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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Kelly
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*constructs serve to make sense of the world (similar to schemas)
*all are seeking to validate their personal constructs *pathology arises from faulty constructs |
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Rogers
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*believed in natural tendency toward human growth --> actualizing tendency
*organismic valuing process & conditions of worth --> a fluid, ongoing process whereby experiences are accurately symbolized and valued according to optimal enhancement of the organism and self *congruence vs incongruence --> pathology comes from incongruence *unconditional positive regard --> blanket of acceptance and support of a person regardless of what they say/do |
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Maslow
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valued concept of self-actualization --> desire of self-fulfillment
hierarchy of needs --> if needs aren't met, self-actualization is impossible *peak experiences --> high points in life when individual is in harmony with himself and his surroundings |
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Perls
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*rebelled from Freudian adherence to sexual instincts
*"hunger instinct" -- tendency towards self preservation and actualization *ego as a structure *pathology arises from lack of awareness of the "whole" picture |
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Yalom & other existentialists
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*pathology arises from concerns regarding BIG questions -- death, life, existence, after-life etc
*focus on helping individuals resolve these questions |
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basics of humanistic/existential perspective
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*free will
*active identity-- who we are *phenomenology-- emphasizes the subjective experience of individual *potentiality-- a persons potential |
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criticisms of humanistic/existential
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*too much in the here and now
*doesn't adequately deal with developmental issues *great degree of vagueness *culturally bound to western sensibilities |
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basics of interpersonal perspectives
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*growth is a function of interpersonal experiences
*pathology is a function of interpersonal deficits *successful interventions improve interpersonal functioning |
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Harry Stack Sullivan
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*neo-freudian
*disorder stems from maladaptive interpersonal relationships *good mother vs bad mother *good me, bad me, not me --> three ways in which we see ourselves |
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types of assessment
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*somatic - physiological (blood pressure)
*physical - eye color etc *demographic - age, education level *behavioral - hand-eye coordination, number of hours slept per night *intellectual - responses to intelligence test items *cognitive - responses to measures of executive functioning, measures of core beliefs *affective - reports of feelings *environmental - measures of social setting and context |
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reliability
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measures consistency
*test-retest -- test is done twice to see if correlation between both administrations is high *internal consistency -- the extent to which tests or procedures assess the same characteristic, skill or quality *interrater -- the extent to which two or more individuals (coders or raters) agree. |
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validity
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measures accuracy
*criterion -- assesses whether a test reflects a certain set of abilities *construct -- how well a test measures up to its claims |
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DSM 5 axes
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*axis I - clinical disorders including major mental disorders & learning disorders
*axis II - personality disorders and mental retardation *axis III - medical conditions and physical disorders *axis IV - psychosocial and environmental factors contributing to the disorder *axis V - global assessment of functioning |
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composition of the intake
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1. history of presenting illness (HPI) -- why are they there?
2. background (developmental, sociocultural etc.) 3. health history -- any head trauma or neurological problems? 4. mental health history -- what if any treatment have they had? substance abuse? 5. mental status -- examination of individuals overarching functioning..are they lucid? 6. assessment for dangerousness -- essential to avoid malpractice.. use their past history to see what they may do in the future 7. strengths and weaknesses -- identify what individual is good/not good at.. i.e. if a patient is mildly retarded, introspection would not be beneficial 8. diagnosis -- culminating event 9. plan -- establish treatment approach ..important for licensure.. collaboration between patient and provider |
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mental status examinations
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oriented x4
1. person - do they know who they are? 2. place - do they know where they are? 3. time - do they know the time/year 4. purpose - do they know why they are there |
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pros of non-structured interviews (cons of structured)
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* client friendly
*more naturally disclosing *may establish a greater degree of alliance *more flexible *more directable |
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cons of non-structured interviews (pros of structured)
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*require greater expertise
*may neglect certain important areas *may be less reliable |
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interview stages
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stage 1 - setting the stage --> warm environment, competent and professional, disclose info about yourself to establish competency
stage 2 -- central information gathering stage 3 -- future plans and sealing the deal --> inspire their hope that they will be helped by returning |
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test construction
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*content - what's being measured?
*format - how is it going to test? *orientation - psychodynamic? behavioral? observer? self-report? *population - who is going to be tested? who is going to use the results? *resulting product -- IQ? diagnosis? |
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what do tests measure
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*intelligence
*aptitude *achievement *attitudes and values *personality *psychopathology *neurological functioning |
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theories of intelligence
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*Spearman's g: proposed an overarching notion (general intelligence) caused correlation between unrelated subjects
*Cattell: crystallized and fluid intelligence --> crystallized is factual knowledge and fluid is ability to think logically and solve problems in novel situations Wechsler's adaptability: ability to adapt to one's environment Sternberg's triarchic model: 1. creative intelligence 2. practical intelligence 3. analytical intelligence |
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Binet & Henry's scale
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to differentiate and identify special needs children
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the Wechsler scales
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WPPSI -- Wechsler preschool and primary school of intelligence
WISC -- Wechsler intelligence scale for children WAIS -- Wechsler adult intelligence scale WMS -- Wechsler memory scale |
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dissection of the WAIS
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verbal and performance split
*information - measure of crystallized knowledge (culturally based) *comprehension - abstract social conventions, rules, expressions *arithmetic - no difficult math but no pencil/paper -- story problems *similarities - compare 2 objects *digit symbol coding - different symbols for each #..numbers are in a large chart -->must match # with symbol ..measures processing speed *digit span *vocabulary *picture completion - complete what is missing from the picture within 20 seconds -- measures attention to detail *block design - create designs with red/white blocks ..measure of pattern construction *picture arrangement - organize pictures into sequential pattern *symbol search *letter-number sequencing - e.g., Repeat the sequence Q-1-B-3-J-2, but place the numbers in numerical order and then the letters in alphabetical order *object construction *matrix reasoning - identify what is next |
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projective personality testing
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designed to get at the unconscious i.e. the TAT (thematic aperception test) or Rorschar inkblot test -- ambiguous tests with open endedness
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MMPI validity scales
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L -- indicates attitude while taking the test (if score is too high then test is invalid)
F -- measures items that are not usually endorsed (likely faking) K -- measures defensiveness VRIN -- random responding (Ryan Lapcevic on AP12) TRIN -- mark all answers true |
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MMPI clinical scales
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1. Hs (hypocondriasis) - medical concerns without physiological basis
2. D (depression) - measure of mood state 3. Hy (reflection of neuroticism) similar to hypocondriasis 4. Pd (psychopathic deviance) - criminality 5. Mf (Masculinity/femininity) - gender roles 6. Pa (paranoia) - mistrust & fears 7. Pt (psychostinia) anxiety & fears 8. Sc (schizophrenia) - psychosis 9. Ma (mania) - energy level 10. Si (social introversion) - introversion vs extroversion |
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content scales of MMPI
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anxiety
fears obsessiveness depression health concerns bizarre mentation anger cynicism antisocial practices type a low self-esteem social discomfort family problems work inferences negative treatment |
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MCMI-II (millon clinical multiaxial inventory)
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measures personality disorders
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MBTI (meyer's briggs)
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forced choice questions -- end up with 4 code type
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how old is clinical psych
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approx 100 years old
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how did clinical psych come into existence
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Witmer treating a child with problems reading --> success lead to him opening first psychological clinical at Penn (originally just for kids with learning disabilities)
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roots/foundation of clinical psych
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*tradition of research
*interest in individual differences *changing views on psychpathology |
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exploits of Witmer
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student of Wundt
applied what he knew of psychology to a child with a reading problem, saw success -->established worlds first psychological clinic |
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exploits of Binet & Simon
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interest in identifying students with special needs
first inventor of usable intelligence test |
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exploits of Terman
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further refined the Binet-Simon with incorporation of a proposal that intelligence can be measured as an IQ --> Standford-Binet Intelligence Scale
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exploits of Goddard
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evaluated immigrants at Ellis Island --> told many that they were mentally retarded based on their IQ (but severely culturally biased ..these people had never even taken a test before)
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exploits of Yerkes
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convinced the department of defense to psychologically test drafters for WWI
developed Army's Alpha and Beta intelligence tests |
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exploits of Hall
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president of Clark U --> invited Freud to deliver lecture in 1909
founded American Journal of Psychology & first president of APA |
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exploits of William James & Clifford Beers
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Beers -- founder of the American mental hygiene movement
was a mental health patient who wrote about his experience in the deplorable circumstances in asylums champoined with James for more humane treatment |
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impact of WWI
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signaled important change in clinical psychology because it was now being endorsed by the government
Army Alpha & Beta tests--> adminstered to literate (alpha) and illiterate (beta) soldiers to measure mental ability |
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The Shakow Report
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established training guidelines:
psychologists were to be trained as scientists first must be PhD level assessment, research, testing (aka the holy trinity) |
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boulder model
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scientist-practitioner model--> focus on creating a foundation of research and scientific practice
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official definition of clinical psychology
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the field of clinical psychology involves research, teaching, and services relevant to the applications of principles, methods and procedures for understanding, predicting, and alleviating intellectual, emotional, biological, psychological, social and behavioral maladjustment, disability and discomfort, applied to a wide range of client populations
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the clinical attitude
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mental illnesses ARE illnesses and can be categorized and treated
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what to clinical psychologists do
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assessment
treatment research teaching consultation administration |
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assessment
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involves collecting information about people: their behavior, problems, unique characteristics, abilities and intellectual functioning.
info may be used to diagnose, guide a client, facilitate selection of job candidates, to select treatment techniques etc three categories: tests, interviews, observations |
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research
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areas include: neuropsychology, psychopharmacology, health psychology, causes of mental disorders in children etc
some studies are conducted in research labs, others are conducted in the more natural, but less controllable, conditions outside the lab |
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consultation
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provide advice to organizations about a variety of problems
combines aspects of research, assessment, treatment and teaching |
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administration
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examples of administrative positions: head of college or university psychology departmnet, director of graduate training program in clinical psych, chief pscyhologist in a hospital or clinic etc
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According to Strickler, what is therapy
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the process of attitude changes --> cognitive, affective, behavioral
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Barlow
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Skepticism
clinical research has little or no influence on practice |
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Singer
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Optimism
psychtherapy is best understood as an application of available scientific knowledge --> research is needed for successful treatment |
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Strupp
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Middle ground
impact of research on practice is indirect and is a "metaeffect" --> augments what we do clinically |
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common body of knowledge variable
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the failure of research will hamper the ability of the professional to function
& limitations experienced in practice give direction to areas for research inquiry |
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repair strained alliance of practice and research (Goldfried)
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1. extending our current psychotherapy outcome paradigm
2. shift our focus from outcome to process 3. increase collaboration between clinicians and researchers |
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Watson
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Little Albert
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Wolpe
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father of systematic desensitization
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Thorndike
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Law of Effect --> any action followed by reinforcer will increase that action in the future
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Skinner
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successive approximation - In shaping, the form of an existing response is gradually changed across successive trials towards a desired target behavior by rewarding exact segments of behavior .. ie training a dog to roll over
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Bandura
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Bobo doll
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Beck
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cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression
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Ellis
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rational-emotive therapy
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