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134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the nature of interpersonal communication?
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-it involves:
-interdependent (connected) individuals -inherently relational -exists on an interpersonal continuum -verbal/non-verbal -varied forms -varies in effectiveness |
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what does it mean to say that interpersonal communication involves interdependent individuals?
nature of cmn |
-what 1 person does has an impact on the other person
-it occurs b/w 2 people -interactions will have influences on each other & others connected to them -individuals are connected through others EX: how bo feng met her husband (her roommate was short on $...) |
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in what sense is interpersonal communication inherently relational?
nature of cmn |
-how we communicate to others is influenced by the relationship we have w/them
EX: student-teacher EX: friend-friend EX: boss-worker |
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what is the interpersonal continuum?
nature of cmn |
-based on the relationship
-how personal EX: impersonal (taxi driver) to personal (husband) |
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what are the varied forms of interpersonal communication?
nature of cmn |
-different mediums used to conduct interpersonal communication
EX: face to face EX: computer |
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how does interpersonal communication vary in effectiveness?
nature of cmn |
-interpersonal communication is functional
-it has a purpose |
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what are the 8 concepts in the model of interpersonal communication?
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1. source-receiver
2. encoding-decoding 3. messages (verbal/non-verbal) 4. channels 5. noise 6. context 7. ethics 8. competence 6. ethics |
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what characteristics distinguish the impersonal from the personal forms of communication?
interpersonal continuum nature of cmn |
-role v. personal info (act on basis of personal info - server/waiter have roles...father/son react to each other as unique individuals)
-societal v. personal rules (based on knowledge of the individual) -predictability (diff. degrees of...as you get to know someone better --> better able to predict/explain their behavior) -social & personal messages (content of communication) |
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what roles/functions does each individual play in interpersonal communication simultaneously?
element of interpersonal cmn |
-source (encoder) & receiver (decoder)
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what are the different types of noise?
element of interpersonal cmn |
-physical: what's happening around you (crowds...)
-physiological: from the body (hearing loss...) -psychological: cognitive (emotions, prejudice...) when we come into the conversation w/ideas about what the other person is going to say - blinded to original message -semantic: caused by sender/encoder (grammar, language that the receiver/decoder can't understand) |
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what are the dimensions of context?
element of interpersonal cmn |
-physical
-temporal (time) -social-psychological -cultural |
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what's the physical dimension?
context element of interpersonal cmn |
-location
-where you are |
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what's the social-psychological dimension?
context element of interpersonal cmn |
-social/cultural norms that govern behavior
-how we should talk to a friend, a Dr... -varies across cultures |
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what does encoding-decoding mean?
element of interpersonal cmn |
-the act of putting meaning into verbal/non-verbal messages
-deriving meaning from the messages you receive from others |
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what does channels mean?
element of interpersonal cmn |
-the media through which messages pass
-which act as a bridge between source and receiver EX: vocal-auditory channel used in speaking & hearing EX: the cutaneous-tactile channel used in touch |
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what does competence mean?
element of interpersonal cmn |
- the knowledge of and ability to use effectively your own communication system
-skills -domain specific (may be good at 1 type of cmn but not another) |
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what does ethics mean?
element of interpersonal cmn |
-no lies, be respectful...
-moral dimension of communication -the study of what makes behavior moral or good as opposed to immoral and bad |
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what are feed-back messages?
what are feed-forward messages? |
-feed-back: messages that are sent back to speaker concerning responses to what was said
-feed-forward: info you provide before sending primary message -ask that the listener approach future messages in a certain way |
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what are the principles of interpersonal communication?
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-transactional process
-purposeful -ambiguous -series of punctuated events -inevitable, irreversible, unrepeatable |
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what is the transactional process of interpersonal communication?
principle of interpersonal cmn |
-when both people are both the speaker & listener at the same time
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how does the transactional process different from the interactional and linear view?
principle of interpersonal cmn |
-interactional: speaker & listener take turns speaking and listening
EX: A speaks while B listens THEN B speaks while A listens -linear: speaker speaks and listener listens -transactional: not clear-cut |
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in what ways is interpersonal communication ambiguous?
principle of interpersonal cmn |
-different people will get different meanings from the "same" message
-there is ambiguity in all relationships |
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what is punctuation in interpersonal communication? series of punctuated events
principle of interpersonal cmn |
-tendency to divide communication transactions into sequences of stimuli and responses...depending on the person's perspective
-punctuation is arbitrary -adopt the others point of view to increase empathy/understanding EX: husband flirting, wife on phone.... wife: called only when you started to flirt husband: flirted only when you called |
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in what sense is interpersonal communication inevitable, irreversible, unrepeatable?
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-inevitable: communication that can't be prevented
-irreversible: communication that can't be taken back -unrepeatable: communication is constantly changing |
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what is culture?
how is it transmitted? |
-specialized lifestyle (way of living) of a group of people
-passed on from 1 generation to the next through COMMUNICATION |
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what does culture consist of?
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-everything the group members have produced/developed
-ways of behaving, communicating (verbal, non-verbal) -artifacts, laws, religion, food , clothing, values, beliefs, traditions, rituals -multi-leveled: gender, socio-economic status... |
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what are the 2 different processes of learning culture?
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1.enculturation
2. acculturation |
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what is enculturation?
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-process of learning culture
-you learn the culture in which you're born -develop ethnic identity -may lead to ethnocentrism |
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what is ethnocentrism?
which process of learning culture does it come from? |
-tendency to evaluate your culture (beliefs, values, behaviors) as more positive, natural, and logical than other groups
-enculturation |
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what is acculturation?
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-process of learning culture
-learn the rules/norms of a culture different fro your native culture -it modifies your original/native culture |
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what are the 4 stages of managing culture shock?
which process of learning culture does it come from? |
-acculturation
1. honeymoon: fascination w/new culture 2. crisis: frustration/inadequacy 3. recovery: gain necessary skills 4. adjustment: enjoying new culture |
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what did hofstede study and what did he come up with?
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-how cultures differ
-hofstede's cultural dimensions -IBM: workers in diff. countries -well-matched samples, large sample size -limitation: ecological validity: IBM workers = other members of culture? |
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what are the 4 types of hostede's cultural dimensions?
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1. power-distance
2. masculinity-femininity 3. uncertainty-avoidance 4. individualism-collectivism |
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what is power distance?
what are the characteristics of low power distance/high power distance cultures? |
-the great difference b/w the power held by the few and ordinary citizens.
-the extent to which less powerful members of a society accept the unequal power of distribution -low power: USA -minimizes social class inequality, reduce hierarchical structures -power is more evenly distributed -high power: indonesia -accepts power as part of society, hierarchy/inequality seen as appropriate/beneficial -power concentrated in the hands of a few |
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what are characteristics of masculine-feminine cultures?
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-masculine: USA
-social gender roles are distinct, complementary -men socialized to be assertive, tough, material success -women: modest, tender, concerned w/quality of life -feminine: sweden -social gender roles are fluid, flexible -both men/women are viewed similarly |
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what is uncertainty(avoidance) & ambiguity tolerance?
what are the characteristics of -high uncertainty avoidance/low ambiguity tolerance -low uncertainty avoidance/high ambiguity tolerance |
-the extent to which people feel threatened by ambiguous situations, have created beliefs/institutions that try to avoid it
-low UA/high AT: USA, britain -aren't threatened by uncertainty -greater tolerance for ambiguity -deviance is acceptable, lower stress -conflict/competition is natural, risk-taking -high UA/low AT: japan -greater need for formal rules, structure -less tolerance for deviance, people, groups -individuals seek consensus, avoid conflict/risks |
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what is individualism-collectivism?
what are the characteristics of those cultures? |
-the extent to which cultures promote individual/collectivism values
-individualistic: USA -priority of individual goals over group goals -fuzzy/fluid boundaries b/w in and out groups -"I" -collectivistic: japan -priority of group goals over individual goals -clear/stable boundary b/w in and out groups -"we" |
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what is high/low context?
what are the characteristics of those cultures? |
-the extent to which info is made explicit or is assumed to be in the context or in persons communicating
-high context: japan -indirect communication -info shared through previous info -info is in the context -reluctant to say no -low context: USA -direct communication -info is explicitly stated in verbal message |
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you compare cultures as...?
cultural dimension |
-overlapping normal distribution
-the middle of the bell curve |
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you stereotype cultures as...?
cultural dimension |
-the outsides of the bell curve
-how a culture stereotypes another culture -USA sees france as: arrogant, flamboyant, hierarchical, emotional -france sees USA as: naive, aggressive, unprincipled, workaholic |
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what is the model of intercultural communication say?
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-culture is part of every cmn act
-messages you send/receive is influenced by your cultural beliefs, values, attitudes -no matter how diff. the culture, there will always be similarities, commonalities, differences |
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what are the 4 sources of self-concept?
-the ways in which you develop self-concept |
1. our interpretations & evaluations
2. how others treat us 3. social comparison 4. cultural teachings |
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what is self-concept?
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-our image of who we are
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what is self-awareness?
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-your knowledge of yourself
-the extent to which you know who you are |
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what is the concept in which you can look at self-awarenss with?
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-johari window
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what is the johari window aka what are the 4 parts of self-awareness?
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1. open self
2. blind self 3. hidden self 4. unknown self |
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what is the open self?
self-awareness/johari window |
-info known to you & others
EX: characteristics, demographics, age, sex |
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what is the blind self?
self-awareness/johari window |
-info known only to others (about you)
EX: you think you're not a yeller but you're a yeller |
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what is the hidden self?
self-awareness/johari window |
-info known only to you
-not shared with others EX: secrets |
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what is the unknown self?
self-awareness/johari window |
-info no one knows
-not me or you |
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what is self-esteem?
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-the value you place on yourself
-your perceived self-worth |
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how can you increase self-esteem?
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-try attacking your self-destructive beliefs
-seeking affirmation -seeking out nourishing people -working on projects that will result in success |
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what is self-monitoring?
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-paying attention to how others react to our behaviors...& adjust accordingly
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what is a high self-monitor?
what is a low self-monitor? |
-high:
-sensitive to how others see them -concious of behavior -tailors their behavior to other people's responses -low: -not very conscious to how people react to them |
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what is the looking glass self?
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-the self-image an individual forms by imagining what others think of his behavior/appearance
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what is the self-fulfilling prophecy?
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-an expectation causes you to act/communicate in ways that make that expectation come true
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what are the 5 states of perception?
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1. stimulation
2. organization 3. interpretation 4. memory 5. recall |
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what is stimulation?
what are the characteristics that make a stimulus more likely to be selected for attention? stage 1 of perception: stimulation |
-the process of attending to a stimulus
-being unusual/unexpected -repetition "(commericals) -intensity (strong odor) |
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what is organization?
what ways can things be organized by? stage 2 of perception: organization |
-the process of organizing info that has been selected for attention
-organization by: -rules (proximity, similarity, contrast) -schemata (stereotypes) -scripts (mental sequence of events - dining at a restaurant) -organized body of info about an action, procedure, event |
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what is interpretation?
what factors influence interpretation? stage 3 of perception: interpretation |
-the process of assigning meaning to info that has been selected & organized
-factors that influence intepretation -experience -expectations -belief, values |
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how do we explain our behavior?
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-explain behavior through attributions
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what are the 2 dimensions which attributions vary?
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1. locus: where the cause of a behavior is located (internal/external)
-external: who is responsible -internal: the individual is responsible for their own outcome 2. controllability: tend to dislike people if they were in control of their own negative behaviors EX: car accident but they were drinking... |
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what are the 3 attribution errors?
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1. self-serving bias
2. over-attribution 3. fundamental attribution error |
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what is the self-serving bias?
attribution error |
-tendency to take credit for the positive
-deny responsibility for the negative |
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what is over-attribution?
attribution error |
-focusing on 1 or 2 characteristics of a person
-attributing everything he does to these attributes EX: he's blind so he overeats EX: she's irresponsible b/c she never had to work for her money |
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what is fundamental attribution error?
attribution error |
-tendency to overvalue the contribution of internal factors
-undervalue external factors |
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what is put into memories for later retrieval?
what acts as filters/gatekeepers that allow/distort/prevent change? stage 4 of perception: memory |
-evaluations are put into memory w/cognitive tags for later retrieval
-schemes act as filters/gatekeepers that allow/distort/prevent change |
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what type of info do you recall & fail to recall?
stage 5 of perception: recall |
-recall info consistent w/schema
-fail to recall info inconsistent w/schema -recall info that drastically contradicts schema |
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what is the importance of listening?
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-relationship development
-profession success: workplace effectiveness -listening skills: highly valued |
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what is the cause of many interpersonal problems?
importance of listening |
-not listening well
-relationship development = importance of listening |
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what are the 5 stages of the listening process?
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1. receiving
2. understanding 3. remembering 4. evaluating 5. responding |
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what are facts about the model of listening?
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-effective listening requires a collection of skills --> NOT A SINGULAR PROCESS
-all 5 stages overlap -listening is never perfect |
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what does receiving mean?
stage 1 of listening: receiving |
-hearing/attending to the verbal & non-verbal
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what are the differences b/w listening and hearing?
how does listening apply to mediated interpersonal cmn? stage 1 of listening: receiving |
-listening: active, mindful
-hearing: passive, mindless -while listening you are also seeing or reading...still have to take place and be mindful |
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what does understanding mean?
stage 2 of listening: understanding |
-learning/deciphering meaning
-the thoughts & emotional tone expressed |
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how can understanding be improved?
stage 2 of listening: understanding |
-see the speaker's message from the speaker's POV
-ask questions for clarification -paraphrase the speaker's ideas |
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what does remembering?
is memory reconstructive or reproductive? stage 3 of listening: remembering |
-recalling/retaining the message
-reconstructive |
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what does evaluating mean?
stage 4 of listening: evaluating |
-judging/criticizing the message
-making inferences about people's intentions/goods -critically analyze the quantity of info, pros/cons of options... |
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what things can you do to help better evaluate?
stage 4 of listening: evaluating |
-distinguish facts from opinions
-identify speakers' biases/prejudices -recognize logical fallacies --> fallacy bandwagon |
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what is responding?
stage 5 of listening: responding |
-offering verbal/non-verbal feedback to a speaker
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what are the 2 phases that occurs in responding?
stage 5 of listening: responding |
1. respond while speaker is talking
-back-channeling cues: uh huh, yes, i see... -it shows the speaker that you're paying attention 2. respond after speaker has stopped talking |
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what are some major listening barriers?
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-physical, physiological, mental distractions
-noise, loud music, ear infection... -biases, prejudices --> may distract from message -premature judgment: assume you know what the speaker is going to say -language difficulties: -communicating w/native speakers -may speak same language w/different meanings |
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what are back-channel cues?
what stage of listening is it from? |
-saying "yes", "uh-uh", "i see"...
-to show the listener that you're paying attention -responding |
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how do men listen?
how do women listen? |
-men:
-report talk -listen less b/c it places them in an inferior position -passive -women: -rapport talk -eye contact -more listening clues |
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what's the critique of generalization of gender differences?
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-best to take generalizations as a starting point for investigations
-not airtight conclusions -important to be mindful of both differences/similarities |
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what is are the 3 type of styles of listening?
how do you decide to use which style? |
1. empathetic v. objective
2. nonjudgmental v. critical 3. surface v. depth -depends on the situation |
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what is empathetic v. objective listening?
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-empathetic:
-identify w/other person's feelings -objective: -look more objectively -see beyond what the other person sees |
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what is nonjudgmental v. critical listening?
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-nonjudgmental:
-helps understand -critical: -helps evaluate, judge |
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what is surface v. depth listening?
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-surface:
-listen for the obvious & literal -depth: -listen for deeper meaning EX: child who talks about unfairness on the playground may be asking for comfort/love |
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what does it mean to say that language is symbolic?
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-words are symbols
-arbitrary, mutually agreed upon labels or representations for feelings, concepts, objects, events |
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what is the difference b/w denotation & connotation?
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-denotation: dictionary definition
-connotation: personal, emotional, subjective definition -can be positive/negative EX: girl -denotation: young, female -connotation: -positive: youthful, pretty -negative: immature, childish |
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what are message meanings in?
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-message meanings are in people, eye of beholder
-people create meanings -words mean diff. things to diff. people |
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what is bypassing?
why should you avoid bypassing? |
-when speaker/receiver miss each other w/meanings
-diff. words, same meaning -diff meaning, same words |
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what has happened to vocabulary/words as time goes by?
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-words became obsolete
OR -new words were added to the dictionary |
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how does language and culture reflect each other?
what is the hypothesis called? |
-culture influences language
-how we perceive the world -the language people speak reflects the cultural values EX: kinship terms in chinese and english -cousin v. 16 diff. words in chinese -sapir-whorf hypothesis |
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what is the sapir-whorf hypothesis?
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-relationship b/w language, culture, perception
-the language we use reflects what we need to know to cope within our culture -reinforces our culturally influenced patterns of thought, beliefs, attitudes, values, rules... -the language we use influences us to perceive & label certain things in our environment EX: eskimo = many words for snow |
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what does it mean by be aware of all levels of abstraction?
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-many diff. levels of abstraction
-like a ladder -from general to specific EX: form of life, animal, mammal, cat, persian, silver-tipped persian, powder... |
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what are the 5 guidelines for verbal messages?
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1. be aware of all levels of abstraction
2. see the individual, avoid allness 3. avoid static evaluation 4. avoid polarization |
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what is allness?
which guideline is it? |
-see the individual, avoid allness
-failing to recognize the world as infinitely complex -thinking you know all there is to know about something |
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when does allness occurs?
what does it lead too? |
-occurs when we draw conclusions based on insufficient & biased evidence
-it leads to stereotype EX: joe is a jerk in class but nice to his GF |
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what is static evaluation?
guidelines: avoid static evaluation |
-static evaluation:
-the tendency to retain evaluations w/out change while the reality to which they refer to is constantly changing EX: someone gets a makeover but you still call them ugly |
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what is indexing?
guidelines: avoid static evaluation |
-mentally subscript each statement & evaluation
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what is dating?
guidelines: avoid static evaluation |
-mentally date your statements, especially your evaluations
-specifies a time -can add precision to our comments |
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what is polarization?
guidelines:polarization |
-the fallacy of "either-or"
-tendency to look at the world and describe it in extremes |
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what are examples of polarization?
guidelines: polarization |
-for or against
-love it or hate it |
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how do you avoid polarization?
guidelines: polarization |
-recognize that most cases exists in b/w extremes
-in the middle -try to find middle terms |
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what is confirmation?
what is disconfirmation? guidelines: use confirmation, avoid disconfirmation |
-confirmation:
-acknowledge the other person -accept them -it legitimizes emotions/feelings -disconfirmation: -ignore a person's presence and their communication |
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what is the difference b/w disconfirmation and rejection?
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-rejection: when you disagree
-disconfirmation: when you ignore them, dismisses the person |
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what are 5 forms of disconfirmation?
guidelines: use confirmation, avoid disconfirmation |
1. ageism
2. sexism 3. heterosexism 4. racism 5. ableism: disabilities |
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what are choice points?
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-moments when you have to make a choice as to who you want to communicate with...what you say, don't say...how you phrase it...etc...
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what does the physical dimension refer to?
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-the environment in which communication takes place
-room, park, dinner table... -size of space, temperature, # of people present -newspapers (front page more important than 4th page) |
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what does temporal dimension refer to?
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-time of day
-moment of history -where a particular message fits into sequence of communication events EX: jokes about illness told after disclosure of friends sickness will be received differently than same joke told in series of similar jokes... |
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what does social-psychological dimension refer to?
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-status relationships
-games/roles people play -norms of the society/group -friendliness, formality, gravity of the situation |
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what does cultural dimension refer to?
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-cultural beliefs
-customs |
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what is a symmetrical relationship?
what is a complementary relationship? |
-symmetrical: the 2 individuals mirror each others behavior
-equality - minimizes differences -complementary: the 2 individuals engage in different behavior -behavior of 1 serves as stimulus for others complementary behavior |
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what is the cultural evolution view?
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-social darwinsim
-just like human species evolved from earlier life forms...cultures also evolve -some cultures may be inferior, advanced -rejected view b/c no basis in science --> based on individual values/preferences |
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what is the cultural relativism view?
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-all cultures are different
-no 1 culture is inferior, advanced -accepted view |
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what are the 2 general views on culture?
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1. cultural evolution
2. cultural relativism |
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what is the looking-glass self?
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-when you want to discover something about yourself, you look at the image of yourself that others reveal to you through the way they treat you, react to you
-if they think highly of you...you'll see a positive image of yourself reflected in their behaviors... |
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what is selective attention?
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-you attend to things that you anticipate will fulfill your needs, be enjoyable
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what is selective exposure?
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-you expose yourself to people/messages that will confirm your existing beliefs
-contribute to your objectives -satisfying |
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what is the implicit-personality theory?
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-the system of rules that tells you which characteristics go together
EX: eve is attractive, intelligent, and (likeable, unlikable) |
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what is perceptual accentuation?
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-it leads you to see what you expect/want to see
-you magnify/accentuate what will satisfy your needs/desires EX: hungry people need fewer visual cues to perceive food objects/terms than do people who aren't hungry |
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what is the primacy effect?
what is the recency effect? |
-primacy effect: what comes first exerts the most influence
-recency effect: what comes last/most recent has the most influence |
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what is short-term memory?
what is long-term memory? what stage of listening does it fall under? |
-stage 3: remembering
-short-term: limited in capacity - small amount of info stored -long-term: unlimited |
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how is memory not reproductive but reconstructive?
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-you don't need to reproduce in memory what the speaker said
-you reconstruct the messages you hear into a system that makes sense to you |
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what is the name-calling fallacy?
stage 4: evaluating |
-applying a un/favorable label to color your perception
EX: democracy, soft on terrorism |
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what is the testimonial fallacy?
stage 4: evaluating |
-using pos/neg viewed spokespersons to encourage your acceptance/rejection of something
EX: a lab-coated actor to sell toothpaste EX: a disgraced political figure associated w/an idea that you want rejected |
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what is the bandwagon fallacy?
stage 4: evaluating |
-arguing that you should believe/do something b/c "everyone else does"
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what is metacommunication?
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-communication ABOUT communication
EX: sarcastic email w/a smiley face = don't take email seriously EX: winking at someone = you're kidding... |
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what is politeness in message?
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-relates to pos/neg face
-politeness in interpersonal cmn involves behavior that allows others to maintain both pos/neg face |
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what is positive face?
what is negative face? |
-positive face: we want to be viewed positively by others, thought of favorable
-negative face: be autonomous, have the right to do what we wish -right to say no EX: would you mind opening the window? v. open the window now! |
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what is wolfson's bulge model of politeness?
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-upside down U curve
-relationship b/w politeness and intimacy -more politeness w/friends -less politeness w/strangers & intimates |
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what is the truth bias?
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-people are more likely to correctly judge that a truthful statement is true rather than a lie that is false
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