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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Routes of entry for organisms (4)
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ingestion, mouth-pipetting, skin-mucous membrane contact, inhalation
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Under most circumstances, what PPE should be used to prevent route of entry?
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surgical mask. goggles for dentistry
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general precautions when working in lab?
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do not eat/drink when working with blood, tissue, urine, feces or cultures, wear lab coat and PPE, long hair back, flames should not be used in oxygen room, specimens clearly labelled (patient, owner name, date sample take, type of sample, zoonotic conditions if any), be careful with sharps, neat and clean lab, do not remove/insert contacts or apply makeup, balanced centrifuge with lid secured, eyewash fountain/bottle, disinfect when finished work, dispose of infectious materials promptly/safely
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what are the agents which would require "universal precautions"
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anthrax, brucellosis, tularemia, rabies, salmonellosis, q fever, chlamydiosis, mycobacteria, cittacosis
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Define: Hematology
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the study of blood
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What are examples of hematology?
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plasma/serum tests, PCV (packed cell volume), CBC (complete blood count), Antigen tests such as: HWT, FeLV, FIV, Foal igG snap test (immunoglobulin G), Ethylene Glycol Test (EGT) (antifreeze blood test)
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Define chemistry
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the study of chemical components of body fluids
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What are examples of chemistry?
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urine chemistry stick, serum chemistry organ functions tests
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Define urinalysis
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the study of urine
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What diseases do urinalysis aid in the diagnosis?
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kidney, bladder, diabetes
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What does complete urinalysis consist of?
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chemistry stick, specific gravity, sediment exam
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Define fecal
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the study of feces
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What are fecal exams used to look for?
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internal parasite eggs, specific enzymes which may indicate a disease
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Define cytology
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the study of cells, their origin, structure, function and pathology
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What are examples of cytology?
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vaginal swabs, ear swabs, cells from abnormal growths, urine cytology
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What is skin scraping?
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to look for skin mite such as demodex and sarcoptes
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What are the 3 types of blood samples?
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whole, serum, plasma only
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What does a whole blood sample contain?
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cellular components of blood (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets), and plasma
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What is different about the vacutainer tube in a whole blood sample?
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has anticoagulant to prevent blood from clotting
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What does a plasma only blood sample contain?
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fluid portion of whole blood, contains the clear liquid after non-clotted whole blood is centrifuged
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What is serum?
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clear, straw-coloured liquid after clotted blood is centrifuged.
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Urine samples are used to assess what functions?
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kidney, pancreas, liver
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Tissue/skin samples are needed for what reasons?
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biopsies (histopathology) on growths (lumps, bumps, tumors) to identify the type of growth and if it is benign or malignant
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What is required when doing a tissue/skin sample?
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a preserving agent (formaldehyde)
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Where are tissue/skin samples sent?
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to an outside lab with a pathologist
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What is an aspirate (FNA: fine tissue aspirate) and how is it performed?
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needle inserted into growth or mass (lump, bump, tumor) to withdraw cells or fluid, placed on slide and studied on microscope.
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What does a microscopy on a fine needle aspirate determine?
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if it is a fatty growth, sebaceous cyst or cellular growth that would require a biopsy
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Where is a fine needle aspirate performed?
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within a hospital lab
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What are feces sample tests used to determine?
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intestinal parasites, gastrointestinal bacterial overgrowth, pancreas problems
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what are vacutainers?
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tubes into which blood is put after being drawn from an animal
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What is included in a reference manual from an outside lab regarding specific testing procedures?
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type of vacutainer needed, how much sample required for test, time intervals between samples, if fasting or other patient prep is needed, storage of samples
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Vacutainer needed for whole (non-clotted blood)
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purple top, or green top
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What anticoagulant is in a purple top vacutainer?
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EDTA
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What anticoagulant is in a green top vacutainer?
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heparin
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What is the difference between EDTA and heparin anticoagulants?
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heparin tends to give more plasma
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What is the collection method for whole (non-clotted) blood?
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mix blood thoroughly and place on blood mixer (nutator) if available
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What type of vacutainer is used for serum (clotted blood)?
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red or tiger top
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What is the difference between red or tiger top vacutainers?
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red top is empty, while tiger has a serum separator
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What is the collection method for RED TOP serum (clotted blood)?
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1. allow sample to sit for 15-30 for clot to form 2. rim clot gently (run edge of applicator around top of sample) 3. recap vacutainer and balance in centrifuge 4. centrifuge at specified time (depending on rpm speed of centrifuge) 5. remove serum from tube carefully and transfer into labeled vial
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What is the collection method for TIGER TOP serum (clotted blood)?
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1. sample only needs to sit for 5 mins 2. centrifuge at specified time (depending on rpm speed of centrifuge) 3. remove serum from tube carefully and transfer into labeled vial -- may need to rim clot after being spun down and centrifuge again
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What vacutainer is used for plasma (fluidic portion of non-clotted blood)?
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purple or green
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What is the collection method for plasma (fluidic portion of non-clotted blood)?
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1. mix blood thoroughly 2. balance in centrifuge 3. centrifuge at specified time (depending on rpm speed of centrifuge) 4. remove plasma from tube carefully and transfer into a labeled vial.
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What are the 4 ways to obtain a urine sample?
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catheterization, cystocentesis, manual, free-flow
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What are the preferred methods to obtain a urine sample, and why?
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catheterization, cystocentesis - they avoid contamination
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How is manual collection of urine performed?
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"squeezing" urine from the bladder by manual compression, done by trained individual to avoid rupture, genitalia should be washed, urine expressed into sterile container
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How is catheterization for urine collection performed?
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passing a sterile urinary catheter through the urethra and into the bladder, genitalia should be washed, urine is withdrawn by sterile syringe at end of catheter
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How is cystocentesis for urine collection performed?
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needle attached to a sterile syringe, inserted through abdominal wall into bladder, abdomen is surgically prepared with scrub, not necessary to clip hair, urine drawn out with syringe
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How is free-flow (midstream) urine collection performed?
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mid-stream sample when animal urinating normally collected in a clean, preferably sterile, container. optimally, vulva or prepuce should be washed to decrease sample contamination, first void of morning is best (most concentrated, increases changes of seeing abnormalities), for cats use clean empty litter box and collect urine after cat has voided
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Owner urine sample collection method re: container
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use clean container (not glass), either washed or new (unused glad/ziploc container) that has not previously contained a sweet substance. To clean, hand wash with hot soapy water (antibacterial soap) or use a container that has been recently been washed in a dishwasher
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Owner urine sample collection method
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let animal begin to urine and place container into stream, prevent container from touching fur or genitals, cover urine container tightly, test immediately or refrigerate (do not freeze). label with owner and pet name, date and time sample collected, method of collection
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Fecal samples should be fresh or if not examined within a few hours, refrigerated. They will remain diagnostic for up to ___ hours
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12
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What is important to remind the owner regarding fecal samples?
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may contain bacteria, virus and parasites which may be zoonotic. smaller is better, only a teaspoon of feces is needed
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What are good sample containers for fecals?
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bag-type container (Whirl-pak bag) or Fecalyzer
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What is a microscope used for?
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urinalysis, fecals, cytology, skin scraping, ear swabs, hematology
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What is a centrifuge used for?
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to separate various sample components by density
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What are the two types of centrifuge?
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tube, hemocrit
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What is a refractometer used for?
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to measure the density (concentration) of sample components
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What does Urine Specific Gravity determine?
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indicates urine function by urine concentration as compared with water
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What is the specific gravity of water?
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1.000 (ten-ten)
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In hematology, what does a refractometer measure?
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the total protein (TP/TS) of plasma (protein level in plasma helps determine hydration status)
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What does a chemistry analyzer analyze? (5)
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PHEEB - proteins, hormones, electrolytes, enzymes, blood gases
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What does a blood analyzer perform?
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automated CBCs
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CBC results are essential in determining health by highlighting potential disease states such as?
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anemia (RBC related), inflammation/infection (WBC related), clotting problems (platelet related)
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Antibody/antigen diagnostic test kits (blood) for dogs?
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HWT ag snap and multi-test, HW ag, Ehrlichiosis canis Ab, Lyme Ab combo snap test, Ethylene Glycol Test (EGT) antifreeze blood test kit, cPL (Canine Pancreatic Lipase) snap test
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Antibody/antigen diagnostic test kits (feces) for dogs?
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Parvovirus Ag test, Giardia Ag test
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Antibody/antigen diagnostic test kits (blood) for cats?
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FeLV single snap, FeLV Ab plus FIV Ab combo snap test, FeLV Ab plus FIV Ab plus Feline HW Ag combo snap test, fPL (Feline Pancreatic Lipase) Snap test
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Antibody/antigen diagnostic test kits (feces) for cats?
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Giardia Ag test
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Antibody/antigen diagnostic test kits (blood) for horses?
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Foal IgG snap test (Immunoglobulin G)
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Patient Minimum Data Base Tests (MDB) for Hematology are for?
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evaluation of peripheral blood
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Patient Minimum Data Base Tests (MDB) for Hematology CBC evaluates what?
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RBCs, WBCs and platelets
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In the Patient Minimum Data Base Tests (MDB) for Hematology CBC, what is evaluated with RBCs?
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red blood cell count, PCV, hemoglobin, RBC morphology
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What is evaluated in packed cell volume (PCV)?
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evaluates % of blood volume taken up by the RBC's and hydration status
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What is evaluated in RBC morphology?
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blood smear evaluation under microscope (how the cells "look")
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Patient Minimum Data Base Tests (MDB) for Hematology CBC, what is evaluated with WBCs?
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white blood cell count and differential blood smear evaluation
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What is evaluated in differential blood smear evaluation under a microscope?
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evaluates number of each type (5) of WBC
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Patient Minimum Data Base Tests (MDB) for Hematology CBC, what is evaluated with platelets?
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platelet count and morphology (blood smear evaluation under microscope)
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What does Serology (Blood Chemistry) evaluate?
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organ function
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What is being evaluated in the liver during serology (blood chemistry)?
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AP (Alkaline Phosphatase), ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase), TB (total bilirubin)
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What is being evaluated in the kidney during serology?
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BUN (blood urea nitrogen), Creatinine
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What is being evaluated in the pancreas during serology?
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amylase, glucose
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What is being evaluated in protein/hydration during serology?
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albumin, total protein
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What is being evaluated neuromuscularly during serology?
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calcium, phosphorus
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What is being evaluated in electrolytes during serology?
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negative and positive ions of elements found in fluids of all organisms (sodium, potassium, chloride), functions include: maintenance of water balance & fluid osmotic pressure, normal muscular and nervous functions
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What is being evaluated in urinalysis?
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macroscopic examination of colour, odour and clarity, chemical stick test, SG, microscopic sediment exam
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How is feces analyzed?
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fecal flotation or direct smear
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Plasma makes up ___ % of blood volume
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55
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Plasma contains what 5 things?
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water, proteins, nutrients, hormones, electrolytes
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Water makes up ___ % of plasma?
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91%
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Proteins makes up ___ % of plasma?
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7
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Nutrients, Hormones and Electrolytes make up ___ % of plasma?
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2%
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What is included in the Buffy coat?
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WBCs, platelets, nRBCs
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If a chemical is splashed in the eyes, the affected person should... (4)
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1. call for help 2. remove contact lenses 3. flush both eyes continuously for 15 mins with lukewarm or cold water, OPEN eyes, do not rub or touch eyes 4. seek medical attention and bring labeled bottle or MSDS sheet
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If a toxic chemical is accidently swallowed, what should be done?
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medical attention immediately, call poison control center, take MSDS sheet or container label
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Vomiting is generally not advised when the person
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is unconscious, convulsing, has ingested a corrosive or petroleum-based chemical
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if vomiting recommend, what should be used?
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ipecac (1 to 2 tablespoons followed by 2 glasses of water) or 3% hydrogen peroxide
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What should be done if a person inhales toxic vapours?
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taken to well-ventilated place (outdoors best), call for help, seek medical attention, CPR if breathing has stopped
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How to prevent fires?
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do not allow flammable materials to collect in storage, do not store combustible materials near oxygen or sources of sparks/flames, no smoking near oxygen, nitrous oxide or combustible materials storage
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Monthly inspections of fire extinguishers should include?
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properly charged, properly mounted, free of obstructions, pin and seals in place
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if fire occurs, what steps should be taken?
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call 911, all informed and evacuated, if time allows turn off oxygen/natural gas, evacuation of animals only if no risk to personal safety
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if contact with liquid ethylene oxide occurs, what should you do?
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remove all contaminated clothing, skin flushed with water for 15 minutes, affected area covered and seek medical care immediately
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staff preparation for emergencies should include?
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fire safety training, evacuation plan, emergency telephone numbers posted, all know location of fire extinguisher, chemical spill kits, eye wash fountain and PPE
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