Cmd

Front 1

what force opens the glottis at the end of the closed phase of phonation

Back 1

subglottal pressure

Front 2

which of the following is primarily an adductor muscle of the vocal folds

Back 2

posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

Front 3

which laryngeal cartilage forms the "adam's apple"

Back 3

thyroid cartilage

Front 4

the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles connect to which aspect of hte arytenoid cartilages

Back 4

vocal process

Front 5

if the thyroarytenoid muscles were contracted, voice pitch would probably

Back 5

lower

Front 6

the space between the true and false vocal folds is the

Back 6

ventricle of morgagni

Front 7

the area between the true vocal folds is the

Back 7

glottis

Front 8

in phonation, the sound that we know as voice is made by the

Back 8

bursts of air through the glottis hitting supraglottal air

Front 9

the term for the force keeping the vocal folds together once closed is

Back 9

medial compression

Front 10

the pitch of the voice is determined by the duration of the

Back 10

glottal cycle

Front 11

the vocal ligament is the thickened medial edge of the

Back 11

conus elasticus

Front 12

edema of the vocal folds can cause roughness of the voice because

Back 12

the mass of hte vocal folds may be unequal

Front 13

the head can rotate side to side(say no) because of the articulation of the

Back 13

axis with the atlas

Front 14

which of the following does not contribute to the zygomatic arch

Back 14

palatine

Front 15

the hammulus (process) is a part of which bone of the skull

Back 15

sphenoid

Front 16

velopharyngeal closure is normally controlled by which of these muscles

Back 16

levator palati

Front 17

the upper teeth are in the

Back 17

maxillae bones

Front 18

the palate is curved upward. this is called the

Back 18

palatal vault

Front 19

which of the following might advance the tip of the tongue

Back 19

the genioglossus muscle

Front 20

the lingual frenulum is a tissue that connects the

Back 20

tongue to the floor of the mouth

Front 21

the area between the cheek and teeth is the

Back 21

buccal cavity

Front 22

a sneer generally means to raise one corner of the upper lip. which of the following muscles might be involved

Back 22

levator labii superior

Front 23

which of the following is not a mandibular elevator

Back 23

lateral pterygoid muscle

Front 24

most of the bony part of hte nasal septum is formed by the

Back 24

nasal cavity

Front 25

the muscle surrounding the lips is the

Back 25

orbicularis oris

Front 26

the plate-like bones of the skull are joined at the

Back 26

sutures

Front 27

which of these bones has a zygomatic process
1. zygomatic bone
2. occipital bone
3. frontal bone
4. parietal bone

Back 27

frontal bone

Front 28

the styloid process is part of which of these bones

Back 28

mastoid bone

Front 29

the two "front" teeth are known as the

Back 29

central incisors

Front 30

know how to draw the glottal area

Back 30

ok

Front 31

period

Back 31

the time elapsed during a single complete vibration.

Front 32

wavelength

Back 32

the distance between crests. can be measured from any two points that represent a 360 degree phase change.

Front 33

frequency

Back 33

the number of complete vibrations or cycles per unit time an dis usually measured in vibrations or cycles per second. the symbol Hz is most commmonly used to express frequency.

Front 34

amplitude

Back 34

the maximum displacement of the body from its position of equilibrium and is equal to half the total extent of vibration.

Front 35

phase

Back 35

the portion of a cycle through which a vibrating body has passed up to a given instant; it is usually expressed in terms of degrees of a circle. the phase change of a complete vibratory cycle is 360 degrees.

A particular stage in a periodic process or phenomenon.
The fraction of a complete cycle elapsed as measured from a specified reference point and often expressed as an angle.

Front 36

harmonic

Back 36

a partial in a complex vibration, or a tone whose frquency is an integral multiple of the fundamental frequency.

A wave whose frequency is a whole-number multiple of that of another.

Front 37

spectrum

Back 37

a representation of the amplitude (sometimes also phase) of the components arranged as a function of their frequency

Front 38

three anatomical divisions of the hearing mechanism

Back 38

external, middle, and inner "ears"

Front 39

where is the entire hearing mechanism located

Back 39

temporal bone

Front 40

two functional divisioins of hte hearing mechanism

Back 40

mechanical, or conductive and transducer

Front 41

two parts of the external ear

Back 41

pinna and external auditory meatus

Front 42

what is another name for the pinna

Back 42

auricle

Front 43

what is the pinna (auricle) made of

Back 43

cartilage, connective tissue, fat, epithelial tissue.

Front 44

seven imp land marks of the pinna

Back 44

helix, antihelix, scaphoid fossa, concha, tragus, anit-tragus, earlobe

Front 45

helix

Back 45

rimlike periphery of hte auricle

Front 46

concha

Back 46

the deepest of the complex depressions of hte external ear

Front 47

antihelix

Back 47

semicircular ridge , just anterior to the helix

Front 48

scaphoid fossa

Back 48

a depression between the helix and antihelix (boat shaped ditch)

Front 49

tragus

Back 49

at the level of the ear canal anteriorly is a cartilaginous flas, which partially occludes the opening into the canal

Front 50

anti-tragus

Back 50

just opposit of the tragus, forming the inferior boundary of the concha.

Front 51

ear lobe

Back 51

inferior extremity of the ear. seems to have no biological function, but is quite vascular

Front 52

what is the function of the pinna

Back 52

collects sounds and funnels them into the ear canal

Front 53

describe the pinna's effect on the ability of a listener to locate sounds in space (assuming that both of hte listeners ears are working equally and properly)

Back 53

small positive effect

Front 54

is there a slight advantage (louder) for sounds in the front of the listener or the back of the listener

Back 54

front of listener

Front 55

second part of external ear

Back 55

external ear cannal (EAM), also known as ear canal

Front 56

function of EAM

Back 56

communcation between the middle and inner ears and the external environment is provided by the external auditory meatus. primary function is to conduct sound to the eardrum.

Front 57

auricular orifice (usually oval, sometime round)

Back 57

place where diameter or EAM is largest.

Front 58

is the EAM bony or cartilaginous

Back 58

both

Front 59

which part of the EAM is cartilaginous and which is bone

Back 59

outter part of EAM is cartilaginous. the inner half is surrounded by bone (temporal bone)

Front 60

tympanic annulus

Back 60

the bony canal develops from an incomplete cartilaginous ring knowna s the tympanic annulus

Front 61

what lines the ear canal

Back 61

cilia

Front 62

what are the names of the glands found in the carilaginous portion of the EAM and what do they secrete

Back 62

Sebaceous and ceruminous glands secrete cerumen (ear wax)

Front 63

what is the function of cerumen, can it cause problems

Back 63

function is protective but can cause problems through impaction.

Front 64

is absence of cerumen a bad thing?/

Back 64

can cause problems.

Front 65

how does cerumen protect

Back 65

traping materials from the outside before they can harm teh eardrum. cerumen is soft and sticky. it keeps the ear canal moist.

Front 66

what works with cerumen to protect the ear

Back 66

cilia, helps with the protection by beating outward.

Front 67

what about the length of the EAM is protective

Back 67

it is 1 inch long. needs to protect the inner structures (particularly the ear drum) which are delicate

Front 68

what is the resonance of the ear canal

Back 68

relatively 3000 hz that amplifies sounds in a narrow frequency range.

Front 69

what are the five functions of the external ear

Back 69

1. helps in location of sound (as long as you have two of them)
2. protects the more internal parts of the ear
3. has an effect (through resonance) ont he spectrum and amplitude of sound
4. pinnas also hold eyeglasses and hearing aid is place
5. keep your hat from falling too low on your head

Front 70

middle ear

Back 70

second anatomical part, but still part of hte conductive mechanixm

Front 71

what is the point at which the EAM ends and the middle ear begins

Back 71

the tympanic membrane (TM, ear drum)

Front 72

three layers of hte middle ear

Back 72

1. outer cutaneous
2. fibrous middle
3. internal serous

Front 73

pars flaccida

Back 73

a small trianglular area, bounded by the notch of Rivinus, contains very few fibers, accounting for the flaccid nature of that portion of the eardrum. Said to function ina very limited manner in maintaining equalization of the air pressure between the external and middle ears.

Front 74

pars tensa

Back 74

remainder of the eardrum and is held rather tense.

Front 75

what is the shape of the TM and in what direction does the apex face

Back 75

roughly conical (not flat) with the apex facing inward.

Front 76

what is the TM held in place by

Back 76

by an annular ligament.

Front 77

what is found medial to the TM

Back 77

tympanic cavity (middle ear cavity, or space)

Front 78

what part of the temporal bone is the Tympanic cavity found

Back 78

in the petrous (stone like) portion of the temporal bone

Front 79

two parts of the tympanic cavity

Back 79

1. attic/epitympanic recess
2. tympanic cavity proper

Front 80

attic/epitympanic recess

Back 80

the portion extending upward beyond the superior border of the eardrum. largely occupied by the head of the malleus and the bulk of the incus. its posterior wall is perforated by an orifice, the t ympanic aditus.

Front 81

tympanic cavity proper

Back 81

the portion of hte cavity lying medially to the eardrum.

Front 82

tympanic antrum

Back 82

communicates with the mastoid air cells, there is indirect communication between the middle ear cavity and the mastoid air cells. connected to the tympanic cavity by the tympanic aditus

Front 83

cochlear promontory

Back 83

part of the medial wall. a rounded prominence projecting into the middle ear cavity. it is formed by the lateral projection of hte basal turn of hte cochlea.

Front 84

round window

Back 84

part of the medial wall. a circular opening into the basal (lowermost or first) turn of the scala tympani of the cochlea. it is located beneath the oval window in a cone-shaped depression partially hidden from view by the promontory. Closed by a thing membrane, the secondary tympanic memebrant.

Front 85

oval window

Back 85

part of the medial wall. somewhat kidney-shaped opening into the vestibule of the inner ear. during life, the oval window is occupied by the footplate of the stapes.

Front 86

what is behind the promontory

Back 86

the inner ear

Front 87

another name for the anterior wall

Back 87

carotid wall. somewhat wider at the top than at the bottom.

Front 88

what is found behind the anterior wall

Back 88

the carotid arter

Front 89

auditory/Eustachian tube

Back 89

establishes communication between the middle ear and the nasopharynx.

Front 90

how is the Eustachian tube directed

Back 90

directed downward, forward and medialward.

Front 91

do people with cleft palates often have middle ear problems? why or why not

Back 91

yes because the velum is incomplete and the palatal muscles have nothing to pull agaist.

Front 92

what may block the Eustachian tube

Back 92

the pharyngeal tonsil

Front 93

ossicles

Back 93

bones of the middle ear

Front 94

name the three bones of the middle ear

Back 94

1. malleus(hammer)
2. Incus(anvil)
3. Stapes(stirrup)

Front 95

malleus (hammer)

Back 95

attached to the connective tissue fibers of the eardrum.

Front 96

what does the malleus consist of anatomically

Back 96

a head, neck and three processes (1. handle/manubrium 2. anterior process, 3. a lateral process.

Front 97

head of malleus

Back 97

bulbous portion that projects up to occupy about half of the epitympanic recess.

Front 98

manubrium of malleus

Back 98

long, narrow process directed downward, somewhat backward, and medially. at the point where the manubrium joins the neck, a small projection forms the point of attachment for the tensor tympani, one of the middle ear muscles.

Front 99

incus (anvil)

Back 99

consists of a body and two arms or processes (long and short)

Front 100

how do the processes attach to the incus

Back 100

arise from the body at nearly right angles to each other.

Front 101

short process

Back 101

directed almost horizontally backward and occupies the space of the fossa incudis in the epitympanic recess.

Front 102

long process

Back 102

courses vertically, almost parallel to the manubrium of the malleus. Inferiorly, the end of the long process bends sharply medialward and terminates as a rounded projection called the lenticular process.

Front 103

stapes (stirrup)

Back 103

consists of a head, neck, two crura, and footplate.

Front 104

footplate

Back 104

in life the footplate, which is partly osseous and partly cartilagions, occupies the oval window. Connected to the neck by the anteior and posterior crura.

Front 105

anterior and posterior crura

Back 105

to delicate but incredibly strong struts, which usually originate from points nearer the inferior than the superior margin of the footplate. the anterior crus is somewhat more sleder, shorter and less curved than is the posterior crus. each is markedly channeled on its inner surface, which significantly reduces the mass of the stapes.

Front 106

the neck

Back 106

ususally well defined, is simply a constriction between the junction of the crura and the expanded head of the stapes.

Front 107

head

Back 107

presents a concave articular facet for reception of the lenticular process of the incus. The head or neck usually presents a small spine, indicating the attachment of the tendon of the stapedius muscle.

Front 108

annular ligament

Back 108

both the vestibular surface and the periphery of the oval footplate of the stapes are covered by a thing layer of hyaline cartilage which is fastened to the boy walls of the oval window by means of an elastic annular ligament. it is more pronounced anteriorly than it is posteriorly, which means the footplate is more rigidly held in place behind.

Front 109

what are the muscles of the middle ear encased in and what are they called

Back 109

encased in bony canals with only tendons enter i=the tympanic cavity. the two tympanic muscles are the tensor tympani and the stapedius.

Front 110

describe the tympanic muscles

Back 110

they are pennate muscles, consisting of many short fibers directed obliquely to impinge ona tendon at the midline. pennate muscles can exert a lot of force for small muscles.

Front 111

how do the tendons of the typanic muscles differ from usual tendons

Back 111

abundant amount of elastic tissue. which may have a dual purpose. 1. to damp the vibrations of the ossicles and 2. to render muscular traction slower and less sudden in onset.

Front 112

Tensor Tympani

Back 112

larger of the two. innervated by CN V(Trigeminal nerve). attached to malleus. muscle fibers are liberaly impregnate with fat, an indication that it is an active muscle. scattered smooth muscle fasiculi have been reported. this implies both autonomaic and voluntary control over the muscle.

Front 113

what happens during contraction of the tensor tympani

Back 113

drawn the malleus medially and anteriorly. the force is almost at right angles to the direction of rotation of the ossicular chain, and when acting by itself, teh muscle increase the tension of the tympanic membrane, as the name of the muscle suggests.

Front 114

the stapedius muscle

Back 114

originates within a bony canal running almost parallel to the facial nerve canal on the posterior wall of the tympani cavity. its direction is almost vertical, but the direction of its tendon is nearly horizontal. the muscle fibers originate from the walls of the canal and converge upon a tendon, which emerges through a tiny aperture at the apex of the pyramidal eminence.

Front 115

what happens during contraction of the stapedius

Back 115

exerts a force on the head of the stapes, drawing it posteriorly, at right angles to the direction of the movement of the ossicular chain. thus, the stapedius and tensor tympani exert force in directions opposite to each other and perpendicular to the primary rotational axis of the ossicular chain.

Front 116

do people have control over the tympanic musculature

Back 116

althougha number of persons have some voluntary control of their tympanic musculature, its contraction is usually reflexively meadiated by sound energy.

Front 117

impedance matching

Back 117

in any system where there is to be efficient or maximum transmission of energy, the resistance (or impedance) of the source ought to match that of the load. in mechanics, impedance can be defined in relation to velocity of motion to the force requried to produce a certain velocity of motion.

Front 118

does the middle ear match impedance

Back 118

yes

Front 119

the middle ear acts as a ______ from air-conduction to ________

Back 119

transformer, perilymph-conduction (liquid)

Front 120

what does this do to the energy flow intot eh inner ear

Back 120

increase the efficiency of the energy flow

Front 121

why does the primary matching action occur/

Back 121

because of the ration of eardrum area to stapes footplate area.

Front 122

what is a secondary (much less important matching

Back 122

lever action

Front 123

what do muscles of the middle ear do to the ossicular chain

Back 123

tense the ossicular chain

Front 124

what does this do to the efficiency of sound transmission at certain frequencies

Back 124

reduces efficency

Front 125

what do the muscles(especially the stapedius) do in reaction to intense sounds

Back 125

contract bilaterally

Front 126

what is this contraction called

Back 126

acoustic reflex (sometimes called stapedius reflex)

Front 127

allthough it seems that it might be protective, the muscle reflex is not protective of the inner ear for 3 reasons

Back 127

1. there is too much latency in response.
2. the muscles fatigue (adapt) in few seconds
3. the decrease in sound is low frequency and it is high frequency sound that is most damaging.

Front 128

the middle ear cavity is normally a ________cavity, but from time to time (actually quite often-several times each minute) the Eustachain tube _______ and admits new air into the cavity.

Back 128

closed, open

Front 129

can the Eustachian tube does not function and what happens if it does not open

Back 129

if the Eustachian tube doesn't function, which can happen thorught infection such as from teh common cold, then the middle ear cavity tends to fill with fluid.

Front 130

how is fluid normally produced

Back 130

fluid is normally produced by the mucus membranes lining the cavity. this flude can build up, become infected and create problems.

Front 131

what are some problems created by too much fluid

Back 131

1. a new impedance mismatch because there is air on one side of the TM and liquid on th other, and pressure on the TM causing discomfort.

Front 132

what happens to pressure if the Eustachian tube does not function

Back 132

the air pressure in the middle ear stays constant regardless of the pressure in the ear canal. Therefore, if a person with a blocked tube ascends, outside air pressure will drop and middle ear pressure will remain constant. Since the middle ear pressure is not Relatively high, the TM will bulge out, causing discomfort. Similarly, on descent to highter atmospheric pressure, relative middler ear pressure will be low, drawing the TM inward, which also causes discomfort.

Front 133

what can be doen in cases of non-fuctioning Eustachian tubes

Back 133

very small Pressure Equalization Tubes (PET) may be inserted through the TM to allow outside air into the middle ear canal.

Front 134

what does the inner ear consists of

Back 134

cochlea and vertibular system.

Front 135

what are the canals of the inner ear callede

Back 135

osseous/ bony layrinth.

Front 136

what does the bony labyrinth contain and what is speical about it

Back 136

it contains the membranous labyrinth, which is the actual functional mechanism.

Front 137

cochlea

Back 137

medial most portion of the osseous labyrinth. bony canal whichis coiled upon itself around a central core or pillar of bone called the modiolus.

Front 138

vestibule of the cochlea

Back 138

forms the central portion of the bony labyringht, is continuous with the seicircular canals and with the cochlea. its lateral or tympanic wall (wihich forms part of the vestibular wall of the middle ear cavity) is perforated by the oval window.

Front 139

oval window

Back 139

holds footplate of stapes

Front 140

the cochlea is a spiral of about how many turns

Back 140

2 3/4

Front 141

the are near the vestibule is called the _____and the far end is called the ____

Back 141

base, apex

Front 142

the cochlea is divided along its _______ into ____chambers or channels

Back 142

long axis, 3

Front 143

list the three divisions of the cochlea

Back 143

1. scala vestibuli
2. scala tympani
3. scala media

Front 144

scala vestibuli

Back 144

upper, open to vestibule and therefore the stapes

Front 145

scala tympani

Back 145

lowest, has round window membrane. the above two are conneted at the Helicotrema (near the apex) and contain the fluid Perilymph

Front 146

scala media

Back 146

(int he middle, the "cochlear duct"- most important) contains endolymph. roughtly triangular in cross section.

Front 147

the cochlea spirals around the _____(____) which opens into the ________

Back 147

modiolus (bony), internal auditory canal (meatus)

Front 148

the modiolus contains the afferent cell bodies of the _____ in the _____

Back 148

auditory nerve , spiral ganglia

Front 149

CN VIII passes through the _______ on the way to the brainstem

Back 149

internal auditory meatus

Front 150

round window

Back 150

opens into the middle ear cavity. it is covered with a membrane.

Front 151

the transducer in the cochlea is in the ____and is called the_____

Back 151

scala media, organ of corti

Front 152

the base of the organ of corti is the

Back 152

basilar membrane

Front 153

what does the organ of corti do

Back 153

separates the scala media from the scala tympani

Front 154

the top of the scala media is bound by the

Back 154

Reissner's membrane

Front 155

the reissner's membrane does what

Back 155

separates scala media from scala vestibuli

Front 156

the top of the organ of Corti is the

Back 156

tectorial membrane, a think, gelatinous membrane

Front 157

are there a lot of types of cells in the organ of Corti

Back 157

yes

Front 158

what are the most important cells in the organ of Corti

Back 158

the specific transducers, the inner and outer hair cells-these have stereocilia on top.

Front 159

how many times more outer hair cells are there than inner hair cells

Back 159

3x

Front 160

what are the shapes of the outer and inner cells

Back 160

outer cells are cylindrical and inner hair cells are flask-shaped

Front 161

although there are more outers ant inners, there are more_____ nerve endings on the inner hair cells than the outer, pointing to great role in ____ for the inners

Back 161

afferent, sensation

Front 162

spiral ligament

Back 162

the outter wall of the cochlea is characterized by a marked thickening of the periosteum known as the spiral ligament. it projects inward to form a shelflike prominence, the basilar crest

Front 163

spiral lamina

Back 163

a very narrow shelf of bone at the apical end, becoming gradually wider twoard the basla end. consists of two thin plates of bones, between which are canals for the transmission of the peripheral fibers of the auditory nerve. the upper layer of the bone is continuous with a thinkening of periosteum known as teh spiral limbus.

Front 164

habenula perforata

Back 164

lower extremety of the spiral lamina, the tympanic lip, with is continuous with the lower plate of bone (0ften called the perforata habenula) and with the basilar membrane

Front 165

supporting cells

Back 165

pg 472

Front 166

Tunnel of Corti

Back 166

the floor isformed by the bases of the pillar cells and by the basilar membrane. the tunnel contains a fluid sometiems known as cortilymph.

Front 167

teh picture at the left represents what kind of anatomical secion of the head (down the middle from the side)

Back 167

sagittal

Front 168

the power generator in a cell is the

Back 168

mitochondrion

Front 169

bone is a

Back 169

connective tissue

Front 170

blood is

Back 170

vascular tissue

Front 171

information is communicated from neuron to neuron or from neuron to muscle by

Back 171

neurotransmitters

Front 172

the diaphragm is an example of which muscle type

Back 172

striated

Front 173

for a muscle to contract, which two proteins are attracted to each other

Back 173

actin and myosin

Front 174

the connection of a neuron to a neuron or a muscle is

Back 174

the synapse

Front 175

the trachea splits into

Back 175

bronchi

Front 176

the point where the trachea splits is called the

Back 176

carina

Front 177

the head can rock up and down (say yes) because of the articulation of the

Back 177

atlas with the occipital bone of the skull

Front 178

the vertebrae of the chest (articulating with the ribs) are called

Back 178

thoracic

Front 179

how many cervical vertebrae are there

Back 179

7

Front 180

contracting the diaphragm mostly cuases an increase in the

Back 180

longitudinal dimension of the thorax

Front 181

expansion of the rib cage causes and increase in

Back 181

anterior-posterior and transverse dimensions of the thorax

Front 182

which of the following muscles is most involved in forced exhalation

Back 182

transverse abdominal

Front 183

after the diaphragm, which of the following might have the greatest effect on inhalation

Back 183

serratus posterior superior

Front 184

the small blood vessels that exchange gasses in teh lungs are the

Back 184

alveoli

Front 185

the amount of air that exchanged in normal breathing is the

Back 185

tidal volume

Front 186

which of the following might have the greatest effect on inhalation

Back 186

diaphragm

Front 187

muscle fibers are organized in bundles called

Back 187

fascicles

Front 188

the amount of air that is left in the lungs after forced exhalation is the

Back 188

residual volume

Front 189

which of these is the largest

Back 189

vital capacity

Front 190

the smallest units of air-carrying tissue that are a part of the lungs are the

Back 190

alveoli

Front 191

in order for the intercostals to have an effect on inspiration, you must first

Back 191

stabilize the upper ribs

Front 192

an example of a muscle that stabilizes the upper ribs is

Back 192

trapezius

Front 193

in normal respiration, air leaves the lungs because

Back 193

pressure is increased in the lungs

Front 194

passive forces of exhalation do not include which of the following

Back 194

gravity on the vicera

Front 195

in controlled exhalation for speech, the muscles of inspiration and the muscles of expiration act simultaneously. this is known as

Back 195

antagonism

Front 196

what are the three types of cartilage

Back 196

hyaline, elastic, fibrous

Front 197

know how to draw a transverse section of a tracheal ring. label anterior and posterior directions.

Back 197

ok