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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 5 ways histones are postranslationally modified?
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acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, sumolyation
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TATA box
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Transcription start site in eukaryotes
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TFIID
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TF binding to TATAA box
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TFIIB
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Binds to TFIID
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snoRNAs
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small nucleolar RNA that guide the modifications of other RNAs, rRNAs, tRNAs, and snRNAs
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snRNA
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small nuclear RNA involved in RNA splicing, maintaining telomeres
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tmRNA
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transfer messenger RNA
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miRNA
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microRNA that downregulates gene expression
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siRNAs
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small interfering RNAs involved in RNAi pathway and interferes with the expression of a single gene
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shRNA
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short-hairpin RNA
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RNA polymerase I
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synthesizes larger rRNAs (28S, 18S, and 5.8S)
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RNA polymerase II
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mRNAs, snRNAs, snoRNAs, miRNAs, and telomerase RNA
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RNA polymerase III
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small RNAs, including tRNAs 5S rRNA, and U6 snRNA
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Differences between eukaryotic/prokaryotic transcription
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1. bacteria only have one type of RNA polymerase while eukaryotes have 3
2. Bacterial RNA polymerase only requires a single sigma factor for transcription initiation 3. Eukaryotic transcription must deal with packing of DNA into nucleosomes and higher order forms of chromatin structure |
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hydrophobic amino acids
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alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, proline (AVLIMFYWP)
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polar uncharged amino acids
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serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, glycine (STNQCG)
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acidic amino acids
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aspartic acid, glutamic acid (DE)
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basic amino acids
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lysine, arginine, histidine (KRH)
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wobble hypothesis
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single tRNA anticodon can recognize more than one, but not necessarily every codon corresponding to a given amino acid
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aminoacyl tRNA synthetase class I
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monomeric and first add the amino acid to the 2'-OH before shifting it to the 3'-OH
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aminoacyl tRNA synthetase class II
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oligomeric and adds the amino acid directly to the 3'-OH group
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RF-1
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recognizes UAG stop
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RF-2
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recognizes UGA stop; contains 315 amino acid residues. First 25 are incorporated normally. 26th is a UGA stop codon. If cellular concentration of RF-2 is high, terminate synthesis. If low, bypass the stop codon
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RF-3
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GTP binding protein
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ribosome recycling factor
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RRF along with EFG dissociates postranlational complex into mRNA, tRNA, and the ribosome
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small subunit affecting antibiotics
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1. aminoglycosides (ex. streptomycin)
2. tetracyclines 3. aminocyclitols |
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antibiotics affecting large subunit (rRNA)
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macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins
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antibiotics affecting subunit interactions
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oxazolidinones
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how do antibiotic producers avoid suicide?
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Express specific methyltransferase enzymes that modify rRNA residues in the drug target site and thus prevent antibiotic binding to the ribosome.
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site-specific recombination
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can alter gene order and also add new information to the genome; moves specialized nucleotide sequences called mobile genetic elements between nonhomolgous sites within a genome
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transpositional site-specific recombination
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involves breakage reactions at the ends of the mobile DNA segments embedded in chromosomes and the attachment of those ends at one of many different nonhomologous target DNA sites. Does not involve the formation of heteroduplex DNA
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conservative site-specific recombination
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involves the production of a short heteroduplex joint and it therefore requires a short DNA sequence that is the same on both donor and recipient DNA molecules
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