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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the original structure from which the CNS is derived? |
1. Neural plate |
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How is the neural groove formed? |
1. Beginning of 4th week, neural crests formed in middle of neural plate 2. Crest+depression=neural groove |
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What does the neural crest give rise to? |
1. PNS 2. DRG 3. Ganglia of V, VII, VIII, IX, and X 4. Schwann cells 5. SNS and PSNS gnaglia 6. Chromaffin cells 7. Pigment cells 8. Enteric nervous system |
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What leads to the formation of the neural tube? |
1. Neural crests become tall to form neural tube |
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What are the initial openings in the neural tube? |
1. Cranial neuropore 2. Caudal neuropore |
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What is the neural canal? What does it give rise to? |
1. Inner cavity of neural tube 2. Gives rise to ventricular system of brain and central canal of spinal cord |
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What portion of the neural tube forms into the spinal cord? |
1. Neural tube caudal to fourth pair of somites |
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What are the zones of the neural tube? |
1. Ventricular 2. Intermediate 3. Marginal |
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What type of epithelium lines the ventricular zone? To what does this give rise? |
1. Pseudostratified columnar neuroepithelium 2. Gives rise to ependymal cells, glioblasts, and neuroblasts |
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Into what do glioblasts differentiate? |
1. Astroblasts 2. Oligodendroblasts |
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What type of cell forms the intermediate zone? |
1. Neuroblasts--- become neurons |
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To what does the marginal zone give rise? |
1. White matter of spinal cord |
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What are the phagocytes of the CNS? |
1. Microglial cells |
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What is the sulcus limitans? How is it formed? |
1. Shallow groove on the wall of the neural tube 2. Separates lateral wall into alar plate and basal plate |
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Into what does the alar plate develop? |
1. Dorsal horn--- afferent 2. Dorsal roots of spinal nerves 3. GVA, SVA, GSA, SSA |
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Into what does the basal plate develop? |
1. Lateral and ventral horns--- efferent 2. Ventral roots of spinal nerves 3. GSE, SVE, GVE |
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What is spina bifida occulta? |
1. Failure of bony spinal canal to close 2. No structural herniation 3. Dura intact 4. Typically there is a tuft of hair |
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What is a menigocele? |
1. Herniation of meanings and CSF through spinal canal defect |
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What is a meningomyelocele? |
1. Herniation of meninges and spinal cord herniate though spinal canal defect |
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What are the initial three dilatations of the primary brain? |
1. Prosencephalon 2. Mesencephalon 3. Rhombencephalon |
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Into what does the prosencephalon subsequently divide? |
1. Telencephalon 2. Diencephalon |
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Into what does the rhombencephalon subsequently divide? |
1. Metencephalon 2. Myelencephalon |
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What gives rise to the fourth ventricle? |
1. Thin layer of highly vascular pia mater in the rhombencephalon |
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Into what does the myelencephalon develop? |
1. Medulla oblongata |
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What separates the metencephalon from the myelencephalon? |
1. Pontine flexure |
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Into what does the metencephalon develop? |
1. Pons 2. Cerebellum 3. Superior part of 4th ventricle |
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Into what do cerebellar alar plate neurons differentiate? |
1. Macroneurons 2. Microneurons |
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What are macroneurons? |
1. Cells of cerebellar nuclei and Purkinje cells 2. Generated by ventricular neuroepithelium and neuroblasts |
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What are microneurons? |
1. Granule, stellate, and basket cells 2. Proliferating cells in superficial layer migrate across cerebellum to form an external granular layer |
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How do cells destined to become granule cells migrate? |
1. Superficial to deep
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Where do stellate and basket cells become trapped? |
1. Molecular layer |
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What are the cerebellar folia? |
1. Folding of cerebellar vermis and hemispheres 2. Increase surface area of cortex |
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What is Friedrich ataxia? |
1. Affects DRG, spinal cord, and cerebellum 2. Characterized by clumsy gait, ataxia of upper limbs, and disturbed speech articulation |
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How do you test for a NTD? |
1. AFP and AchE in amniotic fluid |