Cmn1148 Chapters 5-7

Front 1

Hearing

Back 1

A physical process that occurs when the eardrum absorbs sound vibrations and sends the sensations to the brain.

Front 2

Listening

Back 2

A mental process that involves interpreting messages that others have transmitted.

Front 3

Cocktail Party Effect

Back 3

A phenomenon where we hear one voice out of a medley of conversations and background noises.

Front 4

Understanding

Back 4

The process of assigning meaning to the stimuli we have selected.

Front 5

Context

Back 5

Circumstances surrounding a situation.

Front 6

Inference

Back 6

An educated guess when we do not have all the necessary information.

Front 7

Cognitive Complexity

Back 7

The capacity to use a number of viewpoints to make sense of complex information.

Front 8

Remembering

Back 8

The process of recalling information.

Front 9

Responding

Back 9

The process of providing feedback to show that understanding has occurred.

Front 10

Speech-Thought Differential

Back 10

The difference between the rate at which a speaker conveys a message and the speed at which a listener processes the information.

Front 11

Validation

Back 11

Confirmation of our sense of worth and value.

Front 12

Deliberative Listening

Back 12

Listening to learn, often from a critical perspective.

Front 13

Paraphrasing

Back 13

Using our own words to help us understand and/or reflect back our understanding of what another person has said.

Front 14

Confirmation Bias

Back 14

The tendency to attend to information that confirms our beliefs and to ignore information that contradicts our beliefs

Front 15

Empathic Listening

Back 15

Listening from the perspective of the other person.

Front 16

Culture Bound

Back 16

Restricted by cultural influences.

Front 17

Paraphrasing Content

Back 17

Summarizing the main verbal message.

Front 18

Paraphrasing Emotions

Back 18

Summarizing how the speaker feels about what he or she is telling you.

Front 19

Interdependent

Back 19

Reliant on other people for safety, survival, and support.

Front 20

Verbal Communication

Back 20

Communication that involves spoken, written or signed language.

Front 21

Symbol

Back 21

Something that stands for or suggests something else.

Front 22

Triangle of Meaning

Back 22

A model that explains the relationship among words, things, and their meanings.

Front 23

Referent

Back 23

The object or idea to which a symbol refers.

Front 24

Thought

Back 24

The mental image that we associate with a symbol and its referent.

Front 25

Onomatopoeia

Back 25

Words that sound like what they describe.

Front 26

Denotative Meaning

Back 26

The literal or dictionary meaning of the word.

Front 27

Connotative Meaning

Back 27

Meaning that takes context and relationships into account.

Front 28

Phonological Rules

Back 28

Rules governing the sounds that appear in a language.

Front 29

Syntactic Rules

Back 29

Rules governing the arrangement of words and punctuation in a sentence.

Front 30

Semantic Rules

Back 30

Rules that relate to the agreed-upon meanings of words.

Front 31

Pragmatic Rules

Back 31

Rules that take context into account when arriving at meaning.

Front 32

Linguistic Determinism

Back 32

The idea that language determines our thinking.

Front 33

Linguistic Relativity

Back 33

The idea that people who speak different languages perceive and think about the world differently.

Front 34

Up Talking

Back 34

A speech pattern in which the voice rises in pitch at the end of a statement.

Front 35

Valleyspeak

Back 35

A variety of English characterized by up talking, and excessive use of the word "like".

Front 36

Vocal Fry

Back 36

A low vocal register that often sounds creaky or rattling.

Front 37

Quotatives

Back 37

Words used to introduce quotes in conversation.

Front 38

Convergence

Back 38

Uniting or bringing together, as in speech that emphasizes similarities.

Front 39

Restricted Code

Back 39

Language and gestures with special meanings that only the members of a certain group understand.

Front 40

Divergence

Back 40

Separating, as in speech that emphasizes differences.

Front 41

Conversation Style

Back 41

The way we present and express ourselves when conversing with others.

Front 42

Powerful Language

Back 42

Language that conveys authority.

Front 43

Credibility

Back 43

The extent to which you are believable to others.

Front 44

Powerless Language

Back 44

Language that does not convey authority.

Front 45

Report Talk

Back 45

Talk that focuses on content rather than relationships.

Front 46

Instrumental

Back 46

Aimed at achieving a specific goal or purpose.

Front 47

One-Up, One-Down Situations

Back 47

Two-person interactions in which one person clearly holds more power than the other.

Front 48

Rapport

Back 48

A positive relationship characterized by mutual liking and effective communication.

Front 49

Tag Question

Back 49

Phrases that, when tagged onto the end of a sentence, change statements into questions. (... don't you think?)

Front 50

Disclaimers

Back 50

Phrases that devalue statements by drawing attention to potential faults.

Front 51

Question Statements

Back 51

Statements spoken as questions, expressing doubt through rising intonation.

Front 52

Hesitations

Back 52

Words like "um" or "well" that act as fillers and convey uncertainty.

Front 53

Hedges

Back 53

Phrases or words such as "sort of" and "somewhat" that protect against the risk of making a direct statement.

Front 54

Deferential Language

Back 54

Language characterized by courteous respectfulness submissiveness.

Front 55

Bald Language

Back 55

Blunt or direct language.

Front 56

Jargon

Back 56

Words or expressions that have meaning for members of a specific profession or other group but that have little or no meaning to outsiders.

Front 57

Bafflegab

Back 57

The use of unnecessarily long or complicated words that other people do not understand.

Front 58

Equivicality

Back 58

Possibility for words and actions to have multiple interpretations.

Front 59

Strategic Ambiguity

Back 59

Use of unclear and vague language to accomplish goals.

Front 60

Metaphor

Back 60

A figure of speech that reveals something about one thing by implicitly comparing it to something else.

Front 61

Archetypal Metaphor

Back 61

A metaphor that refers to basic elements of the earth and human experience.

Front 62

Euphemism

Back 62

An expression meant to be less offensive or disturbing than the word or phrase it replaces.

Front 63

Doublespeak

Back 63

Language that deliberately disguises the true meaning of a potentially unpleasant idea.

Front 64

Language Misuse

Back 64

Use of words in the wrong context, improper grammar, or incorrect pronunciation.

Front 65

Malapropism

Back 65

Switching of an intended word with another word of similar sound or spelling that has a different meaning.

Front 66

Static Evaluation

Back 66

Use of language that does not take change into account.

Front 67

Conversational Self-Focus

Back 67

Focus on oneself to the exclusion of others in conversation.

Front 68

Other-Orientation

Back 68

Thinking about the other person's interests, needs, knowledge, and situation when you speak.

Front 69

Nonverbal Communication

Back 69

Communication that does not involve language.

Front 70

Emblems

Back 70

Body movements that stand on their own as a replacement for words.

Front 71

Illustrators

Back 71

Body movements that accent or work in unison with what is said verbally.

Front 72

Regulators

Back 72

Body movements that control the flow of conversation.

Front 73

Adaptors

Back 73

Body movements that relieve tension or satisfy self or bodily needs.

Front 74

Affect Displays

Back 74

Body movements that tell others about our emotional state.

Front 75

Turn Taking

Back 75

The process of deciding who will speak at any given time during a conversation.

Front 76

Agreeableness

Back 76

The perceived warmth and friendliness of a person.

Front 77

Expectancy Violation Theory

Back 77

Theory that explains how violation of expectations can alter first impressions.

Front 78

Immediacy

Back 78

A sense of likeability and approachability established through communication behaviours that draw people closer together.

Front 79

Immediacy Behaviours

Back 79

Verbal and nonverbal behaviours that suggest a teacher's willingness to approach and to be approached by students.

Front 80

Self-Grooming

Back 80

Cleaning and tidying behaviours, which often characterize courtship behaviours.

Front 81

Paralanguage

Back 81

Speech elements that we do not characterize as language.

Front 82

Intonation

Back 82

The way the voice rises and falls as we speak.

Front 83

Tone

Back 83

The vocal quality that conveys emotion.

Front 84

Pitch

Back 84

The degree of highness or lowness with which we speak.

Front 85

Kinesics

Back 85

Communication through body movements, posture, stance, and hand gestures.

Front 86

Nonverbal Leakage

Back 86

The nonverbal behaviours that unintentionally reveal true inner states.

Front 87

Avatar

Back 87

An online visual representation of an individual.

Front 88

Territoriality

Back 88

Our desire and efforts to mark our territory and defend it against invasion.

Front 89

Chronemics

Back 89

The study of how people perceive, structure, value, and react to time.

Front 90

Proxemics

Back 90

The study of how people perceive and use space.

Front 91

Monochronic Cultures

Back 91

Cultures that view time as rigidly linear and rely heavily on clocks and schedules to regulate events.

Front 92

Polychronic Cultues

Back 92

Cultures that view time as elastic and believe events will happen when they are meant to happen.

Front 93

Soft Architecture

Back 93

Buildings and other structures that allow personalization of space.

Front 94

Hard Architecture

Back 94

Buildings and other structures designed to stand strong and to resist human imprint.

Front 95

Sociopetal Setting

Back 95

A physical setting that brings people together.

Front 96

Sociofugal Setting

Back 96

A physical setting that pushes people apart.

Front 97

Tingo

Back 97

From Easter island, means "To borrow objects from a friend's home one-by-one until there is nothing left".

Front 98

Iktsuarpok

Back 98

Inuit, means "to keep going outside to check if anyone is coming while you are waiting".

Front 99

Tartle

Back 99

Scottish, refers to "hesitating when you are introducing someone whose name you can't remember".

Front 100

Drachenfutter

Back 100

German, means "dragon fodder", or a gift that German husbands give to their wives when they stayed out too late or otherwise misbehaved.

Front 101

Vybafnout

Back 101

Czech, means "to jump out and say boo".

Front 102

Dr. Fox Hypothesis

Back 102

Experiment where an actor was introduced as an expert in a particular field in front of a group of students, and they perceived his lecture as genius when it was nonsense.