Clotting Factors

Front 1

This is converted to fibrin by enzyme thrombin. individual fibrin molecules form fibrin threads, which are the scaffold for clot formation and wound healing.

Back 1

I: Fibrinogen

Front 2

This is the inactive precursor of thrombin. This factor is activated to thrombin by coagulation factor X (Stuart-Prower factor). After activation, thrombin converts fibrinogen (factor I) into fibrin and activated V and VIII.

Back 2

II: Prothrombin

Front 3

This interacts with factor VII to initiate the extrinsic clotting cascade

Back 3

III: Tissue Thromboplastin

Front 4

this (a divalent cation) is a cofactor for most of the enzyme-activated processes required in blood coagulation. It also enhances platelet aggregation and makes red blood cells clump together.

Back 4

IV: Calcium

Front 5

This is a cofactor for activated factor X, which is essential for converting prothrombin to thrombin.

Back 5

V: Proaccelerin

Front 6

A factor found not to be involved in blood coagulation.

Back 6

VI: Discovered to be an artifact

Front 7

This activates factors IX and X, which are essential in converting prothrombin to thrombin. Synthesis is vitamin K dependent.

Back 7

VII: Proconvertin

Front 8

This, together with activated factor IX, enzymatically activates factor X. In addition, this factor combines with another protein (von Willebrand factor) to help platelets adhere to capillary walls in areas of tissue injury.

Back 8

VIII: Antihemophilic Factor

Front 9

This factor, when activated, activates factor X to convert prothrombin to thrombin. THis factor is essential in the common pathway of the intrinsic and extrinsic clotting cascades. A lack of factor IX is the basis for hemophilia B. Synthesis is vitamin K dependent.

Back 9

IX: Plasma thromboplastin component (Christmas factor)

Front 10

This factor, when activated, converts prothrombin into thrombin. Synthesis is vitamin K dependent.

Back 10

X: Stuart-Prower factor

Front 11

This factor, when activated, assists in the activation of factor IX. However, a similar factor must exist in tissues. People deficient in this factor have mild bleeding problems after surgery but don't bleed excessively as a result of trauma

Back 11

XI: Plasma thromboplastin

Front 12

This is critically important in the intrinsic pathway for the activation of factor XI

Back 12

XII: Hageman factor

Front 13

This assists in forming crosslinks among the fibrin threads to form a strong fibrin clot.

Back 13

XIII: Fibrin-stabilizing factor

Front 14

to identify anemia

Back 14

CBC

Front 15

to identify number of platelets

Back 15

Platelet count

Front 16

indicates the number and gross morphologic characteristics of platelet function

Back 16

Peripheral smear

Front 17

evaluates vascular status and platelet function

Back 17

Bleeding time

Front 18

assesses the extrinsic pathway of coagulation

Back 18

PT/INR

Front 19

assesses the intrinsic pathway

Back 19

aPTT

Front 20

(pinpoint bleeds)

Back 20

Petechiae

Front 21

(groups or patches of petechia)

Back 21

Purpura

Front 22

(bruise)

Back 22

Ecchymosis

Front 23

(raised bruise)

Back 23

Hematoma

Front 24

(bleed into the joint)

Back 24

Hemarthrosis

Front 25

(dilation of capillaries)

Back 25

Telangiectasia

Front 26

Not evident or evident bleeding

Back 26

Occult or frank bleeding

Front 27

Abnormality of the vessels or tissues

Back 27

vascular purpura

Front 28

autoimmune process

Back 28

Allergic purpura:

Front 29

deficient collagen and elastin

Back 29

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome:

Front 30

defective collagen synthesis

Back 30

Vitamin C deficiency:

Front 31

loss of subcutaneous fat and changes in connective tissue

Back 31

Aging:

Front 32

Hemophilia A is a problem with which clotting factor; what is the genetic inheritance?

Back 32

Factor VIII; x-linked recessive

Front 33

Hemophilia B is a problem with which clotting factor; what is another name for it?

Back 33

Factor IX; Christmas disease

Front 34

Von Willebrand Disease is what type of genetic disorder and which factor does it affect?

Back 34

Autosomal dominant disorder of factor VIII carrier protein and platelet dysfunction

Front 35

Von Willebrand Disease causes what?

Back 35

Excessive bleeding

Front 36

Von Willebrand Disease is treated with what?

Back 36

desmopressin

Front 37

Desmopressin does what?

Back 37

releases von Willebrand factor and factor VII from vascular endothelial cells

Front 38

Normal platelet count

Back 38

150,000-450,000

Front 39

Acquired hemorrhagic syndrome in which clotting and bleeding occur simultaneously

Back 39

DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)

Front 40

Fibrinogen level and platelet count is decreased in this syndome

Back 40

DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)

Front 41

Triggered by Sepsis, burns, snake venom, malignancy, shock, blood incompatibility

Back 41

DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)

Front 42

Hepatic disease caused decreased synthesis of what?

Back 42

fibrinogen, factors V and XI

Front 43

Hepatic disease results in impaired absorption of what?

Back 43

Vitamin K

Front 44

What promotes promote anticoagulation?

Back 44

Antithrombin III and protein C

Front 45

Protein S assists protein C in binding to what to stimulate the release of what, initiating what?

Back 45

phospholipase, tissue plasminogen activation, fibrinolysis

Front 46

Outer, middle and inner layers of the arteries and veins

Back 46

Adventitia (Connective cells), Media (Smooth muscle), Intima (Endothelial cells)

Front 47

Ability of vessel to distend

Back 47

compliance

Front 48

Critical wall tension

Back 48

20 mmHg

Front 49

Turbulent blood flow vibration

Back 49

thrill

Front 50

turbulent blood flow sound

Back 50

bruit

Front 51

Protein pressure (Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen)

Back 51

Plasma colloid osmotic pressure

Front 52

Pulling pressure into vessel

Back 52

Plasma colloid osmotic pressure

Front 53

Blood pressure

Back 53

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

Front 54

Pushing pressure out of vessel

Back 54

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

Front 55

Extrinsic mechanisms controlling bloodflow (nervous system(s)/brain centers)?

Back 55

Autonomic Nervous system, Parasympathetic nervous system, Medulla – Vasomotor center

Front 56

What does the Medulla – Vasomotor center control?

Back 56

Controls baseline vasomotor tone (contraction/relaxation of smooth muscles of arteries)

Front 57

Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors
react to the release of what?

Back 57

norepinephrine

Front 58

Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors results in what?

Back 58

vessel contraction

Front 59

Beta 2 Adrenergic receptors react to the release of what?

Back 59

norepinephrine and epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

Front 60

Beta 2 Adrenergic receptors reacting to the release of norepinephrine results in what?

Back 60

minimal vessel dilation of arteries of skeletal muscles

Front 61

Beta 2 Adrenergic receptors reacting to the release of epinephrine results in what?

Back 61

skeletal muscle dilation

Front 62

What happens to intrathoracic pressure with inspiration and what does that do for venous return?

Back 62

Decrease intrathoracic pressure with inspiration which increases venous return

Front 63

Nitric oxide, Prostacyclin, Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor do what to vessel smooth muscles?

Back 63

Relax them

Front 64

Angiotensin II, Endothelin, Oxygen-derived free radicals, Prostacyclin H2, Thromboxane A2 do what to vessel smooth muscles?

Back 64

contract them

Front 65

Inspiration does what to intrathoracic pressure?

Back 65

Decreases it

Front 66

Lymphatic flow is moved toward thoracic duct by what?

Back 66

Muscle movement
Pulsatile movement of arteries
Changes in thoracic pressure

Front 67

Arrange in order of complexity:
Fibrous plaque, Fatty streak, Complicated lesion

Back 67

Fatty streak, Fibrous plaque, Complicated lesion

Front 68

What is an Elevated C-reactive protein indicative of?

Back 68

inflammation

Front 69

What is Xanthoma?

Back 69

Lipid deposition in skin

Front 70

Causes by vasospasm of extremities
Brought on by cold or stress;
Affects extremities:
Hands – most common
Feet

Back 70

Raynaud’s Disease

Front 71

Vasculitis of medium-sized vessels

Back 71

Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buergers disease)

Front 72

A cause of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD).

Back 72

Atherosclerotic Occlusive Disease (Arteriosclerosis obliterans)

Front 73

What is Cardiac output?

Back 73

Heart rate times stroke volume

Front 74

Synonymous to afterload or pressure against which the left ventricles must pump

Back 74

Systemic vascular resistant (SVR)

Front 75

Amount of blood returned to the left ventricle

Back 75

End diastolic volume or preload

Front 76

what is Pulse pressure?

Back 76

Systolic pressure minus Diastolic pressure

Front 77

Good indication of tissue perfusion?

Back 77

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

Front 78

Formula for Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

Back 78

[(2 X DP) + SP]/3

Front 79

Stimulus to decrease BP

Back 79

Parasympathetic stimulus via Vagus nerve

Front 80

Stimulus to increase BP

Back 80

Sympathetic stimulus

Front 81

What is Pheochromocytoma?

Back 81

Tumor of adrenal medulla that Produces and secretes epinephrine

Front 82

supplies the septal, anterior, and apical areas

Back 82

Left anterior descending

Front 83

supplies the lateral and posterior left ventricles

Back 83

Circumflex

Front 84

most coronary blood flow occurs during what?

Back 84

diastole

Front 85

Contraction is dependent on what?

Back 85

adequate calcium ions in the cytoplasm

Front 86

Muscle relaxation is due to removal of what?

Back 86

calcium from the cytoplasm

Front 87

For HDL, list:
Normal Male quantity mg/dL
Normal Female quantity mg/dL
Risk factor quantity
Target quantity

Back 87

HDL
Male >45 mg/dL
Female >55 mg/dL
Risk factor < 40
Target > 60

Front 88

For LDL, list:
normal quantity mg/dL
Risk factor quantity
Target quantity

Back 88

LDL
60-180 mg/dL
Risk factor >130
Target < 100

Front 89

For Triglycerides, list:
Normal Male quantity mg/dL
Normal Female quantity mg/dL
Risk factor quantity
Target quantity

Back 89

Triglycerides
Male 40-160 mg/dL
Female 35 – 135 mg/dL
Risk factor >150
Target < 150

Front 90

causes severe elevations in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; what is the hereditary factor?

Back 90

Familial hypercholesterolemia; autosomal dominant

Front 91

Chest pain usually more severe and lasts longer than typical angina; Plaque rupture with acute thrombus development

Back 91

Acute Coronary Syndrome

Front 92

failure of the valve to open completely results in extra pressure work for the heart

Back 92

Stenosis

Front 93

inability of a valve to close completely results in extra volume work for the heart

Back 93

Regurgitation

Front 94

abnormal path of blood flow through the heart or great vessels

Back 94

Shunt

Front 95

interference with blood flow leading to increased workload of affected chamber

Back 95

Obstruction

Front 96

Disorders that result in left-to-right shunting of blood or obstruction to flow

Back 96

Acyanotic Congenital Defects

Front 97

common etiology of Systolic Dysfunction

Back 97

MI

Front 98

common etiology of Diastolic Dysfunction

Back 98

Ischemic heart disease and hypertension

Front 99

What is cor pulmonale

Back 99

right ventricular hypertrophy