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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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First Order Reality |
Physically observable qualities of thing/situation |
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Second Order Reality |
-Attaching meaning to first order reality -Second order realities dont reside in objects or events but in our minds |
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Selection |
Select data which we will attend to - intensity, repetition, contrast |
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Perceptual Schema (Organization) |
Framework for categorizing selected data - Physical - Social Role - Interaction (social behavior) - psychological (internal state of mind) |
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Punctuation (Organization) |
- Determination of cause and effect - Structuring information into chronological sequence from own experience |
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Interpretation |
Attaching Meaning to Data Consider: - Relational Satisfaction - Expectations - Personal Experience - Assumptions about human behavior |
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Negotiation |
Process by which communicators influence each others perceptions through communication Responding |
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Influences to Perception |
-Physiological (age, health, hunger etc.) -Psychological (mood, self concept) -Social (Sex, Occupation, Relational) -Cultural |
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Stereotyping |
Exaggerated beliefs associated w/categorizing system - Categorizing based on easily recognizable features - Generalize members of group - Generalize particular person |
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Primacy Effect |
Pay attention to things that happen first in sequence (first impression) |
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Halo Effect |
Positive impression from one positive characteristic |
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Horn Effect |
Negative impression from one negative characteristic |
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Confirmation Bias |
Seek out and organize impressions to support an opinion |
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Self- Serving Bias |
Our own behavior make excuses - external attributions Others behavior make internal attributions |
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Fundamental Attribution Error |
External attribution for others positive Internal attribution for others negative |
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Actor - Observer Effect |
External attributions for own negative Internal attributions for own positive |
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Improve Perception |
-Describe Behavior - Consider more interpretations - Request Clarification |
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Emotional Intelligence |
Understand and manage own emotions, be sensitive to others |
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Reappraisal |
Rethinking meaning to alter emotional impact |
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Influences on Emotional Expression |
Personality, Culture, Gender, Social Conventions - Emotional Labor: when managing/suppressing emotions is necessary |
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Primary Emotions |
Surprise, joy, disgust, anger, fear, sadness |
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Facilitative Emotion |
- Contributes to effective performance - Anger can be used to improve conditions - Nervousness can boost performance |
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Debilitative Emotion |
- Hinder perfomance - More intensity - Extended duration (ex: fear) |
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Fallacy of Perfection |
Communicators should be able to handle any situation with complete confidence |
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Fallacy of Approval |
Desire to seek approval at negative cost |
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Fallacy of Should |
Prefer other people behave differently - e.g. they should, i should do this |
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Fallacy of Over-generalization |
Using always and Never - always late, never good |
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Fallacy of Causation |
You should do nothing that can hurt or inconvenience others |
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Fallacy of Helplessness |
Forces beyond our control determine or satisfaction in life |
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Fallacy of Catastrophic Expectations |
Doomsayers |
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Linguistic Relativism |
Worldview of culture shaped by language is members speak |
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Convergence (Affiliation) |
Adapting one's speech style to match others |
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Divergence (Affiliation) |
Speaking in a way to emphasize differences |
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Abstraction |
Generalize about similarities between things - being vague |
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Euphemism |
Softens impact of unpleasant info |
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It statement |
Deflects Responsibility |
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You Statement |
Express judgement |
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I statement |
Assume Responsibility |
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We statement |
Express inclusion |
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But Statement |
Cancels preceding thought |
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Evaluative/Emotive Language |
Expresses speakers attitude |
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Power Relationships |
-Symmetric: eg friends -Complementary: eg boss |
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Dyadic Power Theory |
People with moderate power most likely to use controlling communication |
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Conflict Style: Avoidance |
Ignore or stay away from conflict, pessimistic attitude- lose/lose |
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Conflict Style: Accomodation |
When we allow others to have their way - lose/win |
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Conflict Style: Competition |
High concern for self over others - win/lose |
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Conflict Style: Compromise |
Both people get some of what they want - lose/lose |
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Conflict Style: Collaboration |
Finding solution, high degree of concern for self & others; rare - win/win |
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Crazymaking |
Tactics to punish another person w/o direct confrontation: Guilt, nonverbal, humor/sarcasm |
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Developmental Model - First Half |
1. Initiation - prove worth talking to
2. Experimenting - search for common ground 3. Intensifying - Personal relationship develops 4. Integrating - Identity as a social unit, social circle merges 5. Bonding - Public gestures to show world |
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Developmental Model - Second Half |
6. Differentiating - reaffirm individual identity 7. Circumscribing - less contact 8. Stagnating - hollow shell 9. Avoiding - Distance created 10. Terminating - desire to dissociate |
