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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Carries information to and from brain, Functions in the Reflex Arc, integrates reflexes involving association neuron (decisions)
Begins at Foramen Magnum and extends down to the 2nd lumbar vertebrae and ends there. |
Spinal Cord
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Tissue made up of unmylenated axons, dendrites and nerve cell bodies
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Gray Matter
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Are the Posterior Gray Horns Sensory or Motor Areas?
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Sensory
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Are the Anterior Gray Horns Sensory or Motor Areas?
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Motor
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...is below the cerebral cortex/ bark. Its made up of mylenated axons
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White matter
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Which type of white matter connects centers in the same hemisphere?
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Association fibers
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Which type of white matter connects centers in opposite hemispheres?
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Commissural fibers
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Which type of white matter connects cerebrum with all other parts of the brain?
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Projection fibers
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What two tract group are white matter broken into?
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Ascending Tract (Sensory): take information up into the brain
Descending Tract (Motor): take information down |
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How many spinal nerves are there of each of the following? cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccyx.
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8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 pair of coccyx.
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At what vertebra does the Spinal cord end?
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Spinal cord ends at Lumbar 2, the nerves from L3 down are called Cauda Equine (horses tail).
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The nerves from L3 down are called...
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Cauda Equine (horses tail).
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You can track the spinal nerve through these. Its innerated (nerves run through it) by a specific spinal nerve. only deal with sensory nerves. So you can find out where theres an injury or fracture.
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Dematomes area (segment of skin)
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...flows from the lateral ventricles to the 3rd to 4th ventricles then to the central canal of the spinal cord. It then splits off to subarachnoid space between Arachnoid and Pia mater. It then returns or is reabsorbed by Arachnoid Vilis and returned to the bloodstream.
it is cushion for the brain and spinal cord. It transports nutrients and waste out and helps spread microgilia around. |
CSF
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special set of capillaries for brain and spinal cord. Not as permeable because astrocytes wrap around capillaries and keep them thicker and in place. Helps keep viruses, bacteria and toxic material out. Difficult to treat infections. Glucose and Oxygen can get in easily.
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Blood brain barrier
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doesn’t store glucose and nervous tissue is very sensitive to a lack of oxygen. So it needs a constant supply of blood and oxygen. After 4 mins. Without results in permanent damage.
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Blood supply to brain
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What are the three parts of the brain stem?
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Medulla oblongata, Pons Varolli and Midbrain
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Site above forman magnum. Controls subconscious reflexes like coughing, sneezing and hiccups. Reflex center/motor area. The first vital reflex center (VRC) is the cardiac center, which speeds up and slows down the heart. The second VRC is the respiratory center, which controls subconscious breathing patterns. Third VRC is the Vasoconstrictor center (VASO), controls the diameter of blood vessels thus controls blood pressure. Inside are Pyramids, process is called Decussation of pyramids only affecting motor neurons. Motor neurons switch sides in the pyramids.
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Medulla oblongata
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Controls involuntary breathing, voluntary breathing is controlled by the cerebrum. Motor area above pyramids. made up of a lot of motor areas, bridge which connects the brain to the spinal cord.
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Pons Varolli
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above Pons. Subconscious/ motor. Controls involuntary reflexes/ movement in the eyes and head in response to visual or auditory stimulus. (ex: see something out of the corner of your eye and look without thinking about it)
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Midbrain
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Sensory area/ Reflex center. 1st level/ area of reasoning and interpretation of stimulus. Interprets stimulus from all over the body except eyes, ears, nose and taste buds. Knows pain, temperature change and crude touch (broad area – arm)
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Thalamus
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Secretes 2 hormones.Very small. Protected by sphenoid bone. Directly above the Cella tursica. Functions with both the endocrine and nervous system, everything joins together there . Controls most of autonomic system. Pituitary secretes 9 hormones but is controlled by this. Controls fight or flight, things you do instinctively, normal body temperature, sleep habits, thirst, hunger, rage and aggression/ most of autonomic nervous system.
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Hypothalamus
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- Third major area of the brain. Motor area/ reflex center. Subconsciously controls skeletal muscles in order to maintain posture, balance and coordination. Receives information from muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints. Has “Muscle Sense” stimulus from muscles, ligaments, tendons, joints (their specific nerve receptors) tells brain where all parts of the body are located. 2nd largest portion of the brain. White matter on inside and gray matter on outside, same as spinal colum and cerebrum. White matter is called Arbor Vitae (tree of life)
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Cerebellum
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- Largest portion of the brain.
- Has valleys called sulcus/ sulci, Ridges called convolutions or gyri and Fissures called folds (deep valleys or deep folds).The longitudal fissure divides brain into hemispheres. Further identified by lobes, named by the bones that protects it. Temporal, frontal, parietal and occipital lobes. - Gray matter on outside, 4mm thick, made up of unmylenated axons, dendrites and cell bodies. The cerebral cortex (cortex means bark/ outside) is outside of the cerebrum (gray matter). Reflex center is located in the cerebral cortex. - White matter is below the cerebral cortex. Its made up of mylenated axons. There are 3 types of white matter, classified on what they connect, Association, Commissural and projection fibers. Association fibers connect centers in the same hemisphere. Commissural fibers connect centers in opposite hemispheres, Corpus collusum which is white matter– functional and structural connection of the hemispheres. Projection fibers connect it with all other parts of the brain. |
Cerebrum
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white matter, functional and structural connection of the hemispheres.
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Corpus collosum
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feeds into primary motor area and voluntarily moves (controls) head and eyes.
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Frontal eye motor area
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The general sensory
classifies stimulus, it receives stimulus and refines information from the thalamus like, weight, texture, size, temperature and shape. it feeds into what area? |
Somesthetic Association area
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receives information from the general sensory area (not visual), it detects what the stimulus is, it evaluates and identifies by relating past to present.
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Somesthetic Association area
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...is gustatory and ...is olfactory.
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. Taste is gustatory and smell is olfactory.
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communication between all of the association areas. Stores information. Pools information. Not one specific area.
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Gnostic area
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has reflex centers located in all 4 major parts of the brain. Mostly in the cerebrum and cerebellum. Regulates subconscious movement of skeletal muscles (moving arms while walking)
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- Basal Ganglia (cerebral nuclei):
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- Totally efferent, mostly motor, consists of motor neurons, controlled mostly by the hypothalamus, also has control centers in the brain stem.
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Autonomic Nervous System
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2 nerves go to the same structure (ex: heart – one speeds up and the other slows down, balance each other out), all are motor nerves
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- Dual innervations (effector):
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originates in thoracic and lumber spinal cord. Never completely shut off/ balances, when it is dominant its fight or flight, glycogen is broken down to glucose, blood vessels in the heart, muscles, air passages and pupils dialate, and GI tract and blood vessels close to skin will constrict, parastalysis does down to nothing. Depends on effectors and type of nuero transmitter being secreted.
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Sympathetic division (thorocolumbar) of Autonomic Nervous System
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fibers secrete ACH/ inhibitor is ACHE, ACHE bonds to 2 types of receptors, Nicotinic and Muscarinic (mushrooms) which are named for the toxin that inhibits it
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Cholinergic
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is mostly Cholinergic, except for...
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Sympathetic division (thorocolumbar) of Autonomic Nervous System, post ganglionic neuron of sympathetic which is Adrenergic
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fibers secrete NE/EP/ inhibitor is MAO & COMT, NE/EP stimulate beta and alpha receptors, inhibited by beta blockers
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Adrenergic
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...are clumps of ganglia outside of spinal cord
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Autonomic ganglia
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originates in cranium and sacral, 80% vagus nerve is this. Normally in control, and when it is respiration, heart rate and breathing are at normal levels.GI tracts smooth muscle is stimulated and is dialated. Liver converts glucose to glycogen. Totally cholinergic (fibers secrete ACH).
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Parasympathetic division (crainosacral)
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pia mater ends at....arachnoid mater ends at....dura mater ends at....
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L2, S2, S2
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