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172 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Support factors of psychological interventions |
-Therapist Expertness -Catharsis -Therapeutic Alliance |
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psychoanalytic term for strong feelings |
Catharsis |
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most important factor that is the quality of the relationship between the therapist and the client |
Therapeutic Alliance |
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Common Factors of Psychological Interventions |
-Support Factors -Learning Factors -Action Factors |
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Learning Factors of psychological Interventions |
-Insight -Corrective Emotional Experience |
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Understanding one's problem along with the origin of it and the role it has in their life |
Insight |
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Action Factors of Psychological Interventions |
-Modeling -Practice |
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What are the eight factors relating to the client? |
-Degree of Distress -Intelligence -Age -Motivations -Openness -Gender -Race, Ethnicity, and Social Class -Attractiveness and Likeability |
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What findings have been found related to distress of a client? |
-contradictory and inconsistent findings -more severely disturbed patients do worse |
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What findings have been found about one's intelligence level in therapy? |
Higher intelligence does better |
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What findings have been found related to the clients motivation? |
-Evidence is strong -Some mixed findings -It probably matters |
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Does a clients age matter? |
Age doesn't matter |
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Does the client's openness matter? |
-Optimism Helps |
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Does a clients gender matter? |
men and women benefit equally |
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Does a clients race, ethnicity, or social class matter? |
-No conclusive results |
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Does ones attractiveness and like ability play a role? |
-Outcome is better if the therapist finds the client attractive or likes the client |
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Four factors relating to a Therapist |
-Empathy, Warmth, and Genuineness -Freedom from personal problems -Sexual Exploitation -Experience and Professional Identification |
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I empathy, warmth, and genuineness important in relating to the therapist? |
necessary but not sufficient to successful outcome |
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Does freedom from personal problems matter relating to the therapist? |
Matters a lot |
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What findings have been found in sexual exploitation in therapist? |
-common for therapist to be attracted to patient -harmful to act on it -prohibited to even have friendship with client |
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Does experience and professional identification matter relating to the therapist? |
-more experience not necessarily better -types of mental health professional doesn't matter -Most Important: Quality of professional |
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According to Seligman, what factors affect amenability? |
-surface vs. deep problems -specific phobia vs. PTSD |
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What percentage of those who had mental health care said they had gotten better after psychotherapy in the 1995 consumer report study? |
-90% |
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What percentage felt that psychotherapy had heeled a great deal in the 1995 consumer report study? |
54% |
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What was the finding regarding length of treatment in the 1995 consumer report study? |
-The more people that stayed in the treatment, the more they improved |
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According to the 1995 consumer report study did the type of mental health professional make a difference? |
- People who saw Psychologists, Social Worker, or psychiatrist were all equally satisfied. |
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According to the consumer report study, was psychotherapy as good as medication? |
-Psychotherapy was only effective combined with medicine -Medicine alone was not enough |
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Did limiting chose of therapist or duration of care make a difference according to the study? |
-Limited choices of therapists or duration of care hurt |
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Was a specific modality of psychotherapy superior? |
No specific modality of psychotherapy was best |
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Conducted a study of Neurotic adults with no control group? |
Eyesneck |
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What was the estimated remission rate of Eysneck study? |
72% |
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What did Eysneck find as the improvement rate for psychoanalytic therapy? |
44% |
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What did Eysneck find as the improvement rate for electric therapy |
64% |
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What was the estimated spontaneous remission rate of Bergin's study? |
30% |
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Conducted a meta analysis allows you to combine data of 375 experiments and conducted that psychotherapy is effective |
Smith and Glass |
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Began an analysis of 475 studies of compared different types of therapy |
Smith, Glass, and Mills |
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What was the percentage of average treatment client has an outcome superior to that of untreated patients |
80% |
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Is there a difference in the effectiveness of different types of psychotherapy |
Little difference |
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Therapy for Anxiety and Stress problems |
-Cognitive behavioral therapy -Behavioral therapy |
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Therapy for Depression |
-Behavior -Cognitive -Interpersonal |
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Most widely practiced psychotherapy |
Psychodynamic |
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Who influenced most psychotherapy |
Freud |
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When one is unaware or the forces that direct their behavior |
Unconscious |
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According to psychic determinism, all behavior is: |
-goal directed -has a meaning -purposeful -no accidents -serves a purpose |
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Eros; innate drives responsible for all positive and constructive side of human nature |
Life Instincts |
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Thanatos; innate drives responsible for all negative or destructive aspects of human nature |
Death Instincts |
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Structure of personality that is the pleasure principle that demands instant gratifications and is unconscious and is governed by inborn instinctual drives |
ID |
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Structure of personality that is the executive and reality principle and its goal is to gratify the ID |
Ego |
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Structure of personality thats goal is to squash the ID impulses and achieve moral perfection and represents the ideals and values or society |
Superego |
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Gratification is achieved through oral sensation and fixation results in excessive dependency, overeating, nail biting, and smoking |
Oral Stage (0-1 year) |
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Gratification is achieved and fixation results in excessive neatness or excessive messiness |
Anal Stage (2-3 years) |
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Genital regions are the focus of gratification and erotic feel ins directed towards opposite sex parent, development of the superego, and fixation results in relationship and sexual problems |
Phalic Stage (3-5 years) |
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When sexual feelings are suppressed and energy is directed towards school and social relationships |
Latency Period (5- puberty) |
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When one becomes interested in mature sexua relationship with opposite sex |
Genital Period (Puberty to adulthood) |
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Failure to move through a stage properly and will engage in ways depending on what stage is messed up |
Fixation |
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Distortions of reality that help keep anxiety over these conflicts out of awareness |
defense mechanisms |
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What are defense mechanisms produced by? |
Ego |
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Use up psychic energy by keeping painful conflicts and distortions out of awareness |
defense mechanisms |
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Types of defense mechanisms |
-Repression -Denial -Rationalization -Projection -Reaction Formation -Sublimation |
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Keeping anxiety out of awareness |
Repression |
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Refusal to believe info that is associated with anxiety |
Denial |
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Coming up with rational reasons to deal with anxiety cause thoughts |
Rationalization |
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Projecting ones feelings onto another person |
Projection |
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Transfer negative feelings onto their opposite |
Reaction Formation |
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Channeling unacceptable feelings into socially acceptable events |
Sublimation |
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Goals of psychoanalysis |
-Make unconscious, conscious -Achieve Insight -Reduce need for defense mechanisms -Use energy for more adaptive functioning |
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Might hold key to unlocking unconscious |
Hypnosis |
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When a patient is told to say everything that comes to their mind and defense mechanisms relax and unconscious processes emerge |
Free Association |
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What is the analyst role during free association |
Interpret Dreams |
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What happens when a person is dreaming? |
-Represent fulfillment -Road to unconscious |
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Two levels of dream content |
-Manifest content -Latent Content |
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The actual content of one's dream |
Manifest Content |
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What the dream represents |
Latent Content |
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Patients unconscious attempts to avoid therapeutic process |
Resistance |
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Reacting toward the analyst in ways that reflect unconscious conflicts from the patients past significant relationships and is considered the most powerful technique for resolving unconscious effects |
Transference |
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The analyst's experience of transference toward the patient
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Countertransference |
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Release of powerful emotions that have been blocked and one gains a new understanding of these feelings |
Catharsis |
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Restating of the patients behavior from a new frame of reference to try to convey the underlying meaning of behavior to a patient |
Interpretation |
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Patients becoming aware of how the conflicts are affecting their life |
Working Through |
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Goal of Psychoanalytic Alternatives |
Freedom from the oppression of the unconscious through insight |
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How has Psychoanalysis changed? |
-Frequency of sessions per week have decreased -Length of therapy has decreased -Therapist faces patient -Therapist is more active -Dream analysis or free association not required -Emphasis on early childhood less and the present more |
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Therapy that is more active in interpreting the patients emotional experience with therapist and more likely to include work outside of sessions and family members |
Brief psychodynamic psychotherapy |
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Brief form of therapy that is the greatest departure from psychoanalysis and emphasizes social relationships and its focus was shifted to current interpersonal interactions |
Interpersonal Interactions |
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Has become an Empirically supported treatment for depression |
Interpersonal Psychotherapy |
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Cant understand a person until you understand their perspective |
Phenomenological Approaches |
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What did Roger's major works include |
-Counseling Psychotherapy -Non-directive Psychotherapy -Empirical research on effectiveness of psychotherapy |
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Behavior is determined by the phenomenal field of the person |
Roger's Theory of self |
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Everything experienced by the person at any point in time |
-Phenomenal Field |
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"I" or "me" |
Phenomenological Self |
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According to Roger, this person can integrate all experiences into the phenomenal field |
Well adjusted person |
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According to Roger, this person can only integrate experiences that are consistent with self concept |
Poorly adjusted person |
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The basic human tendency to maintain and help self |
Self Actualization |
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Goals of Self Actualization |
Restore congruence so that self actualization will be positive |
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What facilitates successful therapy? |
-Unconditional positive regard for the client and empathy |
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What is core of therapy? |
Attitude |
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Acknowledge the client's feelings while expressing understanding and warmth |
Reflection |
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What is therapy supposed to be like for self? |
-Duration is short -Focus on the present |
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What do therapist need to do for self? |
-Dont offer frequent interpretations -Rarely give advice -avoid formal assessment |
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How effective is Roger's therapy? |
More effective than no treatment
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What percentage of clients were functioning better than those without treatment? |
73% |
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Criticisms of Roger's theory |
-emphasis on self-report data makes it vulnerable to distorted info -Complete empathetic understanding may be impossible to achieve. -Core concepts are difficult to define and measure |
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Developed out of dissatisfaction with psychoanalysis and behaviorism and is the third force in psychology |
Humanism |
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What are the views of Humanism? |
-optimistic -Free will in determining who we become -Not victims of our past -Controlled neither by unconscious or by the environment -Human beings= essentially good -We possess an innate potential grow and develop |
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Developed out of a philosophical movement called existentialism and its fundamental human characteristic is to search for their meaning |
Existential Therapy |
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Therapy created by a Nazi concentration camp survivor who observed that those who did survived did so by finding meaning in their horrendous experiences |
Logotherapy |
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Who developed Logotherapy |
Victor Fankl |
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Client is instructed to perform the troublesome behavior so that fear is replaced by the paradoxical wish |
Paradoxical Intention |
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When the client is asked to ignore the problem so they divert patients attention to more productive thoughts |
Derelection |
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Therapy where one focuses on here and now and places a prime importance on the immediate experience on right and one is aware of own thoughts throughout the body |
Gestalt Therapy |
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Who developed gestalt therapy? |
Fritz Perls |
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Typically asks "What are you feeling right now" |
Gestalt Therapy |
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Therapy helping to treat when the behavior is the disorder and the focus of the treatment should be on the present and they help maladaptive behaviors be unlearned and replaced by new behaviors
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Behavioral Therapy
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How is treatment conducted for Behavioral Therapy?
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It is tailord to each client and assessed continually, outcome is evaluated objectively
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Goals of Behavioral therapy
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-Reduce problematic behavior -increase adaptive behavior |
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one cannot be both anxious and relaxed at the same time
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Reciprocal inhibition
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Who developed systematic desensitization
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Wolpe
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Three stages of systematic desensitization
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-Training in Relaxation Techniques -Constructing on Anxiet Hierarchy -Pairing of Relazation with the Anxiety Hierarchy |
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Imagining an anxious situation until a patient can make it through the situation without feeling anxious
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Constructing an Anxiety Hierarchy
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What does systematic desensitization work best in treating?
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-Fears and Phobias -Sexual Dysfunction |
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Remaining in an anxious situation to try to work your way through it
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Exposure Therapy
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Two types of exposure therapy
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-Implosive Therapy -Response Prevention |
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Type of exposure therapy that uses classical conditioning principles and attempts to extinguish fear response by forcing them to stay in fearful situation until no longer fearful
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Implosive therapy (flooding)
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How can implosive therapy be administered? |
Invivo or imaginative |
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What is implosive therapy most effective for treating? |
-social phobia -agoraphobia -panic disorder -PTSD |
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What is implosive therapy more effective than? |
Systematic desentization |
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What might be more effective than implosive therapy? |
Graduated exposure |
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Part of exposure therapy that exposes one to the stimuli that elicits obsessive thoughts and prevents from engaging in the compulsive behavior |
Responsive prevention |
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What is responsive prevention effective for treating? |
-OCD -bulimia |
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A group of procedures based on operant conditioning principles that change behavior by controlling its consequences |
Contingency management |
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Using a high frequency behavior over a low frequency behavior that's used in contingency management |
Premack principle |
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Rewarded by tokens for good behavior and is used for institutionalized groups where they can exchange tokens for privileges and learning generalizes |
Token economies |
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Using classical conditioning to reduce unwanted behaviors by paining behavior with a noxious stimulus so behavior will be associated with negative experiences instead of pleasure |
Aversion therapy |
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What is the only therapy that treats self injury behavior |
Aversion therapy |
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Is aversion therapy effective? |
-mixed results -temporary effects -long term =questionable |
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Other behavioral therapy techniques that use operant principles |
-premack principle -shaping -time out |
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First to convert models into treatment |
Bandura's modeling |
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What findings came through the cognitive revolution |
-Banduras modeling -Ellis's rational emotive therapy -Becks cognitive therapy |
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What is the cause of psychological distress |
Dysfunctional cognition |
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Identifies and changes automatic thoughts about negative cognitive schemas on the way they view the world |
Becks cognitive therapy |
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What some factors of negative cognitive schemas |
-way they perceive and interpret experience -unconscious -activated under stress |
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How effective is cognitive therapy? |
Slightly more effective than other therapy |
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How effective is ct for depression |
As effective or more effective than other treatments |
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What else is CT effective for? |
-generalized anxiety disorder -ocd -panic disorder -bulimia and anorexia |
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Most forms of individual therapy have a group counterpart |
Group therapy |
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Who created group therapy |
Alfred Adler |
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When did group therapy become popular |
Second World War |
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Role playing where the therapist plays the director and other patients play the auxiliary role which helps lead to catharsis and self understanding |
Psychodrama |
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Who developed psychodrama |
Jacob Moreno |
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Transactional analysis ego states |
-child:playful part -parent: strict overseer -adult:mature side |
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Who developed transactional analysis |
Berne |
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Group therapy that focuses on here and now and exercises to enhance awareness by using hot seat and confrontation methods |
Gestalt therapy |
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Group therapy that is time limited to 10-12 sessions and uses assertiveness training |
Behavioral therapy |
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Standing up for own rights but not over stepping on others |
Assertiveness training |
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Who are considered good candidates for group therapy |
-motivated -ability to participate -can fit in |
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11emperically derived therapeutic mechanism |
Yaloms curative factors |
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11 mechanism of y'all's'so curative factors |
-instillation -universality -imparting of information -altruism -corrective recapitulation of the primary Family group -development of socialization techniques -imitative behavior -Group cohesiveness -Catharsis -Existential Factors -Interpersonal Learning |
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Is group therapy effective? |
More effective than no treatment but isn't more effective than other forms of psychotherapy |
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What type of group therapy has the most support? |
CB |
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What are positives of group therapy? |
-Managed care -Efficient and economical |
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When therapy helps each family member as an element in the family system and the family develops patterns of interaction |
Systems Theory |
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What is the most common family therapy? |
Conjoint |
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When family is seen as a unit |
conjoint |
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Therapy where several therapists work together |
Collaborative |
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Types of family therapy |
-Conjoint -Concurrent -Collaborative |
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Virginia Satir developed 5 basic modes of communication |
-Placating -Blaming -super reasonable -Irrelevant -Congruent |
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Therapy including unmarried and same sex couples |
Couples Therapy |
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Contingency management and behavioral assignments are given |
Behavioral Martial Therapy |
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A list of actions for spouse to perform |
Behavioral Assignments |
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How effective is couples therapy? |
-More effective -73% better than no treatment |
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Who conducted a meta-analysis on couples and family therapy? |
Shadish |
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How many effect sizes were computed |
44 |
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How effective is family therapy? |
functioning 68% better than no treatment |
