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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the main pathologies of the blood? (8+4)
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Anaemia (RBC)
- Iron-deficiency (hypochromic/microcytic) Anaemia - Megaloblastic Anaemia -Hypoplastic & Aplastic Anaemia -Haemolytic Anaemias (sickle cell/ Thalassaemia, haemolytic,malaria) Polycythaemia (RBC) Granulocytopenia(WBC) Leukocytosis (WBC) Leukaemia (WBC) Thrombocytopenia (PLT) Haemophilia(PLT) Von Willebrand Disease (vWD) (PLT) |
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Anemia
How many different types of Anaemia are there? And what are they? |
9 Different forms of Anaemia
- Iron-deficiency (hypochromic/microcytic) Anaemia - Megaloblastic Anaemia -Hypoplastic & Aplastic Anaemia -Haemolytic Anaemias (sickle cell/ Thalassaemia, haemolytic,malaria) |
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What is the definition of Anaemia?
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A deficiency of RBC or Haemoglobin content/function
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What are the signs and symptoms of anaemia?
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Tachycardia and thin pulse
Palpitations Shortness of breath on exertion Fainting Tiredness and Fatigue Irritability Pallor |
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What are the two types of anaemia associated with iron deficiency?
And what is the difference between them? |
hypochromic and microcytic Anaemia
Hypochromic the RBC are pale Microcytic the RBC are small |
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In Iron-deficiency anaemia what might a blood test show?
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The RBC are pale - Hypochromic
The RBC are small - Microcytic Low RBC count low haemoglobin/ferritin WBC are unequal size (Anisocytosis) |
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What is the 'normal' red blood cells count?
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male - 4.7-6.1 million cells per microlitre (cells/mcL)
female - 4.2-5.4 million cells/mcL Male 4.7-6.1 female 4.2-5.4 |
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What is the normal haemoglobin concentrations in males and females?
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Males 13-18
Females 12-18 |
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What are the causes of iron-deficiency anaemia? (4)
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1- deficient DIET intake
2- Malabsorption 3- Chronic blood loss ( chronic peptic ulcers, prolonged/heavy menstruation, intestinal ulceration, hookworm infection, haemorrhoids, carcinoma, fibroids) 4- Pregnancy & Birth |
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What are the signs and symptoms of iron-deficiency anaemia? (6)
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-brittle hair
-spoon shape nails -inflammation of mouth or tongue -Menstrual irregularities -Fibroids -Delayed Healing |
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What is the treatment for iron-deficient anaemia?
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Depending on the cause
-Iron rich food -iron supplements |
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Disease: Hypochromic and Microcytic Anaemia
Definition: Signs and Symptoms: Causes: Treatment: |
Definition: Anaemia arisiing from IRON deficiency
Signs and Symptoms: **brittle hair ** spoon shape nails ** inflammation of mouth or tongue ** Menstrual irregularities ** Fibroids ** Delayed Healing Causes: 1- deficient DIET intake 2- Malabsorption 3- Chronic blood loss ( chronic peptic ulcers, prolonged/heavy menstruation, intestinal ulceration, hookworm infection, haemorrhoids, carcinoma, fibroids) 4- Pregnancy & Birth Treatment:/ Iron rich food /iron supplements |
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What is the definition of Megablastic Anaemia?
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Megablastic Anaemia is the Impaired maturation of red Blood Cells
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What are the causes of Megablastic Anaemia?
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Deficient intake - B12 (Vegans) B9 Refined foods
Lack of intrinsic Factor (needed for B12 absorption) |
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What will blood tests show with Megablastic Anaemia?
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MCV > 97 = Enlarged cells (macrocytic/megaloblastic)
Cells may still have Nucleus Cells have a shorter life span |
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What are the complications with RBC associated with Vit B12 and B9 (folic acid)?
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RBCs need Folate for DNS Synthesis - Folate cooperates with Vit B12 for the function.
So a deficiency in either of these leads to a disorder in the production of DNA - so the cells can't mature and divide so division may be delayed. As the cell continues to grow (with normal RNA and HB) without dying it becomes Marcocytic. |
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What Vitamins does a RBC need for healthy cell production?
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Vitamin B12 and Folic acid B9
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Which form of Anaemia is the term Marcocytic associated with and what does it mean?
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It in associated with Megaloblastic Anaemia - It is the condition of having erythrocytes which (on average) are too large
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Megablastic Anaemia - B12 deficiency - explain what this it and why it is a problem
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B12 deficiency leads to folate deficiency and due to this DNA Production slows.
Absorption of B12 depends of intrinsic factor - which is a protein made in the stomach. |
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What are the causes of Megablastic Anaemia - B12 deficiency? (9)
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1- AUTOIMMUNE destruction of gastric Parietal cells or autoantibody inactivation of intrinsic factor.
2 - Gastrectomy 3 - Chronic Gastritis 4 - Bariatric surgery 5 - Stomach Tumours 6 - Coeliac Disease 7 - Excessive Alcohol 8 - Chemotherapy 9 - Dietary Deficiency (rare except for with Vegans) |
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What are the signs and symptoms of Megablastic Anaemia - B12 deficiency?
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Enlarged red sore shiny tongue
digestive discomfort Nausea Diarrhoea Tingling, burning sensations Loss of co-ordination Palpitations |
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What are the complications of Megablastic Anaemia - B12 deficiency?
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** Nerve degeneration
** Ulceration of tongue |
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What is the treatment for Megablastic Anaemia - B12 deficiency?
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Vitamin B12 injections
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Disease: Megablastic Anaemia - B12 deficiency
Definition: Signs and Symptoms: Causes: Complications: Treatment: |
Definition: Anaemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency
Signs and Symptoms:Enlarged red sore shiny tongue digestive discomfort Nausea Diarrhoea Tingling, burning sensations Loss of co-ordination Palpitations Causes:1- AUTOIMMUNE destruction of gastric Parietal cells or autoantibody inactivation of intrinsic factor. 2 - Gastrectomy 3 - Chronic Gastritis 4 - Bariatric surgery 5 - Stomach Tumours 6 - Coeliac Disease 7 - Excessive Alcohol 8 - Chemotherapy 9 - Dietary Deficiency (rare except for with Vegans) Complications: ** Nerve degeneration ** Ulceration of tongue Treatment: Vitamin B12 injections |
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How is Megablastic Anaemia -Folic Acid Deficiency different to B12 deficiency?
What is the cause? (6) What is the treatment? |
It looks identical to b12 deficiency anaemia but no neurological damage caused.
Cause: Diet > Malabsorption > Poor folate metabolism . alcoholism > Increased Needs (Pregnancy) . Methotrexate > Treatment: Supplemental Folic Acid |
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Hypoplastic and Aplastic Anaemias
Cause: Signs and Symptoms: Treatment |
Cause: BONE MARROW FAILURE - due to >> drugs, chemicals, radiation, > Chromic Nephritis (renal failure) > cancer > Hepatitis Virus>>
Signs and Symptoms: ** PANCYTOPENIA** low numbers of all the blood cells ** MULTIPLE INFECTIONS ** due to low wbc numbers ** EASY BLEEDING ** due to low thrombocytes Treatment - treat under lying cause - Blood transfusion -Bone Marrow Transplant |
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What is the definition of HAEMOLYTIC Anaemias?
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Anaemia resulting from excessive break down of RBCs
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What are the causes of AEMOLYTIC Anaemias?
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- Genetic (sickle cells & thalassemia = Haemoglobinopathies)
- Some drugs and chemicals -Autoimmune - Wrong Blood Transfusion - Blood incompatibility between mother and child -Malaria - Radiation |
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What are the four types of HAEMOLYTIC Anaemias?
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Sickle Cell
Thalassaemia Haemolytic Malaria |
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HAEMOLYTIC Anaemias
Sickle Cell Thalassaemia Haemolytic Malaria What are each of their causes? |
Sickle Cell - inherited abnormality of haemoglobin resulting in sickle cell shaped deoxygenated RBCs.
// more common in Africans// Leads to low numbers of rbcs as cells die within 20 days Thalassaemia - Inherited (recessive) abnormality in haemoglobin formation resulting in faulty haemoglobin. //more common in African, South Asian and Mediterranean people // leads to haemolysis with low RBC and low hb levels. Haemolytic - (disease of the new born) Antibodies produced by the mother usually with Rh factor incompatibility. -- occurs with first baby attacking 2nd and subsequent children. Malaria - The plasmodium Parasite - it matures inside the RBC which enlarge and eventually rupture releasing the next generation of parasites |
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What is the definition of POLYCYTHAEMIA aka ERYTHROCYTOSIS?
What are it's effects? What are it's causes? |
Too many red blood cells/ Erythrocytes
- Increased Viscosity - decreased blood flow - danger of thrombosis ** may be physiological: High altitude ** May be pathological : cause unknown |
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What is the 'normal' white blood cell count?
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wbc 4-11 x 106/L
Remember Neutrophils 60-70% lymphocytes 20-30% monocytes 3-8% eosinophils 2-4% basophils 0.5-1% |
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GRANULOCYTOPENIA
Definition Causes Signs and symptoms |
Definition: Marked DECREASE in the number of granulocytes - below 4x10
Causes: - drugs - radiation - bone marrow disease -severe infections - HIV/AIDS Signs and symptoms * severe illness feeling * Necrosis of the mucous tissue |
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LEUKOCYTOSIS
Definition Causes |
Definition: raised white blood cells count
normal - 4-11 Leukocytosis >11 Causes: ** may be physiological: Response to infection ** May be pathological: eg Leukaemia - uncontrolled formations of wbc in bone marrow |
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LEUKAEMIA
What is Leukaemia and what can it lead to? |
Uncontrolled formations of wbc in bone marrow - Cancer of the bone marrow
- leads to abnormal production of wbc + suppression of erythrocytes and thrombocytes |
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LEUKAEMIA
What are the signs and symptoms? (10) |
- General feeling of illness
- Anaemia -Pallor - Shortness of breath -Easy Bruising - Fever - Fatigue - Weight Loss - Slow Growth - Slow Healing |
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LEUKAEMIA
What are the treatments? |
There are threes stages of remission therapy.
Chemotherapy Radiotherapy Bone Marrow Transplant Prognosis depends of type of leukaemia, treatment and age. |
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Platelets/ clotting disorders
THROMBOCYTOPENIA Definition Signs and Symptoms Causes |
Definition : Low Number of thrombocytes
Normal count 150-350 Pathological Count below 150 Spontaneous bleeding occurs when count is less than 30 Signs and Symptoms -Prolonged Bleeding Times -Excessive Bruising -Purpura & Petechiae (small red/purple spots of the skin that don't blanch on applying pressure) Causes ** Leukaemias **Radiation **Drugs/Chemicals/Chemo **Viral infections (Measles/Hepatitis B & C) ** Autoimmune Destruction |
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Platelets/ clotting disorders
HAEMOPHILIA Definition Signs and Symptoms Causes Treatment |
Definition: Genetic defect caused by deficiency of clotting factors.
Causes Genetic (X-linked recessive) Signs and Symptoms -Prolonged or severe bleeding following major trauma. - Blood in urine -Haemarthrosis - bleeding in the joints cause by inflammation. Treatment ** NO CURE - -replacement of clotting factors |
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WHAT IS THIS?
Definition: Genetic defect caused by deficiency of clotting factors. Causes Genetic (X-linked recessive) Signs and Symptoms -Prolonged or severe bleeding following major trauma. - Blood in urine -Haemarthrosis - bleeding in the joints cause by inflammation. Treatment ** NO CURE - -replacement of clotting factors |
HAEMOPHILIA
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WHAT IS THIS?
Definition : Low Number of thrombocytes Normal count 150-350 Pathological Count below 150 Spontaneous bleeding occurs when count is less than 30 Signs and Symptoms -Prolonged Bleeding Times -Excessive Bruising -Purpura & Petechiae (small red/purple spots of the skin that don't blanch on applying pressure) Causes ** Leukaemias **Radiation **Drugs/Chemicals/Chemo **Viral infections (Measles/Hepatitis B & C) ** Autoimmune Destruction |
THROMBOCYTOPENIA
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LEUKAEMIA
Definition Signs and Symptoms (10) Causes Treatment |
Definition - Uncontrolled formations of wbc in bone marrow - Cancer of the bone marrow
Signs and Symptoms: - General feeling of illness - Anaemia -Pallor- Shortness of breath -Easy Bruising - Fever - Fatigue - Weight Loss - Slow Growth - Slow Healing Treatment **Chemotherapy **Radiotherapy **Bone Marrow Transplant |
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WHAT IS THIS?
Definition - Uncontrolled formations of wbc in bone marrow - Cancer of the bone marrow Signs and Symptoms: - General feeling of illness - Anaemia -Pallor- Shortness of breath -Easy Bruising - Fever - Fatigue - Weight Loss - Slow Growth - Slow Healing Treatment **Chemotherapy **Radiotherapy **Bone Marrow Transplant |
LEUKAEMIA
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WHAT IS THIS?
Definition: raised white blood cells count normal - 4-11 THIS >11 Causes: ** may be physiological: Response to infection ** May be pathological: eg Leukaemia - uncontrolled formations of wbc in bone marrow |
Leukocytosis
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WHAT IS THIS?
Definition: Marked DECREASE in the number of granulocytes - below 4x10 Causes: - drugs - radiation - bone marrow disease -severe infections - HIV/AIDS Signs and symptoms * severe illness feeling * Necrosis of the mucous tissue |
GRANULOCYTOPENIA
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Thromobocytes
Von Willebrand Disease (vWD) What is it and what is the pathophysiology? |
The most common of all the inherited bleeding disorders.
-affects both males and females - hereditary coagulation abnormality Pathophysiology - the vW Factor a protein that is required for platelet adhesion is either abnormally formed or there is a deficiency. |
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Thromobocytes
Von Willebrand Disease (vWD) Signs and symptoms Treatment |
Signs and symptoms
-usually asymptomatic -detected more in women with heavy bleeding during menses and childbirth. -may be more severe with blood type O -various types with varying degrees, usually in the form of *easy bruising * nosebleeds *bleeding gums Treatment -no regular treatment -for women - combined OCP may reduced bleeding, length & frequency of periods -Prophylactic treatment sometimes given for surgery - Humate-P |
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Explain how folate(B9) /b12 are connected to Megaloblastic anaemia/
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RBC need Folate (B9) for DNA synthesis
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What do RBC's need for DNA Synthesis?
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They need Folate for DNA Synthesis
and folate cooperates with Vit B12 |
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A deficiency in what two vitamins leads to Megaloblastic Anaemia.
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Vit B12 and B9 (Folate)
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What is Megaloblastic Anaemia?
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A deficiency in B12/B9 which cooperate for DNA Synthesis, leads to a disorder in the production of DNA (but normal RNA and Hb production)
So cell cannot mature and divide Divion maybe delayed - As the cell continues to grow without dividing it become MACROCYTIC |
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What is the normal MCV?
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The normal range for MCV is: 80-99 fL.
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Lack of Intrinsic Factor leads to which kind of Anaemia?
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Megaloblastic Anaemia
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What is Pernicious Anaemia? and what other diseases is it associated with?
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It is a type of Megaloblastic Anaemia - Vit b12 deficiency associated with the loss of parietal cells due to autoimmune destruction which and antibody inactivation of intrinsic factor
It is associated with other auto immune diseases such as Graves' disease Hashimoto's Thyroiditis & Vitiligo |
