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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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defn language
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a SOCIALLY SHARED system of representation that employs ARBITRARILY assigned symbols and RULE-GOVERNED COMBINATIONS of those SYMBOLS
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conventional symbol
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arbitrary vehicles of meaning - carry and convey the denotations of words (i.e. camel)
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iconic symbols
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look, or sound, like their signifieds (i.e. hieroglyphics or the word "hiss")
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indexical symbols
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more clearly related to the things they represent since they are caused by the signified
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-speech act theory
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words mean because they do things
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rhetorical sensitivity
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speaking w/propriety
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chronological organization
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historical sequence, time line
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spatial organization
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organized by geographic location/direction
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topical organization
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break down the main topic into subtopics that serve as natural division
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problem-solution organization
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introduces problem and then offers listeners a solution
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cause-effect organization
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an action results in a reaction
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specific purpose statement guidelines
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tells audience what they should know when presentation over -
complete sentence declarative only one primary idea use specific language; not vague |
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effective means for gaining audience attention
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startling statement
statistics connect to aud ("do you...?") ask questions use quotation tell story |
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etymological definition
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shows how term's meaning has developed through time
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categorical definition
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explains how a term is either similar or different from other members of its class or subclass
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oppositional definition
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defines a term by indicating what it is not
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inductive reasoning
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specific to general
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deductive reasoning
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general to specific
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reasoning: generalization
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aka axiom
applying a general truism to a specific case |
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authoritative testimony
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statement given by a credible authority or expert
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lay testimony
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statement from someone who has had some personal involvement w/subject
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nominal testimony
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general statement made by a well-known person that may have no expert knowledge or direct experience w/subject
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evidence
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outward proof
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reasoning
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making connections based on inferences
logical proof pattern |
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inference
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making connection, but might not have a logical step
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fallacy: hasty generalization (faluty inductive leap)
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conclusion is based on far too little evidence
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fallacy: genetic fallacy
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rests on an origin, historical tradition or sacred practice
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fallacy: appeal to ignorance
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incomplete knowledge does not mean a claim is or is not true
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fallacy: appeal to popular opinion (bandwagon fallacy)
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appeals to group supprt
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fallacy: appeal to authority
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citing someone who is popular but not an expert
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fallacy: sequential fallacy
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"after this; therefore, because of this"
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fallacy: begging the question
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circular reasoning; nothing new said
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fallacy: ambiguity
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word may have more than one meaning
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fallacy: persuasive definition
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value terms and other abstract concepts are open to special or skewed definition
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fallacy: name-calling
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attacking the person, rather than the argument
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dual coding
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humans make separate sense of auditory and visual stimuli; retention
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bar graph
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single variable
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line graph
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over time
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pie chart
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individual parts to a whole
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ways to maximize readability of PPT
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color combinations - want high contrast
color gradients - dangerous b/c high contrast in some areas and low contrast in others sans serif font font size (44 titles, 32 main bullets, 28 sub bullets) capitalization brevity - 25 words/page max; 6-7 word bullets visual balance |
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verbal delivery tools (6)
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conversational tone
appropriate volume volume alteration pauses and pace (pace - if info is known to aud, pick up pace; if not, slow down) articulation and enunciation (articul-vocal distinction of each syllable in each word and b/w words; enunc-stress on individual words to emphasize) extemporaneous delivery - crafted |
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nonverbal delivery tools (8)
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attire
gestures posture and stance eye contact facial expressions movement interacting w/visual aids working w/groups - don't draw attn away from presenter |
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guidelines for choosing topic
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not over listeners' heads
not too personal intriguing manageable has substance |
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narrative evidence
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pathos
stories that ppl tell about their own or others' experiences benefits: emotional, aud connects in personal way drawback: refers to isolated events |
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objective evidence
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logos
numbers, statistics, ratios, etc benefits: global picture of topic, shows on larger scale drawback: can be dry and hard to grasp |
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evidence: factual illustration
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detailed story that makes several points
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evidence: specific instance
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undeveloped example relating to previous factual illustration; explain that first story was not isolated
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defn persuasion
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the process of influence
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ethical stance: Quintilian
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ethical if (1) speech appropriate for the occasion and (2) the speaker lives the actions they advocate
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ethical stance: Bubar
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treat audience as if in an "I-Thou" relationship; audience's best interests in mind; conversational and "dialogic"
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ethical stance: Rawls
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"veil of ignorance" between speaker and audience; allows one to hear ppl for what they really are saying
suspend preconceptions |
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attitudes
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learned disposition, manner, or FEELING one has toward something
easiest to change |
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beliefs
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involve our convictions as to what is TURE or FALSE
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values
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concept of what is RIGHT or worthwhile
most difficult to influence b/c you use values to ascertain whether something is fundamentally good or bad |
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cognitive dissonance
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conflicting or inconsistent cognitions which produce a state of psychological tension (dissonance)
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how to cope w/cognitive dissonance
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discredit source
reject/deny new action that caused the inconsistency seek new info about the source of the info stop listening alter values, beliefs, or attitudes causing the dissonance |
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maslow's hierarchy of needs
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self-actualization (high)
esteem belonging safety physiological (low) |
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questions of fact
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centers on the reality of a given topic (true/false)
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questions of value
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rightness, worth or morality
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questions of policy
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involve plan of action
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organizational pattern: items of logical proof
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Q of fact
key reasons why something is true or exists |
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organizational pattern: spatial
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Q of fact
geographic qualities that can be arranged w/space as the defining guide |
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organizational pattern: familiarity/acceptance
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Q of value
establishes criteria that are familiar to the audience in first main point; second main point shows how Q of value fulfills these standards |
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organizational pattern: justification
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Q of value
uses various standards to judge the main points of a Q of value |
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organizational pattern: problem-cause-solution
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Q of policy
follow logical steps of making sense of tension in our lives |
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organizational pattern: elimination outline
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Q of policy
est. criteria by which to judge alternative solutions, and the second main point applies each of the criterion to each solution |
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organizational pattern: Monroe's motivated sequence
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attention (intro/concl)
need (est. cog dissonance) satisfaction (will do anything to avoid state of tension) visualization (urge audience to visualize what world would look like if didn't adopt solution) action |
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argumentation
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mechanics of influence and structure of reason
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epistemology
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how we know what we know
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dialectic
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ever-present tension b/w opposing sides of an argument
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stasis theory
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core point(s)over which the argument must be resolved
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stochasmos
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component of stasis theory
what's agreed upon |
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horos
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component of stasis theory
key terms in the debate |
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poites
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component of stasis theory
how ppl condense the debate to the necessary and pertinent info |
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theory of argument: Aristotle's enthymeme
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certain premises have been made and a conclusionary premise follows; requres that the audience fills in the implied or missing premise from an argument
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theory of argument: Toulmin's model
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arguers will proceed through a series of claims (summary of argument), grounds (evidence), and warrants (inferential leap)
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theory of argument: fisher's narrative theory
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reason is best appealed to through stories
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classification
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subdivides the major topic into separate categories (or classes) of thought as they relate to the major subject
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unification
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separate functions of the speech operate as one entity
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cause-effect-solution
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identifies problem, show why problem occurs, potential effects and ways you can change your thinking
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