Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the building blocks of life?
|
chemical level, individual cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
|
|
|
what are the 4 principle tissues?
|
epithelium, connective tissue, muscle, and nervous tissue
|
|
|
what are the different types of connective tissue?
|
connective tissue proper (ligaments), cartilage, bone, and blood
|
|
|
what are the 2 disease theories of cancer?
|
systemic- no cure, surgery made it worse
localized- possibility of treatment and cure |
|
|
what is normal cellular differentiation?
|
stem cell undergoes mitosis and divides into daughter cells and continues until a mature cells with specific function results
|
|
|
what do tumors result from?
|
abnormal cellular proliferation
|
|
|
what is abnormal cellular proliferation?
|
1. abnormal cellular differentiation
2. non-dividing cells begin to proliferate 3. some divided cells may never become mature |
|
|
how do normal somatic cells prevent cancer?
|
with genes that promote and suppress growth
|
|
|
what are some gene mutations?
|
mutate growth promoters- forced proliferation
mutate growth suppressors- allows unrestrained proliferation |
|
|
what are the 3 genes involved in the cancer process?
|
proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, anti-oncogenes
|
|
|
what are proto-oncogenes?
|
controls normal growth and differentiation
|
|
|
what are oncogenes?
|
cancer genes
|
|
|
what are anti-oncogenes?
|
cancer suppressor genes
|
|
|
what are the 3 things tumors are classified by?
|
1. anatomic site
2. biological behavior 3. cell of origin |
|
|
can tumors originate from any cell?
|
yes
|
|
|
what are the 2 ways tumors are classified?
|
well differentiated and undifferentiated
|
|
|
what is well differentiated?
|
closely resemble the cell of origin
easier to classify from their histology |
|
|
what is undifferentiated?
|
do not resemble normal cells or cell of origin
more difficult to classify |
|
|
what are the 2 tumor categories?
|
benign and malignant
|
|
|
what are some characteristics of a benign tumor?
|
1. have suffix -oma
2. well differentiated 3. do not metastasize or invade surrounding normal tissue 4. encapsulated 5. slow growing |
|
|
what are some characteristics of a malignant tumor?
|
1. has the prefix carci- or sar-
2. well differentiated to undifferentiated 3. ability to metastasize 4. invade and destroy surrounding tissue 5. can cause death |
|
|
what is a sarcoma?
|
tumors from Mesenchymal cells. blood and lymph systems, connective tissue such as bone or catilage
|
|
|
what are carcinomas?
|
tumors from Epithelium. tissues that cover a surface of line a cavity
|
|
|
where does cancer rank in the top 10 cause of US mortality?
|
number 2
|
|
|
what is the # 1 cancer cases in men?
women? |
men- prostate
women- breasth |
|
|
what is the #1 cancer caused deaths in men? women?
|
men and women- lung and bronchus
|
|
|
what is the lifetime probability of men having cancer? women?
|
men- 1 in 2 chance
women- 1 in 3 chance |
|
|
what are some burdens the patient will go through?
|
time, emotional, social, psychological, physical, and financial
|
|
|
what are some factors affected each patients perspective?
|
age, gender, culture, education, family background
|
|
|
what is etiology?
|
study of disease causes (cause of cancer still unknown) helpful in determining screening tests
|
|
|
what is epidemiology?
|
study of disease incidence. researchers use this to determine which type of cancer affects specific groups of people
|
|
|
how is a tumor staged?
|
TNM
T= size of extent of primary tumor (T1-T4) 1 being small and 4 being large N= status of lymph nodes and extent of involvement (N1-N4) 1 being barely and 4 being all over M= presence and extent of metastasis (M0-M1) |
|
|
what are the 3 staging methods?
|
1. clinical
2. surgical (most accurate) 3. pathological |
|
|
what is a tumors 'grade'?
|
provides information about the tumors aggressiveness and is based on the degree of differentiation (Gx-G4)
|
|
|
what do the 4 different grades mean?
|
Gx- unknown differentiation
G1- well differentiated G2- moderately differentiated G3- poorly differentiated G4- undifferentiated |
|
|
what are the 3 different ways radiation therapy is used>
|
external beam, intraoperative, brachytherapy
|
|
|
what is chemotherapy?
|
drugs administered orally through injection, perfusion, and topically. classified by action on the cell and source
|
|
|
what is immunotherapy?
|
goal is to amplify the body's own disease fighting system to destroy the cancer
|
|
|
what is prognosis?
|
estimation of the life expectancy of a cancer patient based on all the info obtained about the tumor and from clinical trials
|
|
|
what are the factors in determining prognosis?
|
1. patterns of spread- blood, lymphatics
2. behavior characteristics 3. tumor site 4. patient factors |
