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159 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Clinical Psychology a subfield of?
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Clinical Psychology is a subfield of the larger discipline of Psychology
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What are Clinical Psychologists interested in?
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Clinical Psychologists are interested in human behavior and mental processes
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What kind of work do Clinical Psychologists engage in?
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Like some other psychologists, clinical psychologists may conduct research, seek to apply results of research, and engage in individual assessment. They provide assitance to those with psychological problems.
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What are the Central Features of Clinical Psychology?
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The Central Features of Clinical Psychology are:
Research Teaching Consultation Psychological Assessment Treatment Administration |
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What is the main purpose of Clinical Psychology?
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The main purpose of clinical psychology is to alleviate and prevent psychological problems and to promote healthy development.
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What are the personal requirements to be a Clinical Psychologists?
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The personal requirements to be a clinical psychologist are:
Clinical attitude or approach Capacity to apply research to individual problems Compassionate interest in people Empathy, honesty, integrity, emotional stability Intellectual competence Self-awareness |
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What are the legal and ethical requirements to be a Clinical Psychologist?
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Degree from an accredited institution
Experience: Internship/supervised practice in the field Licensure- passing a comprehensive writen and/or oral exam Good character- demonstrated by reccommendations of other licensed practitioners Ethical code of conduct- knowledge of ethical code related to issues such as record keeping, dual relationships, and testifying in court cases |
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The Perspective of Clinical Psychology
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Every clinical psychologists has a theoretical framework to guide his/her work. But there is a danger in adhering too closely to one theoretical position. It is best to have "healthy eclecticism" with flexible conceptual framework and willingness to incorporate alternative ideas
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Theme: Systems
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von Bertalanfly in the 1940s developed the tehory of systems, emphasizing holism over parts, and organism over mechanism. In systems the units interact and influce the functioning of one enother. Change in one part of the system changes the whole pattern of relationships. There is no single cause or effect. The critical question here is: How will a change in one component of the system affect the functioning of the whole system?
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What are the multiple systems that require attention during a clinical intervention
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Biological, Personal, Family, Organizational, and Comunity
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Theme: Stress and coping
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Stress is defined as a demand or overtaxing of the system
Mental illenss results from a history of excessive stress and unsuccessful attempts at managing that stress coping with stress: voluntary responses/ consious coping mechanisms. Involuntary responses/unconscious deffense mechanisms |
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What is stress
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Stress is a deman or overtaxing of the system
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How does stress relate to mental illness
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Mental illness results from a history of excessive stress and unsuccessful attempts at managing that stress
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What are voluntary and involuntary ways to manage stress
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You can cope with stress via coping mechanisms such as work out routines. Involuntary/unconscious responses to stress include defense mechanisms such as repression, denial, projection, anticipation, reaction formation, and displacement
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Are all stressors equally influential?
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NO. The impact of a stressor is influenced by other factors:
The meaning of the stressor, the Self-concept the history or experience with similar stressors the use of coping mechanisms the availability of social support the perception of support |
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THeme: Time and development
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This theme deals with the stages of cognitive, social, and emotional development. Understanding normal development is essential in promoting optimal development or helping someone get back on track. A person must pass through one developmental stage in order to get to the next.
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Why is knowledge of developmental theory important for clinical psychologists?
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Knowledge of developmental theory is importnat to clinical psychologists because:
we can conly evaluate growth or deviation from the norm by knowing normal developmental processess Clinical intervention must be appropriate to a person's developmental level Need to provide treatment geared toward working through the present problems and preventing future problems. |
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Theme: The Self
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Me versus I self. Me is learned. Developing feelingsabout the self, ambivalence is common in those seeking therappy. the self evolves over time and is influecnced by multiple factors. It also influences the many choices we make. q
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Theme: Ecological environment
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The demand characteristics of the environment
How the person adpats and responds to these demands Multiple aspects of a person's life Individual must be treated within context Interventions should considre multiple aspects of the person's life |
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Theme: Biological perspective
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There is research in behavior genetics: temerpament (which is presenta t birth)-- examples: activity level, sociability, reactivity-- influences the relationship between the parent and the child.
Research has documented the genetic predispostion to certain disorders. Examples: Bipolar disorder, alcohol abuse, schizophrenia |
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How does the biological perspective examine physical state?
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The biological perspective examine the connection between the physical state, and psychological functioning. For example the psychological state of anxiety may reflect in physiological hypertension, and heart disease
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How does the biological perspective see the interaction between the psychology and physiology of the patient
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A person's emotional state may alter physiological functioning and result in psychosomatic illness e.g. hypertension, and changes in physiological state (e.g. hormonal changes, illenss), can affect a person's psychological functioning.
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What do all clinicians need to acknowledge?
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All clinicians need to acknowledge that:
people live within systems Personality develops in a specified sequence Behavior is regulated by a system called the self People react to and act upon their envrionment behavior is adaptive, coping strategies and defense mechanisms help us to adapt psychological functioning is determined by a continued transaction between biological, psychological and social factors. |
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What are the historical trends of clinical psychology?
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Clinical psychology is rapidly growing
There is an increase in the number of people trained in clinical psychology Clinical activities, techniques, methods have undergone rapid change The roots of clinical psychology lie in the study of abnormal behavior and the study of individual differences |
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What is abnormal behavior defined as?
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The definition of abnormal behavior is very complicated and it influenced views about 1. how menal illness was tought to develop, and 2. the approaches to treatment.
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What three general trends can be tied to the definition of abnormal psychology?
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Mental illness and abnormality was first attributed to supernatural causes, then to physical causes and finally to psychological causes
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What type of supernatural causes have been attributed to abnormal behavior?
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Evil spirits and possessions. people practieced trephining to give and exit path for the evil spirits inside the mentally ill. There was a widely held belief that possession came from evil acts, evil doers, or lack of faith. Supernatural techniques were used to "cure" people.
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What kind of physical causes have been attributed to abnormal behavior in psychology?
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Hippocrates, who is considered the father of moder medicine, beleifed that mental illness had natural causes and should be treated like other ailments. He provided the somatogenic hypothesis.
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What is hippocrates' theory of bodily fluids and mental health?
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Hippocrates believed that bodily fluids needed to be in balance. These fluids were
Blood (changeable temperament) Plhegm (sluggish/dull) Yellow (anxiousness/moodiness) Black bile (melancholia or depression) |
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What is the humoral theory
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The humoral theory states that behavior changes are a sign of bodily imbalance. Mental illness was treated with natural remedies such as rest, diet, refrain from alcohol/sex
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In the humoral theory developed by hippocrates, what were each of these disorders matched with:
bipolar depression brain fever |
bipolar- mania
depression- melancholia brain fever- phrenitis |
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How did plato and aristotle influenced the field of psychology?
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Plato suggested humane treatment for the metally ill. He also suggested that punishment should be different for the mentally ill, and that community should care for the mntally ill.
Aristotle wrote on the contesnt of consciousness his view of psychological disorers is that they were not caused by internal frustration or conflict |
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What is hysteria?
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Hysteria is a diorder discovered in the 2nd century mostly in virgins and widows. It was believed that the uterus of the woman would wander. (greek word for uterus= hystera)
Physicians claimed that the disorder had a sexual basis. both women and men may experience symptoms after periods of sexual abstinence |
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What is animalism
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refers to the similarities drawn between the mentally ill and animals. The mentally ill need to be controlled, theya re capable of violence and they could live under intolerable conditions
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what happened in the mid 1800s that changed the field of psychology?
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Emil Kraeplin published a book on psychiatry which established the organic nature of menta illness. HE grouped the symptoms together into syndromes.
He identified two syndromes, each with physical causes: dementia praecox (an early term for schizophrenia)- caused by a chemical imbalance Manic depressive psychosis (early term for bipolar disorder)- caused by irregularity of metabolism influced DSM- identify symptoms, define syndrome, assign diagnosis. |
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what is dementia praecox and who termed the syndrome
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early term for schizophrenia, termed by emil kraeplin, thought to be caused by a chemical imbalance
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what is manic depressive psychosis and who termed the syndrome?
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bipolar disorder, termed by kareplin in the 1800s, caused by imbalance in metabolism
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What is animal magnetism
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view of mental disease held before the mid 170ss in which deseases developed from obstruction of universal magnetic fluid (franz mesmer)- mesmerism. restore helath by inducing crisis
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What did franz mesmer develo?
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Mesmerism
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What did charcot develop?
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charcot was a neurologist who ontinued to develop mesmer's techniques
he offered a method to distinguish between conversion disorders and neurological disorders his findings could not be replicated he trained freud |
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How were these treated?
supernatural causes physical causes psychological causes |
supernatural causes were treated with ceremonial rituals
physical causes were treated with tranquility, special diet, pleasant experiences, prayer Psychological causes were treated with tenchiniques used for hysteria and research on hypnosis |
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Whend did the chigago conference take place and what did it do?
Vail conference? Salt lake city cconference? |
chicago conference took [lace in 1965
vail conference 1976- scholar practicioner model developed, minimized research training, shcools of psychology established, psyD established 1987 graduate programs should include core courses APA programs must be affiliated with a university |
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Conceptions of normality: Normality and the medical model
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Normality can be described within a medical model as a person who is "not sick"
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What are the identifiable causes of pathology in the medical model that views normality as health
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a diagnosis can be assigned
recommendations for treatment can be made predictions can be made regarding the most likely course and outcome |
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Conceptions of normality: Normality as Ideal (the psychological perspective)
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In the psychological view of normality as an ideal, there is an optimal state of personality functioning, whether defined within the psychoanalytic or behavior or social learning or humanistic perspective. Normal implies moving towards or having achieved a state of optimal functioning.
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Normality as an average *statistical model*
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In this case norma is defined according to a general distribution for a specific trait or behavioral characteristic and the positioning of a person on this distribution within the middle range. The problem with this model is that it does not indicate the relevat variables to measure. for example we could measure height or weight and plot along a normal curve but what does this tell us about personality?
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Normality as what is socially acceptable (social model)
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In this model normal is defined as confroming with normative expectations that society has for appropriate forms of behavior. Is conformity normal? the problems of cultural relativism
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Normal as a Process (developmental model)
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Normality depends on consideration of developmental changes that occur over time.
Psychosexual (freud) Psychosocial (erikson) Cognitive Development (Piaget) normaltiy is defined by successful movement through the stages. |
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How would society, the individual, and the mental health professional evaluate mental health?
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Society would evaluate it based on behavioral observations
the individual would evaluate normality based on subjective percepetions of self-esteem, acceptance and well being. The mental health professional relies on clinical judegment, aided by behavioral observations and psychological tests |
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What accounts for the upsurge of overdiagnosis in mental health?
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Sstressful society? Evironmental factors such as toxins or iatorgenic causes such as vaccines?--> no credible evidence to support either of these explanations
CHANGES IN DIAGNOSTIC PRACTICES--> YEST |
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What are some of the contextual forces that influence the upsurge in overdiagnosis?
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The DSM has made psychiatric diagnosis interesting and accessible. It is fairly easy to meet criteria for one DSM category or another. The pharmaceutical industry markets medications for mental health. Services for people with disorders indavertently promotes the spread of the disorder to others who are mislabeled.
Perfectionist society Internet and media coverage Psychiatiric fads reducing the stigma associated with particular diagnoses "If you have a hammer then everything looks like a nail" |
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What guides the clinical interview?
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The referral question
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What is the goal of assessment?
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To obatain accurate and thorough information that will help the clinician understand the patients problems and how to meet his therapeutic needs
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What are the two systems considered in Freudian psychoanalysis?
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Psychoanalysis, and psychotherapy based on pscyhoanalytic principles
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What are the goals of classical Freudian Psychoanalysis
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The goals of classical Freudian Psychoanalysis are to restructure Personality
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What activities encompass classical freudian psychoanalysis?
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Free association, dream analysis, interpretation of transference and resistance
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How is psychoanalysis set up?
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Psychoanalysis is characterized by a couch setting, in chi the patient is unable to see the therapist.
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Controlled regression in Psychoanalysis may lead to transference neurosis
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Transference neurosis develops, the relationship with the the with the therapist becomes the most important one for the patient, who directs strong infantile feelings and conflicts towards the therapist.
t is very vivid and it rekindles the infantile neurosis. It is generated by the feelings of frustration that the analysand inevitably experiences during sessions, since the analyst does not fulfill the analysand’s longings. In transference neurosis the symptoms are not stable, but they are transformed. Regression and repetition play a key role in the creation of transference neurosis. Transference neurosis reveals the particular meanings that the analysand has given to current infantile relationships and events |
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What are the goals of classical psychoanalysis
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The goals of classical psychoanalysis are to:
attain greater self-knowledge bring preconscious into conscious reorganize structures/three structures of personality= id-pleasure, ego-reality, superego-conscience |
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What are the stages of development in the theory of psychosexual development?
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Oral stage (0-2)
anala stage (2-4)-->emergence of ego phallic stage (6-7) --> identification/electra/oedipal complex latency period (6-12) genital (12 and up) |
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What is free association?
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Free associatin originally used hypnosis to free repressed thoughts. Later it became free association, which is used to allow unconscious conflicts to emerge. analytic basic rule "say whatever comes to mind"
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Which therapy uses analysis of dreams and why
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Analysis of dreams is used in psychoanalysis. It is used as the royal road to the unconcsious, in ehich repressive defenses are lowered. The content in dreams can be manifest or latent (underlying)
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What is resistance and why is it important in psychoanalysis
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Analysis of resistance is a technique used in psychoanalysis with the aim of understanding the patient's struggles. The manner in which the client resists can be a reenacment of earlier patterns of behavior
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Analysis of transference/countertransference
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During psychonalysis, the patient may transfer feelings over to the therapists--> transference neurosis--> halmark of analysis.
Countertransference--> analyst neds to understand his or her feelings with the patient |
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What is the Analyst's role in psychoanalysis?
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Listening, drawing connections, confrontation-->mirroring technique, interpretation-->formulate an explanation to help the patient, reconstruction-->recreating something from the patient's past, bring the unconsicous into conscious.
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Criticisms of psychonalysis
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It is time consuming and expensive--not the best approach in treating a crisis
it is bassed on a questionable theory It neglect the immdiate problems becaue it focuses too much on the past Inadequate proof of effectiveness limited applicability |
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What do Ego psychologists do?
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Ego psychologists focus on the go as the central maganager of behavrio. They focus more on the self and emphasize less the sex and biological functions. The focus more on goals, creativity and self-direction. Social relationships are central deterinators of normal and abnormal development
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What makes an ego psychologist different from a psychoanalyst?
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the therapist plays a more active rle.
therapist helps patients deal with present as well as past focus on development of identity |
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Who are prominent ego psychologists
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Carl Jung
Alfred Adler Harry Stck sullivan Karen Horney Heinz harmann erik erickson |
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What are erikson's stges of development?
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trust v.s mistrust (0-1)
autonomy vs shame and doubt (2-3) initiative vs. guilt (3-6) identity vs. role diffusion (12-18) generativity vs. stagnation (20-50) integrity vs. despair (50--) |
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How is etiology understood in the behavioral approach to therapy?
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distressing behavior is learned.
what is learned can be unlearned and replaced with more constructive mods of coping and adaptation behavior therapists deal directly with specific problems |
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How is the behavioral approach different from psychoanalysis?
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the behavioral approach develops a learning model of normal and abnormal behavior. it does not focus on the past except to understand learned behaviors. It focuses more on the outer than on the innder life.
Abnormal behavior is not seen as an illness or a symptom of an underlying illness |
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In behavioral therapy what are the three components of maladaptive behavior?
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outer: behavioral
inner: emotional/cognitive |
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How is the treatment established in behavioral therapy, and what are the goals of therapy
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the threatment in behavioral therapy is tailored to the individual's needs. the goals are to transform maladaptive behavior to adaptvie. The therapy is pramatic and the relationship between client and therapist is not central. The therapist may give instructions, identify goals, implement strategis and provide reinforcement. The undelrying believe is that behavior can change even if the origins of the problem are not understood.
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What are the four approaches to Behavior therapy
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applied behavioral analyses
stimulus response model social learning theory cognitive behavior therapy |
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Describe the characteristics of applied behavioral analysis
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Applie behavioral analysis is an extensio of skinner's radical behaviorism. In this approach behavior is a function of its consequences (simulus cue-->response-->consequence
In therapy you manipulate the consequences of a response and control the frequencey of a response to stimulus |
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What is the stimulus response model in behavioral therapy?
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The stimulus response model works with classical conditioning with the premise that feeling states mediate between stimulus and response. if you change the emotion associated with a sitmulus, then you can change the behavior
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What techniques are use in the stimulus response model?
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systematic disensitization
aversion therapy flooding/implosive therapy covert sensitization |
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Describe the Social Leraning theroy of behavioral therapy
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The social learning theory assumes that cognitive processes govern what we attend to, how we perceive things and how the person interprets and responds.
Some techniques use in this approahc ar modeling--> whih involves more than stimulus, response and consequence in that it depends on symbolic processes such as the desire to be like the model or win his/her approval |
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Dscribe cognitive behavior therapy
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THe person's interpretation of his/her experiences is wht produces psychological problems. The cognitive process is believed to be important--> the person's expectations, appraisals, attributions (internal or external)
Distorted cognitive processes lead to disordrs if change the cognition then the disorder may be alleviated |
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What is rational emotive therapy
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Rational emotive therapy is used in cognitive behavior therapy pioneered by albert ellis. Attempts to challenge irratinal and illogical believes. THe therapist is active and may seem aggressive
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Beck's cognitive behavior therapy
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used for depression. challenge thought processes and recognize the connections between cognitions, affect and behavior.
analyzethe negative cognitive triad: helpelssness, hopelessness, worhtlessness. analyze errors in reasoning: arbitrary inference, overgeneralization, personalization |
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What is meichenbaum's self instructional training
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this is a cognitive behavior therapy used with impulsive, hyperactive and problem behavior children. It developed out of soviet psychologists vygotsy and luria, who emphasized the role of language in self-regulation. Help prevent automatic behavior and insert thought between stimulus and response.
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Critique of behavior therapies
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effective, brief, inexpensive, units of anlaysis can be measured, simple goals, patiend does not need to be verbal, introspective or affluent
BUT superficial, do not get to deeper problmes producing symptoms, concepts are naive and simplistic, aims of therapy are trivial |
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What are the basic assumptions of the humanistic approach
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the humanistic approach is concerned with conscious human experiences
antecedents in european existenial philosophy phenomenological framework: what we are and what we do is a reflecion of our experience of the world and of ourselves reality is personal and subjective self-acutalization undconditional love hierarchy of needs: physiological, belonging, love, esteem, aesthetic, cognitive, self-actualization |
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What are the central assumptions of humanistic therapy
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humanistic therapy emphasizes the here and now
there is derect, active dialogue between the therapist and the patient the therapist refuses to offer interpretatins opposed to classification |
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Influential humanistic therapists
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Car Rogers --> client centered therapy--> unconditional positive regard and empathy
Fritz perls: gestalt therapy victor Frankl: Logotherapy- dereflection and paradoxical intention |
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What is the impact of the humanistic approach
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patients will be accepted regardless of their behavior
group therapuy-- existential partnership between client and therapist focus on here and now foster growht rather than repair maladjustment search for untapped human potential-- meditaiton yoga, drugs |
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psychodynamic psychotherapies
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share basic assumptions with psychoanalysis but change others.
for instance: frequency of therapy is altered to test patient's ability to live without it, and his/her level of funcitoning |
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Individual psychology
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Alfred Adler- emphasis on overcoming feelings of inferiority, importance of social motives and social behavior.
alderian psychologists are more involve in advising and encouraging. different approach to interpretation of transference and resistance. Use modeling, homework assignments and other techniques to help the patients become aware of their lifestyle and to promt them to change |
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Analytical psychology
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Carl Jung- reconciliation of opposites in personality, personality orientations of introversion and extroversion, personal and collective unconscious
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will therapy
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otto rank--client choice, therapist hymanity rather than technical skill
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Ego psychology
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focus on adaptive ego funcitoning and establishmen of firm identity and intimacy
challenge freud's focus on sexual and aggressive insticts as the basis for behavior and behavior disorders (id) behavior is highly influenced by the ego which ptomotes learning and creativity less focus on past problems and more on current problems therapist assess and attempt to bolster the client's ego strenghts therapeutic relationship remains important- less os for transference distortions, and more so for its supportive and trusting functions |
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object relations theory
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modifying mental representation of interpersonal relationships that come from early attachments
expanded the role of relationships, especially early relationships focus on nature of interpersonal relationships that are formed from very early one (i.e. caregiver interactions)--> the see these early relationships as prototypes for later ones in object relations theory the clieht therapist relationship is not analyzed in terms of transference, but rather as a second chance for the client to fulfill relationship need that were not gratified in infancy |
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self pscyhology
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closely related to object relations theory but stresses development of the autonomous self.
focused on self concept therapist relationship as support that patient lacked in infancy |
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relational psychodynamic psychotherapy
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like object relatations therapy it stresses the relatinships of early life, with caretakers. --> templates for later relationships
relationships have an objective (events that happened) and a subjective (perception of relationship) dimension. sometimes called two person theories |
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Short term psychodynamic pscyhotherapy
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typically 20 or less sessions-- focus on helping client work through current crisis or problems rather than helping them with early relationships or reconstruction of personality
because the pace of therapy is accelerated, the therapist is more actively involved in sessions aside from traditional techniques of psychoanalysis, they also may assign homeowrk, refer clients to self-help groups and use other techniques |
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common features of psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapies
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intrapsychic conflicts
unconscious processes early relationships ego functioning client-therapist relationship |
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Basic theoretical concepts of psychonalysis
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the unconscious- outside awareness
psychodynamics- the play of conflicts of forces of the mind Psychodynamic psychotherapy- retain psychodynamic view, but do not use the metapsychology proposed by freud about the structure of the mind defense mechanisms- automatic forms of response to situations that arouse unconscious fears or psychic danger transference- clarified and validate by core conflictual relationshio theme research |
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the symptom-context method
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the symptom context method is a clinical research method thaat aids in the process of decoding symptoms in therapy and allowing conflicting feelings to be expressed in healthier ways
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Psychoanalysis and psychodynamic psychotherapy frequency
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psychoanalysis is 3-5 times a week with the patient lying down
psychodynamic psychotherapy is once or twice a week with the patient sitting up |
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What are the basic clinical concepts of psychoanalysis
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free associaiton
therapeutic listening therapeutic responding |
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carl jung and the collective unconscious
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the collective unconscious is made up of archetypal images, or symbolic representations of universal themes of human existence that are present in all cultures
inclues mystcism and spirituality |
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oedipus complex
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unconscious sexual desire of male child towards mother. usually accompanied by hostility towards the same sex parent as well as guilt over the wish to vanquish this parent.
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Psychoanalysis and emphasis on development
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transitional phenomena- winnicott
individuation and separation- mahler |
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one person vs. two person psychology
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one person psychology focuses on the mental reactions of the patient
two person psychology focuses on the therapist and the patient relational psycholy |
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interpersonal spchool of psychoanalysis
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sullivan
believeed that an individual cannot be fully understood outside their interpersonal and social context. |
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selective inattention
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a variation on the concept of the unconscious in which a patient will actively exclue from awareness certain anziety producing aspects of her interpersonal experiences (sullivan)
does not see patient's reactions to therapist as mere transference |
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What is the PDM
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psychodynamic diagnostic manual, published in 2006 and seerves as a psychodynamic alternative to the DSM- which is currently used in psychiatric diagnosis
dsm emphasizes observable behaviors while the pdm describes the subjective experiences of people with a particular symptom pdm attempts to provide a framework |
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problems in early life may become embedded in personality through
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fixation, regression, defense mechanisms, or embodied through enacment
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intellectualization
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using thinking ability to keep threatening feelings at bay by speaking of them in emotionally detached, abstract terms.
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conversion or somatization
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expression of unacceptable desire or fear through bodily symptom
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neurosis v. psychosis
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is a class of functional mental disorders involving distress but neither delusions nor hallucinations
s a loss of contact with reality that usually includes: False beliefs about what is taking place or who one is (delusions); Seeing or hearing things that aren't there (hallucinations) |
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splitting
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defense mechanism -- seen people as all good or all bad, or alternattively devaluing the same person
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Erik erikson's psychosocial stages of developmen
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trust v. mistrust (0-18)
autonomy v shame (2-3) initiative v. guilt (3-5) industry v. inferiority (6-12) identity v. role confusion (adolescence) intimacy v. isolaion (19-40) generativity v. stagnation (40-65) Ego integrity v. despair (65-death) |
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Mahler
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early childhood relationships- internalizing relationship with h mother and successful process of separation and individuation
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object relations theory
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conlcudes that hyman emotional life and relationships center around the unconscious images we hold of our earliest and most intense relationships, or internalized object representation
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self psychology
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developed from studies of narcissitic patients who expressed lack of mirroring experiences in their childhood. lakc of inner validity and unstable sense of self-worth
emphasizes on mirroring, empathy and support for positvie self-esteem |
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primary process thinkin
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is nonlogical thinking- language of the uncosnciosu and of drems connection of thougths with image, emotions and meories rahter than logical secondary verbal thinking
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CCRT
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Wish
Response of Others Response of Self (relationship episodes- patterns) |
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Behavior therapists
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behavior therapists rely on techniques designed to identify maladaptive beharios and change it
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Cognitive therapists
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view faulty reasoning as the main cause of many disorders, so therapy is designed to alter ways of thinking
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The orgini of the behavioral approach
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pavlov's conditioning of dogs
watson's conditioning of 9 month old albert |
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classical conditioning
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classical conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus come just before another stimulus that automatically triggers a reflexive response
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operant condition
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operant conditioning occurs when certain behaviors are strengthened or weakene by the rewards or punishements that follow those behaviors.
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main assumption of behavioral therapy
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the main assumption underlying behavioral approach to therapy is that the behaviors seen in spcyhological problems develop throgh the same laws of learning that influence the development of other behaviors
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stimulus generalization/inability to discriminae between situations
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stimulus generalization occurs when two situations are similar enough that they elicit the same response
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observational learning and vicarious conditioning
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people's ability to learn by observing others' behaviors
BOBO doll studies with children- agressive behavior of adults reward- agression in children |
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What is the goal of behavior therapy
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the therapist seeks to teach the client how to modify problematic behaviors and/or learn more adaptvie alternatives
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goals of assessment in behavior therapy
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identify the problematic behaviors, the context in which they occur, the reinforcers that maintain the behavior.
does not typically employ projective tests labels or traditional methods-- instead the therapists use functional analysis SORC |
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what is the role of behavior therapists?
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the therapeutic relationship is important--empahtic, supportive-- but it is not the focus of therapy. Behavior therapists believe that clients must change their enviorontments, responses and behaviors in order for therapy to be successful. they hope to include the client in their analysis of behavior and function as a teacher of alternative behaviors
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What is the main goal of behavior therapy
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the main goal of behavior therapy is to help the client modify maladaptive oer behaviors as well as the cognitions, and emotions that accompany them. The origin of the behaviors, and early childhood experiences are not emphasized.
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Progressive relaxation training
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PRT is one of the basic techniques used in behavior therapy to relax anxious patients. it consist of tensing and then releasing various roups of muscles while focusing on the sensations of relaxation that follow.
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Systematic desensitization
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SD was developed in 1958 by wolpe, based on research wiht cats that had been repeatedly shocked in a special cage-- works through reciprocal inhibition
fear of cage inhibts eating--then eating should inhibit fear of cage |
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Virtual reality exposure
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computer generated situation allow the client exposure to anxiety producing situations that are not accessible in vivo
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Exposure and Response Prevention Techniques
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like in vivo sensitization- expose client to fear and force to withstand it until the anxiety subsides, eventually the fear will be extinguished
tecniques such as flooding, response prevention common for obssessions, compusions |
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Social Skills training
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used for disorders such as schizophrenia, depression, anxiety ADD
assertiveness training |
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Modeling
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Observational learning
fear of dogs treated with videos of happy interactions with dogs |
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Aversion therapy and punishment
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aversion theapy is a set of learning based techniques in which painful or unpleasant stimuli are used to decrease the probability of unwanted behaviors such as drug abuse, or alcoholism
unpleasant classical conditioning debate over durability quick but temporary no teachings of adaptive behaviors |
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Cognitive therapy
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Cognitive therapy relies on the assumption that cognitions mediate environmental events, behaviors and emotions.
Errors in thinking cause psychological distress. unlike previous theories, it did not develop an explanation for personality development |
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cognitive mediation
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this refers to the basic notion in cognitive therapy that normal and abnormal behavior istriggered b our cognitive interpretation of events, and not by the events themselves
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Schemas
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organized knowledge sturctures that influence how we perceive, interpret and recall information
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The role of automatic thoughts
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overlap with psychodynamic approach in that mental events work without clients awareness. Cognitive therapists term it automatic thoughts that are not unconsious but rather accessible through questioning
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Automatic self defeating cognitive distoritons
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dichotomous thinking
personalization overgeneralization catatrophizing selective abstraction unrealistic expections bad core believes about the self |
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cognitive specificity hypothesis
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the idea that characteristic clusters of cognitive errors are associated with specific disorders
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Beck's cognitive therapy
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depressive symptoms result from logical errors and distortions that clients make about the events in their lives
conclusions based on incomplete information exaggeration of trivial events minimize positive events |
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Cognitive triad
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proposed by aaron beck in his description of congnitive therapy- depressed individuals show a pattern of negative cnclusions about
1. themselves 2. the world 3. their future |
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Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
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REBT--therapist attacks irrational, unrealistic, self defeating believes and to instruct client in more rational thinking patterns that will not upset them. active role of therapies, demonstrative, and abrasive
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socratic quesitoning
confirmation bias reattribution training |
socratic quesionin is a method of discourse in which the therapist challenges and questions the client in order to lay out his fundamental believes and open them to analysis
confirmation bias- pay closer attention to evidence supporting core believes even if they are negative reatribution trainingand decastastrophizing helps clients challenge theri negative cognitions |
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Thought recording and multicolumn records
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homework- like in behavior therapy
column records |
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Cognitive Behavior therapy
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merge of behavioral and cognitive therapy
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relapse prevention
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is a cognitive behavioral intervention designed to help clinets who are trying to vercome alcoholism or substance abuse.
abstinence vioaltion effect teach client to monitor risky cogntitions and replace them with different thinking strategies |
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Dialectical behavior therapy
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DBT is a form of cognitive behavior therapy used to help clients who display impulsive behavior
elp client develop skills to contain erratic behavior then confront traumatic expriences |
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humanistic psychotherapy
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stress the importance of clients focusing on the here and now
perspn centered pscyhotherapy gestalt therapy humans have the potential for self acutalization humans have free will, not simply driven by instinct therapeutic relationship as primary vehicle to recovery clients regarded as equals to therapist |
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person centered therapy
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carl rogers became uncomfortable with the idea of therapists as authority figures in psychodynamic therapy. He was influenced by otto rank's will spcyhology which emphasizes the client's will to improve.
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Carl Rogers The self
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the self (person centered therapy)- is he individuals expereinces of the 'me'-- values images, memories and current exprinces.
unconditional postive regard from aprents real vs. ideal self concept-- what child believes he should be according to approval or rejection |
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incongrouence
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the discrepancy between the real self and the ideal self
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the goals of person centered therapy
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therapist does not set statements of goals for client instead client is free to selct their own goals. the therapist wants to make clients more aware of thier moment to moment expereinces
unconditional postive regard, empathy, congruence acceptance if not approval shift from external to internal frame of refernce |
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gestalt therapy
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seeks to help the client potentiaate and own their growth
1. become aware of feelings they disonwed but are genuinely a part of them 2. recongize feelings and values they think are genuieny their but are actually borrowed |
