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353 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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describe the function and location of pyramids
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between the anterior median fissure and anterolateral sulcus.
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describe the function and location of facial colliculus
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location of the abducens nucleus (CN VI) structure of the pons
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function and location of the tectum
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structure of the midbrain on dorsal surface. superior colliculi- part of visual pathway. inferior colliculi- part of auditory pathway
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substantia nigra
destruction leads to... |
synthesize the neuro-transmitter dopamine. strong connection with putamen and caudate nucleus. destruction of dopamine-synthesizing cells leads to parkinson's disease. level of midbrain
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list the cranial nerves emerging from teh following structures Midbrain? Pons? Medulla?
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Midbrain: CNIII, CNIV
Pons: CNV, CNVI, CNVII, CNVIII Medulla: CNIX, CNX CNXI, CNXII |
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where does the spinal cord extend from
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foramen magnum
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the spinal cord is continuous with the
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medulla
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the spinal cord is anatomically segmented into how many segments
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31 segments- paris of spinal nerves
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what are the segments?
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8 cervical
12 thoraic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal |
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is the spinal cord shorter or longer than the vertebral canal?
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shorter
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the spinal cord goes down to which vertebral column
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L1-2
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what is the filament that courses through from L1-S2
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cauda equina (horse tail- what it can look like)
(in the lumbar cistern) |
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what is found in the filament
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collection of Dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor) roots
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what are the names of the 2 enlargements of the spinal cord
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1. cervical enlargement
2. lumbar enlargement |
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cervical enlargement extends from what to what? what does it contain?
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extends from C5-T1
contains motor neurons supplying upper extremities |
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Lumbar enlargement extends from? contains?
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extends from L2- S3
Contains motor neurons supplying lower extremities |
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the SC contains dorsal rootlets which carry what? and enter where?
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dorsal rootlets carry sensory information from body to SC.
Dorsal rootlets enter SC posteriorly through posterolateral sulcus |
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Dorsal root ganglion is a collection of what? located where?
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collection of cell bodies of primary sensory neurons.
located proximal to the junctio b/t dorsal and ventral roots. |
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ventral rootlets carry what? exit where?
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carry motor information from the SC to muscles.
exit SC anteriorly through anterolateral sulcus |
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Dorsal and ventral rootlets join together to form what?
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dorsal and ventral roots
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dorsal and ventral roots becomes
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join to form spinal nerves
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what kind of fibers make up the spinal nerves?
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afferent an efferent
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the meningeal coverings of the spinal cord- 3 layers?
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dura mater
arachnoid pia mater |
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dura mater: how many layers?
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single layered
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arachnoid is closely attached to the?
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dura
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the spinal dural sheath and arachnoid ends at?
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S2
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spinal cord ends at?
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L1-L2
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the lumbar cistern is between?
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L1-L2 and S2
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is the pia mater thin or thick
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thick
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the pia mater gives rise to the....which does what?
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dentate ligament which anchors the SC to the arachnoid and dura (meningeal layers)
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spinal cord segments are related systematically to...
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areas of skin and muscles
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each spinal nerve innervates what?
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a single dermatome
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knowledge of a segmental innervation is very helpful in what
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diagnosing the site of damage in or near the SC
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Functions of the Spinal Cord:
Sensory processing: -afferent fibers enter what? -terminate where? |
afferent fibers enter the SC via the dorsal roots
terminate on the ipsilateral side of the CNS |
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controlling motor outflow:
motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle descend from? |
the precentral cortex down to the SC- to motor neurons in the anterior horns
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Controlling Motor outflow:
-motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle descend.... |
from precentral cortex down to the SC- to motor neurons in the anterior horns
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axons of the motor neurons exit ....
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through the ventral roots
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reflexes:
Certain sensory inputs cause.. |
stereotyped motor outputs
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many of these involve...
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neural circuitry wholly contained within the SC
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internal structure of the Spinal Cord (white matter):
- gray matter(inside) divided into... |
horns (anterior and posterior)
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white matter(outside) divided into?
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funiculi (tracts)
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what is the name of the fissure found in the internal structure of the SC
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anterior median fissure (most obvious)
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what are the 3 sulci found in the internal structures of the SC
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1. posterior median sulcus
2. posterolateral sulcus 3. anterolateral sulcus |
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posterolateral sulcus is...
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where dorsal roolets enter the SC
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anterolateral sulcus is ...
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where ventral rootlets exit the SC
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posterior horn consists of
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interneurons and projection neurons that collect into ascending sensory pathways
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the interneurson...
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connect neurons
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the projection neurons...
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travel long distance
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where is substantia gelatinosa found?
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in the posterior horn of SC
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where exactly is it located? deals with?
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located at the tip of the gray matter. deals with sensory fibers that carry pain and temperature info
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the anterior horn contains?
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cell bodies of large motor neurons that supply skeletal muscle
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the lower motor neurons are also called the
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alpha motor neurons
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the lower motor neurons allows...
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muscle contraction
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destruction or interruption of lower motor neurons...
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complete paralysis of invovled muscles
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intermediate gray matter contains...(3)
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various projection neurons, sensory interneurons, and interneurons that synapse on motor neurons
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Clarke's nucleus is a collection of? important....nucleus for the ....?
also involved in? |
-collection of large cells from T1 to L2
-inportant relay nucleus for the transmission of information to the cerebellum - also involved in forwarding propioceptive information from the leg to the thalamus |
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ascending tracts carry what kind of information
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sensory info
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the posterior column- medial lemniscus system: organization:
contains cell bodies of... |
spinal afferent fibers in ipsilateral dorsal root gangla
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when entering the SC, dorsal rootlets...
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segregates into a medial and lateral division
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which fibers enter the posterior column
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medial division
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caudal to T6, each posterior column is an undivided bundle called
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fasciculus gracilis
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the fasciculus gracilis contains..
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sensory information fromt he lower body/ limb
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afferents entering rostral to T6 accumulate in a second bundle called...
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fasciculus cuneatus
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the fasciculus cuneatus contains...
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sensory information from the upper body/ limbs-
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somatotopic organization
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this sort of arrangement in which particular portions of the body are represented in particular regions of a pathway or nucleus
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Synapse in nucleus gracilis or nucleus cuneatus in the
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caudal medulla
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second -order fibers arising in the nuclei cross the midline and form the
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medial lemniscus
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the medial lemniscus terminates in the
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thalamus (ventral posteriolateral nucleus, VPL)- nucleus that receives a lot of sensory info
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third-order fibers ascend thru...
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the internal capsule to synapse in the post central gyrus
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the posterior column-medial lemniscus system carries info of...
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touch, pressure, vibration and joint position and movement
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damage causes ...
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impairment of tactile sensitivity
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more sever impairment in...
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complex discrimination than in simple stimulus detection ( know something touched you, don't know pattern)
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loss of...particularly when....
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proprioception and kinesthesia- ataxia
particularly when eyes are closed |
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the Spinothalamic Tract: Course
invovled in .. |
the awareness and localization of painful stimuli
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the spinothalamic tract begins in ...
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the dorsal root ganglion
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the spinothatlamic tract enters the sc and sends...
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axons to synapse at substantia gelatinosa (in the posterior horn)
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the second-third-order cells send...
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axons across the midline (ie. decussation at the level of the SC)
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the spinothalamic tract travels up the
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anterior part of the lateral funiculus
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it synapses on
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nuclei of the thalamus (VPL (ventroposterior lateral)- relays sensory info
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travels up to the
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postcentral gyrus
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THe spinothalamic tract carries info on...(5)
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pain
temperature itch sensation pressure sensation from bladder and bowel sexual sensation |
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destruction produces..
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contralateral analgesia (deadening of the sense of pain)
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The Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract is formed by
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collaterals of posterior column fibers
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the posterior spinocerebellar tract synapses on
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neurons of Clarke's nucleus (in posterior horn of SC)
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fibers project..
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ipsilaterally to cerebellum through the inferior cerebellar peduncle
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the posterior spinocerebellar tract carries info about..
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tactile, pressure and proprioceptive
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the posterior spinocerebellar tract is primarily concerned with
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the ipsilateral leg
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the anterior spinocerebellar tract is concerned with
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the leg
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2 differences from the posterior spinocerebellar tract
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1. receives more complex inputs from a variety of sources- activity of the tract nerons related more to attempted movement (that you think about) than simple sensory signals
2.. the tract decussates at the level of the SC-ascends to the level of rostral pons- enters the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle- decussates again before ending in the vermis (untimately, ipsilateral control) |
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3 Major functions of the Brainstem
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1. conduit function
2. cranial nerve function 3. integrative function |
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conduit function-
-primary means for... -another characteristic? |
1. primary means for connecting information from the cortex to the SC
2. relay station for several systems |
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cranial nerve function..which cranial nerves emerge from the brain stem? what is found in the brainstem?
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cranial nerves III through XII project to or emerge from the brainstem
various sensory and motor nuclei related to cranial nerve functions found in the brainstem |
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integrative function
-what organizes at the level of the brainstem? - much of this is accomplished by the... |
some integrative functions organized at the level of hte brainstem
much of this accomplished by the reticular formation |
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what are the 2 structures on the ventral surface of the medulla
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1. pyramids
2. olive |
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where are the pyramids found? what is it?
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found b/t anterior median fissure and anterolateral sulcus
major motor pathway |
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what are two other names for Olive? what is Olive? (2)
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also called inferior olives or inferior olivary nucleus
an oval swelling lateral to the anterolateral sulcus relay nuclei for proprioception going into the cerebellum |
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what are the 2 structures of the Pons
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1. facial colliculus
2. tegmentum |
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facial colliculus is the location of the...
what loops over the facial colliculus |
location of the abducens nucleus (CN VI)
facial nerve fibers loop over it |
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tegmentum is way for....
what portion of the pons is the tegmentum what does the tegmentum contain? |
way for fibers to travel in brainstem
dorsal portion of pons contains - ascending/descending tracts - nuclei for CNV, VI, VII, VIII |
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what are the 3 structures of the midbrain
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1. cerebral aqueduct
2. tectum 3. tegmentum |
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what part of the midbrain is the cerebral aqueduct
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in the center
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tectum is found on what surface of the midbrain?
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dorsal surface
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what are the two divisions of tectum?
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superior colliculi- part of visual pathway
inferior colliculi-part of auditory pathway |
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tegmentum is the dorsal part of what? what does the tegmentum contain?
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dorsal part of the cerbral peduncles
-contains important nuclei and nerve tracts -contains nuclei of CNIII (oculomotor) and IV( trochlear) |
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what are the three deep structures of the brainstem?
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1. red nucleus
2. subantia nigra 3. reticular formation |
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red nucleus (paired)
-receive... - important strutures in... |
receive fibers from the contralateral cerebellum
imp structures in the motor system |
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substantia nigra is at the level of
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midbrain
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the subantia nigra has strong connection to...
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basal ganglia, putamen and caudate nuclesu
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subantia nigra synthesize...
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the neurotransmitter dopamine
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destruction of dopamine- synthesizing cells results in
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parkinsonism (motor disorder)
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the reticular formation has..
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multiple function
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the reticular formation...
-participates in... - modulates ..... - involved in control of.... |
participates in the control of movement
modulates the transimission of information in pain pathways involved in the control of arousal and consciousness |
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functional Components of Cranial Nerves:
Bothin the spinal and cranial nerves: list 4 types of fibers. |
1. somatic sensory fibers
2. visceral sensory fibers 3. visceral motor fibers 4. somatic motor fibers |
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somatic sensory fibers convey info from....
convey info concerning... |
convey info from receptors in somatic structures of the head (e.g., skin, muscles, joints)
convey info concerning pain, temperature and mechanical stimuli |
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visceral sensory fibers convey info from
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receptors in visceral structures (eg. glands, smooth muscles of the digestive tract, taste buds)
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visceral motor fibers provide input to
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smooth muscles and glands (heart)
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somatic motor fibers innervate..
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skeletal muscles (asons, extraocular and tongue muscles)
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FUnctional Components of Cranial Nerves: Only in Cranial Nerves: list 2 types of fibers
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1. Special sensory fibers
2. Branchiomeric Nerves |
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special sensory fibers are related to...
innervates... |
related to the special senses of hearing and equilibrium (CN VIII)
Innervates the muscles of the inner ear |
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Branchiomeric nerves innervate...
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striated muscles of bronchial arch origin
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examples of muscles innervated by brainchiomeric nerves
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larynx, pharynx, jaw, face, middle ear muscles, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius
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neurons for these muscles have...
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a distinctive location in the brainstem
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general location of CN Nuclei related to sulcus limitans1
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1. motor nuclei medial to the sulcus limitans
2. sensory muclei later to the sulcus limitans 3. visceral nuclei located nearer the sulcus limitans |
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Three Types of Cranial Nerves: list
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1. somatic motor nerves
2. special sensory nerves 3. Branchiomeric Nerves |
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Somatic motor nerves primarily contain...
which cranial nerves? |
primarily contain motor axons for ordinary skeletal muscles
CNIII, CN IV, CNVI, XII |
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Special Sensory Nerves primarily contain
which nerves? |
speical sensory fibers
CNI, II, VIII |
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Branchiomeric nerves typically contain....
all innervate... which nerves? |
contain several components
all innerave branchial arch musculature (facial area) CNV, VII, IX, X, XI |
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what is the name of cranial nerve 3
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Oculomotor nerve
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where is the motor nucleus for CNIII located and what is it called?
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Oculomotor nucleus- located in midbrain
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what does the CNIII supply
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the somatic motor component of several muscles
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what are the 5 muscles supplied by the CNIII
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1. levator palpebrae superioris
2. superior rectus 3. medial rectus 4. inferior rectus 5. inferior oblique |
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levator palpebrae superioris does whta
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elevates and retracts upper eye lid
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superior rectus deos what
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controls upward eye gaze
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medial rectus...
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controls medial eye movement
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inferior rectus
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controls downward eye gaze
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inferior oblique
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controls upward and medial eye gaze
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the CNIII also supplies
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the visceral motor component of 2 muscles
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what are the two muscles supplied by CNIII
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1. pupillary sphincter
2. ciliary muscles |
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pupillary sphincter does what
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muscle that controls the size of the pupil
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ciliary muscles does what
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change the shape of the lens (accommodation) to focus on objects close. lens buldges out
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what is the name of the nucleus projecting to these muscles
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Edinger- Westphal nucleus
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pupillary light reflex does what
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constriction of pupil to light
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accommodation reflex does what
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reflex changes that enable an object to be focused on the retina
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Oculomotor nerve lesions:
Central lesion: |
both nuclei damaged (bilateral signs)
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what happens with a lateral strabismus
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eye deviates laterally
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what is diplopia
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double vision (when both eyes don't focus together) (one eye goes one way and one goes the other)
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inability to move the affected eye...
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medially or vertically
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what is ptosis
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drooping of the eyelid
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what is abnormal pupillary light reflex
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absence of pupillary constriction in the affected eye
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inability for the affected eye to focus on..
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near objects
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what is CN IV
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Trochlear nerve
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what does CN IV supply
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the superior oblique muscles
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what are the superior oblique muscles concerned with
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the downward and lateral movement of the eye
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what would a person that could not do this have difficulties with
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reading and walking down stairs
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cell bodies are located in the...
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contralateral trochlear nucleus
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CN IV is the only CN that is (2)
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1. attached to the dorsal surface of the brainstem
2. completely crossed (originating from a contralateral nucleus) |
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the CN IV decussates in the _____ prior to leaving the _______
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midbrain...brainstem
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damage to the trochlear nerve results in
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insignificant deficit. ( not as bad...just one muscles. but still do have difficulties)
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damage results in...
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diplopia, when attempting to move eyes downarad and laterally (double vision)
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lesion of the CN IV- ipsilateral or contralateral sign?
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contralateral sign
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what is the name of CN VI
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abducens nerve
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what abducens nerve supplies
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the lateral rectus muscle
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what does the CN VI do to the eye
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abducts (moves eyes laterally)
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fibers originate from the ....under....
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ipsilateral abducens nucleus
under facial colliculus |
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where is CN VI located
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in the caudal pons, beneath the floor of the 4th ventricle
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facial nerve(motor fibers) wrap around the...
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nucleus
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damage to the CN VI causes
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medial strabismus- the affected eye deviates medially
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what is the name of CN XII
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hypoglossal nerve
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what does CN XII do
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innervates muscles of the tongue
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where are cell bodies found
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in the ipsilateral hypoglossal nucleus
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extends from...to...
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the caudal to rostral medulla
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located close to
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midline (motor) beneath the floor of the 4th ventricle
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lower motor lesion of CNXII results in ipsi or contra signs
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ipsilateral
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what the three results of lesion..
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1. weakness of oneside of the tongue- protrusion of the tongue results in deviation to the affected side
2. fasciculation (twitching of tongue)(rippling)(worm like) 3. atrophy of the affected side |
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bilateral lesions may cause difficulties in
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speaking and eating
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what are the somatic motor nerves
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CNIII- oculomotor nerve
CNIV- trochlear nerve CNVI- abducens nerve CNXII- hypoglossal nerve |
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Branchiomeric Nerves: sensory or motor nerves?
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motor nerves
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what is the name of CN V
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trigeminal nerve
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CN V contains what kind of fibers?
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motor and sensory fibers (mostly sensory)
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primary function of CN V
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transmission of the following information from the head (face):
1. tactile 2. proprioceptive 3. pain 4. temperature |
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3 divisions of primary afferent fibers
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1. ophthalmic (V1)
2. Maxillary (V2) 3. Mandibular( V3) |
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all sensory information goes to...
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post central gyrus
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what are three sensory nuclei associated with trigeminal afferent fibers
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1. main sensory nucleus
2. spinal nucleus 3. mesencephalic nucleus |
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what is the main sensory nucleus concerned with
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discriminative tactile and proprioceptive sensations
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the main sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve gives rise to imp. ascending pathway:
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the dorsal trigeminal tract
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describe the dorsal trigeminal tract: ipsi? contra? terminates?
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uncrossed fibers (completely ipsilateral)
terminate in the ventral posteromedial (VPM) nucleus of the thalamus |
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afferent fibers reach the spinal trigeminal nucleus via the
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spinal trigeminal tract
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the spinal trigeminal nucleus is imp. in processing...
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pain and temp info in the head
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gives rise to ...(name and describe pathway)
joins the... terminates in the... |
ventral trigeminal tract-> a crossed ascending pain pathway-> joins the spinothalamic tract-> terminates in the VPM nucleus of the thalamus
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the mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve carries... from... some from..
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1. carry proprioceptive information
2. from the muscles of mastication(chewing) 3. some from the mechanoreceptors of gums, teeth, and hard palate |
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Trigeminal Nerve (CN V): trigeminal motor nucleus
innervates: |
the muscles of mastication (to move jaw up and down)
tensor tympani and other small muscles |
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where is the trigeminal motor nucleus located
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in the midpons
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trigeminal neuralgia is also called
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tic douloureax
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what is trigeminal neuralgia characterized by
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brief attacks of excruciating pain in the distribution of the one or more divisions of the trigeminal nerve
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frequently there is a ____ zone
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trigger zone
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what is a trigger zone
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wehre tactile stimulation may precipitate an attack
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what is the name of CN VII
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facial nerve
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somatic afferents from..
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the skin of the outer ear
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describe the tract of the somatic afferents of the facial nerve (CN VII)
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the fibers enter the spinal trigeminal tract -> go to the VPM in the thalamus-> postcentral gyrus
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visceral afferents carry info from
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the nasal cavity and soft palate
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describe the tract of visceral afferents
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enter solitary tract and terminate in the solitary nucleus
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what is the solitary nucleus
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principal visceral afferent nucleus of the brain stem
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what doe the special visceral afferents subserve (carry)
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taste and olfaction(smell)
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CN VII subserves taste on what part of the tongue and palate
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anterior 2/3
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describe the tract of the special visceral afferents
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travels in solitary tract ot the solitary nucleus
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the second- order taste fibers participate in
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reflex activities (swallowing or coughing)
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what is the tract of the second-order taste fibers
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travel to the VPM -> gustatory cortex
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what is at the gustatory cortex
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sensation of smell
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CN VII: Brancial motor innervates...
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muscles of facial expression (smile) move cheeks, lips
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branchial motor arises in
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facial motor nucleus
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facial motor nucleus invovled in
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corneal blink reflex (with foreign objects touching cornea of eye)
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sensory afferent of corneal blink reflex via..
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trigeminal nerve
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with CN VII
upper motor neurons innervate wht part of face bilaterlly |
upper 1/3
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upper motor neurosn innervate what part of face contralaterlly
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lower 2/3
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the lower motor neurons project to which muscles
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ipsilateral
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unilateral upper motor neuron lesion results in
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lower contralateral facial weakness
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unilateral lower motor neuron lesion results in
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weakness in the ipsilateral half of the face
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bilateral lesions results in
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entire face weakness
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CN VII
visceral efferents innervate (3) |
1. submandibular gland
2. sublingual gland 3. lacrimal gland |
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what is the submandibular gland
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salivation. glands under tongue, back of mouth
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sublingual gland
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salivation
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lacrimal gland
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tear secretion
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the posterior column/medial lemniscus carries what kind of information
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tactile and proprioception from body
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the spinothalamic tract carries what kind of information
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pain and temerpature from body
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the spinal trigeminal/ventral trigeminal tracts carry what kind of information
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pain and temp in head
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the dorsal trigeminal tract carries what kind of information
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tactile and proprioception in head
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the solitary tract carries what kind of information
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visceral sensory/ taste from head
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droopy eyelids
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CNIII
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facial weakness
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CNVII
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inability to elevate the shoulder
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CNXI
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weakness of tongue
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CNXII
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loss of taste on the anterior tongue
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CNVII
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trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureax)
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CNV
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deviation of the uvula in production of /a/
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CNX
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loss of corneal blink reflex
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CNVII
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lateral strabismus
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CNIII
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medial strabismus
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CNVI
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dysphagia
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CNX
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loss of sensation to the face
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CNV
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vocal fold paralysis and hoarseness
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CNX
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difficulty chewing
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CNV
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pain in the pharynx and external auditory meatus
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CNIX
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double vision
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CNIII,IV, VI
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loss of taste in the posterior tongue
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CNIX
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her face felt tingly ___
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CNV
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she felt like gagging ____
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cnIX
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she had a bitter taste in her mouth
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CNIX, VII
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she looked at the alarm clock which was within her arm's reach and focused on the hands of the clock ___
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III
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she picked up the newspaper and read it _____ but she felt the headache again
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IV
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she gazed up at the picture on the wall___
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CNIII
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she started to chew ___ a piece of gum
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V
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while taking a shower, she lost her footing and in her alarm she swallowed the gum _____
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X
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trying to put on some mascar,s he almost poked herself in the eye, which made her blink
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VII
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her clumsiness agitated her so that she stuck out her tongue ____ and made a face at herself___ in the mirror
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XII, VII
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and then amanda suddenly yelled with a shrill voice___
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X
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she shrugged her shoulders ___
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XI
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dorsal trigeminal tract carries what kind of info
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tactile and proprioception info in the head
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spinal trigeminal tract carries what kind of info
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pain and temp info in head
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what does the trigeminal motor nucleus innervate
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-muscles of masticulation(jaw movement)
-tensor tympani -other small muscles |
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the breif attack of excruciating pain in the distribution of the trigeminal nerve is
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trigeminal neuralgia
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CNVII subserves..
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taste and olfaction on anterior 2/3 of tongue and palate
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branchial motor fibers of CNVII innervate
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muscles of facial expression
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branchial motor fibers of CNIX innervate
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stylopharyngeus muscle (elevation of pharynx during speech and swallowing)
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2 effects of the lesion of CNIX
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-loss of gag reflex
-loss of taste on posterior 1/3 of tongue |
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the attacks of severe pain in the distribution of CNIX is
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glossopharyngeal neuralgia
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3 speech functions of the branchial motor fibers of CNX
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-velum movement
-pitch change -vocal fold movment |
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3 potential effects of unilateral lesion involving CNX
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-deviation of soft palate to the intact side
-hoarseness -dysphagia |
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function of the cranial portion of CNXI
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distributed to the branches of CNX-> innervates muscles of larynx and velum with the CNX
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CN IX
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glossopharyngeal nerve
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what are the four components of the glossopharyngeal nerve
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1. branchial motor
2. visceral sensory 3. special visceral afferent 4. somatic afferent |
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branchial motor portion of CNIX arises from? innervates?
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-arises from the nucleus ambiguus
-innervate stylopharyngeus muscle (elevation of pharynx during speech and swallowing) |
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Visceral sensory portion of CNIX carries what kind of info from? enters and terminates wehre?
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-carry pain and temperature info from teh posterior tongue, pharynx, and eustachain tube
-enter the solitary tract and terminate in teh solitary nucleus |
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the Special visceral afferent portion of CN IX
-subserves... -what part? -course? |
-subserves tasate and olfaction
-taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and the pharyx - course: solitary tract-> VPM-> postcentral gyrus(gustatory cortex) |
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somatic afferent portion of CNIX supplies
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the skin of the outer ear
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glossopharyngeal nerve lesion can cause (3)
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- loss of gag refex
- loss of laste on the posterior 1/3 of tongue - glossopharyngeal neuralgia |
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what is glossopharyngeal neuralgia? radiates where? how treated?
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- attacks of pain in the posteior tongue of the walls of pharynx
- pain radiates to the vicinity of the ear - pharmacological treatment or nerve resection |
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CNX
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vagus nerve
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which nerves travel very close to eachother so that a lesion in one means there is a lesion in the other
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glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve
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the cnX is most representative of what
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swallowing
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what are the four components of vagus nerve
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1. visceral afferent
2. special visceral afferent 3. visceral efferent 4. branchial motor |
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visceral afferent portion of CNX vagus nerve:
-carry info from... -fibers enter where and terminate where |
-carry info from the larynx, esophagus, pharynx, thoracic and abdominal viscera
-in gerneral, fibers enter the solitary tract and terminate in the solitary nucleus |
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the special visceral afferent portion of CNX
- arise from - identical course to |
-arise from the taste buds of the epiglottis
- identical course ot CN VII and IX |
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Visceral efferent fibers of CNX travel to the
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thoracic and abdominal viscera (e.g. heart)
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Branchial motor fibers of CNX
-innervate... -control what three factors of speech |
-innervate striated (voluntary) muscles of the larynx, pharynx, and soft palate (imp. for speech and swallowing)
control- velum movement, pitch change, and vocal fold movement |
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Bilateral lesion to CNX results in (2)
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- respriatory, cardiovascular and swallowing problems- can be fatal
-complete laryngeal paralysis |
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unilateral lesion to CNX -ipsilateral lesion (3)
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-deviation of soft palate to the intact side
- hoarseness - dysphagia |
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CN XI
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spinal accessory nerve
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what are the two components of CN XI
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1. cranial portion
2. spinal portion |
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cranial portion
-arises from - distributed to/ innervates... |
-arises from the nucleus ambiguus
- distributed to the branches of CN X-> innervates muscles of larynx and velum with the CNX (functions cannot be distiguished easily) |
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spinal portion
- originates from... -innervates... |
-originates from teh cervical spinal area
- innervates the sternocleidomastoid and part of ht trapezius |
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lesion of the spinal accessory nerve (CNXI) :ispilateral representation (3)
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- weakness/difficulty in rotating head away from the side of the lesion
- weakness in elevation of shoulders on the affected side - hoarse vocal quality |
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CNVII
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auditory and vestibular nerve
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Inner Ear Structures:
what is the membranous labyrinth suspended within |
the bony labyrinth
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what is the vestibule
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a large central area
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what are the two structures attached to the vestibule
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cochlea and semicircular canals
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what is connect with the cochlea
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saccule (hearing)
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what is connected with semicircular canals
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attached to the utricle (balance)
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the bony labyrinth is filled with
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perilymph
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the membranous labyrinth is filled with
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endolymph
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the membranous labyrinth containing endolymph contains the
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scala media
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auditory hair cells (mechanoreceptors) (auditory receptors) are in the
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organ of corti
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the organ of corti is withiin the
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scala media
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the organ of corti is resting on the
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basilar membrane
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the organ of corti is made up of what
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inner and outer hair cells
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deformation of the hair cells leads to
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depolarization of the hair cells
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depolarization of the hair cells leads to
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receptor potential generated
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receptor potential generated leads to
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transmission of the signal back along the auditory nerve to the brainstem (the cochlear division of the 8th nerve)
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what is tonotopic organization within the auditory system
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particular frequencies are mapped in an orderly fashion on to particular areas
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in the organ of corti, hair cells at the apex respond best to? at the base?
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at the apex respond best to low frequencies and at the base resond best to high frequencies
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this organization is maintained thru to the entire
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auditory system
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central auditory pathways: receptors in the hair cells goes to...which then goes to
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auditory primary afferentes (8th nerve) in the inner ear...which then enters the brainstem (CNS)
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each fiber fiburcates and sends one branch to...
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dorsal or ventral cochlear nucleus
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cells from the ventral cochlear nucles project to the
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superior olivary nuclesu (of both sides)
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crossing some fibers...then goes to
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lateral lemniscus
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which then goes to
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inferior colliculus (ipsilaterally) (midbrain)
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superior olive is responsible for
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the localization of sound source
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fibers from the dorsal cochlear nucleus..do what..then what..
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some fibers cross over and join the lateral lemniscus...then goes to inferior colliculus
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the dorsal cochlear nucleus carries what
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frequency and intensity information
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both of the central auditory pathways are
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bilateral
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does unilateral lesion along hte pathway cause deafness
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no because bilateral inneravation
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fromt he inferior colliculus goes to...and then goes to...
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medial geniculate nucleus in the thalamus...then to superior temporal gyrus (heschl's gyrus) primary auditory gyrus
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unilateral lesion that destroys the receptors, cochlear nerve (8th nerve) or the cochlear nucli will haveq
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ipsilateral hearing loss
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what may be restricted depending on the portiono f the cochlea that was damaged
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certain frequencies
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unilateral lesion higher up in the auditory pathway-> with have
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no substantial hearing loss, due to bilateral innervation
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may have difficulty
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localizing sound
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problem in the middle ear is what kind of hearing loss
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conductive(blockage)
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the vestibular system contains
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3 semicircular canals
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what are the 3 semicircular canals called
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horizontal, anterior, posterior
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the vestibular system deals with
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head movement in a space
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a dialation at one end of each duct is a
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ampula
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the ampula contains
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crista, covered by sensory hair cells
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hair cells are embedded in
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a gelatinous mass, called cupula
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movement of the head leads to
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the endolymph lags behind due to inertia
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...which leads to
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deflection of the cupula
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....which leads to
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stimulation of the hair cells
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which leads to
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receptor potential....to the CNVIII
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the semicirular canals detect what kind of movement
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rotational
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the utricle and saccule detect what kind of movement
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linear (elevator, in a car)
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hair cells in the utricle and saccule are called
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macula
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head movement leads to..
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otolithic membrane flops around
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..leads to
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stimulates the hair celss
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...leads to
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signal the new position of the head
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both utricle and saccule are sensitive to the _____ and ______
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linear acceleration and head tilting
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central projections:
hair cells...leads to |
vestibular primary afferents
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.leads to
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enter the brainstem
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...
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break off from auditory fibers
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...
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end in the vestibular nuclear complex (at the level of rostral medulla/caudal pons)
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some fibers go where directly
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cerebellum
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the vestibular nuclei have connections with what 4
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1. cerebellum
2. the spinal cord 3. the motor nuclei of the CN III, IV, VI 4. the reticular formation |
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ascending tract:
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medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)
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MLF travels to the
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extraocular motor nerves (III<IV< VI)
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the MLF is concerned with
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the conjugate movement of the eyes, coordinated with movement of the head, to maintain visual fixation
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damage to the vestibular system can result in..4
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loss of equilibrium, dizziness, nystagmus (jerky eye movment), visceral disturbances (stomach upset)
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