

where do you find the MGN, LGN, ventral nuclei, anterior nuclei

Back 56

thalamus

Front 57

MGN

Back 57

relays auditory info from inner ear to auditory cortex

Front 58

LGN

Back 58

relay station for parietal lobe and impacts emotional states

Front 59

ventral nuclei

Back 59

in the thalamus
relay info btw cerebral cortex and basal nuclei, HT and frontal lobes

Front 60

where do you find the PVN, SCN, preoptic, tuberal, supraoptic, mamillary bodies, autonomic centers

Back 60

HT

Front 61

PVN

Back 61

secretes oxytocin, stim SM cxn of uterus and mammary glands

Front 62

preoptic

Back 62

in the HT
reg body temp via ANS centers in the medulla

Front 63

tuberal area

Back 63

releases hromones that control endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary

Front 64

mammillary bodies

Back 64

control feeding reflexes
in the HT

Front 65

basal nuclei

Back 65

straddle the internal capsule (collection of projection fibers)
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus

the other basal nuclei are:
subthalamus in diencephalon
substantia nigra in midbrain

Front 66

damage to lower motor neuron produces___

damage to upper motor neuron produces___

Back 66

flaccid paralysis

muscle rigidity, flaccidity, uncontrolled contractions

Front 67

corticospinal (PYRAMIDAL)

Back 67

descend directly from cerebral cortex to lower motor neurons. upper motor neuron cell bodies located in primary motor cortex.
most corticospinal fibers cross in pyramids of medulla to form the lateral corticospinal tract

**conscious motor control

Front 68

which tracts give conscious limb motor control

Back 68

lateral corticospinal pyramidal

Front 69

anterior corticospinal

Back 69

cross at spinal segment at ventral root
pyramidal
conscious control over axial movements

Front 70

conscious control over axial movements

Back 70

anterior corticospinal

Front 71

extrapyramidal tracts

Back 71

unconscious motor control pathways

-rubrospinal (subconscious motor control, muscle tone, work with cerebellum, cross at mesencephalon)
-medullary reticulospinal (uncrossed, major extrapyramidal tract, from RF, subconsciously regulate reflex activity)

Front 72

ascending spinal tracts

speciifc ascending pathways

Back 72

afferent (somatic and visceral)

neuronal (1st order neuron in dorsal root ganglion, 2nd order neuron in SC or BS, 3rd order neuron synapse in thalamus send info up to cortex)


pathways:
-anteriolateral
-posterior column or medial lemniscus pathways
-cerebellar pathways

Front 73

anteriolateral pathways

Back 73

ascending afferent

**spinothalmic pathways
lateral spinothalamic
anterior spinothalamic
spinoreticulothalamic

Front 74

spinothalamic pathways carry what type of info

Back 74

touch
pressure
pain
temperature

Front 75

first order neurons of spinothalamic pathways enter SC and synapse with ____gray horns

Back 75

posterior gray horns