Clinical Psychology: Research Evidence

Front 1

Reliability Issues in diagnosing disorders (DSM)

Back 1

- Brown et al. tested the inter-rater reliability of two different psychiatrists' diagnosis of 362 patients in the US and found that there was good inter-rater reliability in their diagnoses - reliable.
- Beck et al. gave two psychiatrists the same 153 participants to diagnose and they agreed only 54% of the time - not reliable.

Hint 1

Brown and Beck

Front 2

Validity issues in diagnosing disorders (DSM)

Back 2

- Littlewood and Lipsedge found that African-Caribbeans were wrongly diagnosed as having paranoia when they were worried about being victimised - not valid.
- Rosenhan demonstrated that DSM III was not valid by demonstrating that psychiatrists could not distinguish between those who did have mental disorders and those who did not - not valid.

Hint 2

One has cultural issues and one is studied as part of clinical

Front 3

Cultural issues in diagnosing disorders (DSM)

Back 3

- Lee tested the validity of using DSM on Korean children using a cross cultural study and found that it was a valid tool for diagnosing ADHD in Korea as well as in the USA - not ethnocentric.
- Malgady et al. showed that linguistic and cultural differences can create bias in diagnosis of Hispanics in the USA supporting cultural issues in diagnosis - ethnocentric.

Hint 3

One is to do with ADHD and the other is to do with Spanish people

Front 4

Biological explanation for schizophrenia (The Dopamine Hypothesis)

Back 4

- Sherringham et al found a gene located on chromosome 5 which may lead to gene therapy if isolated - supporting the Dopamine Hypothesis.
- Departie and Lal demonstrated that Apomorphine (a drug that increases the amount of dopamine) does not induce schizophrenia - refuting the Dopamine Hypothesis.
- Tienari et al. found that 11% of adoptive children who were raised in disturbed families got schizophrenia, compared to the adoptive children who were raised in normal families receiving no onset of schizophrenia - refuting the Dopamine Hypothesis.

Hint 4

You know dis

Front 5

Social explanation for schizophrenia (The Social Causation Hypothesis)

Back 5

- Dohrenwend et al. showed the incidence of schizophrenia in lower classes is significantly greater than in higher classes - supporting the Social Causation Hypothesis.
- Eaton et al. conducted a meta-analysis of 17 studies and found that schizophrenia was most common in lower classes - supporting the Social Causation Hypothesis.

Hint 5

Too full

Front 6

Biological explanation for depression (The short form of the 5-HTT gene)

Back 6

- Kendler found that concordance rates for depression in mono-zygotic twins were 76% whereas the concordance rates for depression in di-zygotic twins were 19% - supporting the biological explanation for depression.
- Brady found evidence demonstrating how stressors in both animals and humans in lab studies can increase the likelihood of depression - refuting the biological explanation for depression.

Hint 6

You know the first one and the other is about animals and humans

Front 7

Cognitive explanation for depression (Beck's cognitive model of depression)

Back 7

- Beck et al. investigated the cognitive distortions in patients with depression and demonstrated that a number of themes appeared in the depressed patients' thoughts that did not appear in the non-depressed patients - supporting Beck's cognitive model of depression.
- Koster et al. found that depressed people took an average of 12ms to disengage from negative words, compared to non-depressed people who only took 2ms - supprting Beck's cognitive model of depression.
- Dykman et al. observed that depressed people do not seem to have a distorted perception of their own abilities - refuting Beck's cognitive model of depression.

Hint 7

The same guy did a study, you know the middle one and the last one has a funny name

Front 8

Biological treatment for schizophrenia (Anti-Psychotic drugs)

Back 8

- Meltzer tested 481 patients with schizophrenia who were randomly assigned to two groups. One group was given an anti-psychotic drug and the control group were given a placebo. The results clearly showed the effectiveness of anti-psychotic drugs as they made significant improvement in both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia - supporting anti-psychotic drugs.
- A 2009 meta-analysis of trials in people diagnosed with schizophrenia found that only 41% showed any therapeutic response to an anti-psychotic, compared to 24% on a placebo - refuting anti-psychotic drugs.

Hint 8

481 patients, three things and the other is a meta analysis in 2009

Front 9

Social treatment for schizophrenia (Care in the Community)

Back 9

- Bond et al analysed 25 studies that looked at the effectiveness of ACT and concluded that compared with standard community care ACT is highly effective because it engaged patients, prevented re-hospitalisation and increased housing stability - supporting care in the community.
- Surveys conducted found that only 11% of people found care in the community restricting - supporting care in the community.

Hint 9

First one has a first name James and the other is a survey

Front 10

Biological treatment for depression (Anti-Depressant drugs)

Back 10

- Dr DeRubeis found that anti-depressants work with severely depressed patients - supporting and refuting anti-depressants.
- A government study in 2006 showed that less than 50% of those with depression who take anti-depressants became symptom free - refuting anti-depressants.

Hint 10

First one is a doctor and second is government study

Front 11

Cognitive treatment for depression (Cognitive Behavioural Therapy)

Back 11

- Beck et al. demonstrated that CBT is far more effective than drug therapy and had the added benefit of low attrition rates than drug therapy - supporting CBT.
- Stiles found that it was not effective on its own (only worked for 40% of people) and was more effective in combination (working for 80% of people) refuting CBT on its own.

Hint 11

First one is the same guy who came up with cognitive explanation and next one is about on it's own and in combination

Front 12

Psychodynamic treatment (Free Association)

Back 12

- Freud and Breur found that recalling experiences helped cure Anna O's paralysis - supporting free association.
- Eysenck found that there was a 44% success rate for free association, with 64% for other psychotherapies and 72% for spontaneous remission - refuting free association.
- Storr found that free association held a subjective personal opinion during analysis so the therapy is not scientific - refuting free association.

Hint 12

Creepy guy and Breur, Eysenck and two treatments and a cupboard is a type of...

Front 13

Learning treatment (Systematic Desensitisation)

Back 13

- McGrath fopund that 75% of patients with specific phobias showed significant improvement following the treatment - supporting systematic desensitisation.
- Craske and Barlow found that there was a 60-80% improvement for agoraphobia but there was a 50% chance of relapsing after 6 months - refuting systematic desensitisation.

Hint 13

Sounds like a receptionist and the other has a name with same last name as your friend