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180 Cards in this Set
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What is existentialism?
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a philosophy that emphasizes the uniqueness and isolation of the individual experience in a hostile or indifferent universe
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What is existential psychotherapy?
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partly based on the existential belief that human beings are alone in the world
-feeling of aloneness leads to feelings of meaninglessness --which can only be overcome by creating one's own meaning and significance -we want to connect with others but ultimately can not rely on others for validation -it must come from within and this causes anxiety -since we can not rely on others, we have to take responsibility for our own actions -we can not blame and this also causes anxiety |
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What is being in the world?
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how we live our life makes a significant difference
-do we visit all the rooms in our house |
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What does existential psychotherapy counseling operate on?
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operates on the belief that inner conflict within a person is due to the individual's confrontation with the givens of existence
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What are the givens noted by Yalom for Existential psych?
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-inevitability of death
-freedom (are we constrained?) -existential isolation (referring to phenomenology) don't feel connected -meaninglessness these are referred to ultimate concerns, form the body of existential psychotherapy, and compose the framework in which a therapist conceptualizes a client's problem in order to develop a method of treatment -causes anxiety for people -waking up and thinking of things you have to face |
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What are the goals of existential psychotherapy?
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-helping clients accept their freedom and responsibility to act
-assisting people in coming to terms with the crises in their lives -encouraging clients to recognize the ways in which they are not living fully authentic lives -inviting clients to become more honest with themselves -broadening clients' awareness of their choices -facilitating the clients search for purpose and meaning in life (it's ok to live in a gray area) -assisting clients in developing a deep understanding of themselves an the ways they can effectively communicate with others -people can choose the good life and have the courage to be! -emphasis then is not on past, but future choices -help them so they don't live behind fear -client defines goals, therapist supports |
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What is angst?
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negative feeling about nothing, just dissatisfaction with life
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What philosophy is existential psychotherapy born from?
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-a phenomenological approach of "humanness"
-humans are in a constant state of transition, evolving and becoming -clients are searching for meaning in their subjective worlds |
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What are common questions/sources of existential angst for clients?
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"who am I?"
"i will die" "what does it all mean" "will i die alone?" "how am i going to get where I want to be in my life?" |
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What are the basic dimensions of the human condition?
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-the capacity for self awareness
-the tension between freedom & responsibility -the creation of identity and establishing meaningful relationships (who am i?) -the search for meaning -accepting anxiety as a condition of living -the awareness of death and nonbeing (what happens when we die?) |
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What is the capacity for self awareness?
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the greater our awareness, the greater our possibilities for freedom
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What is awareness?
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when we realize that:
-we are finite--time is limited -we have the potential and the choice, to act or not to act -meaning is not automatic--we must seek it -we are subject to loneliness, meaninglessness, emptiness, guilt and isolation -but we need to feel these things to grow |
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What is Identity in existential?
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the courage to be
-we must trust ourselves to search within and find our own answers -our great fear is that we will discover that there is no core, no self -being existentially "alone" helps us to discover our authentic self |
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What is relatedness in existential?
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at their best our relationships are based on our desire for fulfillment, not our deprivation
-relationships that spring from our sense of deprivation are clinging, parasitic, and symbiotic -clients must distinguish between neurotic dependence and the authentic need to be with others "would be ok without them" -balancing aloneness and relatedness helps us develop a unique identity and live authentically in the moment -why are we seeking out people? -can't taste the sweet without tasting the bitter |
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What is the search for meaning?
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meaning- like pleasure, meaning must be pursued obliquely
-finding meaning in life is a by-product of a commitment to creating, loving and working -the will to meaning is our primary striving -life is not meaningful in itself; the individual must create and discover meaning -you have to seek your own meaning in what you choose |
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What is healthy anxiety?
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yalom's four givens of existence create anxiety
-existential anxiety is normal--life cannot be lived, nor can death be faced without anxiety |
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How can existential therapists help clients develop a healthy view of anxiety?
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-anxiety can be a stimulus for growth as we become aware of and accept our freedom
-anxiety can be a catalyst for living authentically and fully -we can blunt our anxiety by creating the illusion that there is security in life -if we have the courage to face ourselves and life we may be frightened, but we will be able to change -take chances! facing fears the courage to be |
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How are our lives safer because of fear?
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-fear and anxiety are signals of problems
-they help us recognize the problem -they motivate us to cope with the problem -normal anxiety is good |
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How are our lives poorer because of fear?
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because of fear we:
-avoid responsibility for our acts -avoid recognizing we have choices -avoid anxiety and play it safe -avoid real intimacy -stay busy so we do not become aware of our fundamental aloneness -stay busy so we do not become aware of the finiteness of life -Stan fear of rejection |
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Why is neurotic anxiety not good? Life happens can force us to...?
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Neurotic anxiety is not good
-choices are opportunities, not problems When life happens: -deaths, accidents and traumas can: -force us to become aware of a problem -force us to reconsider how we live life -cause us to accept responsibility for the direction of our life |
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What is existential anxiety?
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-makes us aware of the big issues (separate it from ourselves
-help us steer an effective path through life -helps us become aware of separations from: -self -others -world -cannot be lived with 24/7, but should be revisited from time to time |
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What is subjectivity in existential psychotherapy?
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The I and very different you can be integrated into a common we
-the otherliness of the other person is not something to be tolerated, it is instead something to behold -something that enriches the beholder -can we see each other without making each other objects? -can we touch and really understand each other? -can we do both? -nothing concrete -we create our own realities |
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What is Logotherapy goals?
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-find meaning in life--even from the terrible
-change meanings to those that are more healthy and adaptive |
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How can you employ logotherapy?
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1) listen and understand their worldview
2) communicate your understanding 3)only when your client recognizes that you understand, can you begin to shift meanings |
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Who was Viktor E Frankl?
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he was in the Jewish concentration camps
-said that the point of suffering was to say how much he loved life -everything can be taken from a man but the last of the human freedoms -to choose one's attitude in any given set of circumstances, to choose one's own way |
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According to Viktor Frankl what is logotherapy?
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considers man as being whose main concern consists in fulfilling a meaning and in actualizing values, rather than in the mere gratification and satisfaction of drives and instincts
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What does Frankl think man needs?
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not a tensionless state, but rather the striving and struggling for some goal worthy of him
-needs is not the discharge of tension at any cost, but the call of a potential meaning waiting to be fulfilled by him |
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What does Frankl say about the meaning of existence?
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it is not invented by ourselves, but rather detected
-what matters is not the meaning of life in general, but rather the specific meaning of a person's life at a given moment we can discover this meaning in life in three ways: 1) by doing a deed 2) by experiencing a value 3) by suffering |
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What are specialized techniques in existential?
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Reframing
-searches for the positive in the situation -must wait until client feels heard Paradoxical intention -encourages clients to do what client is afraid might happen -returns control to the client ex: having a panic attack any time any place, sounds scary. I wonder whether you could practice having panic attacks over the next week Dereflection -redirects focus form the maladaptive to the healthy ex: you've been spending a lot of time worrying about your daughter and driving you both crazy! perhaps this would be a good week to find something else to do. You've talked about wanting to ____ |
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What is the relationship like between therapist and client in existential therapy?
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-therapy is a journey taken by therapist and client together
-the person to person relationship is key -the relationship demands that therapists be in contact with their own phenomenological world The core of the therapeutic relationship -respect and faith in the client's potential to cope -sharing reactions with genuine concern and empathy |
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Who was president of the United States when the US entered WWII?
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt
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What are the limitations of existential psychotherapy?
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The individualistic focus may not fit within the world views of clients from a collectivist culture
(asians live for supporting their family) 0the high focus on self-determination may not fully account for real-life limitations of those who are oppressed and have limited choices -some clients prefer a more directive approach to counseling -the approach may prove difficult for clients who experience difficulty conceptualizing or have limited intellectual capacities -the approach does not focus on specific techniques, making treatments difficult to standardize -limited empirical support |
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What is existential tradition?
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seeks a balance between recognizing the limits and tragic dimensions of human existence on one hand and hte possibilities and opportunities of human life ont he other hand
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What are some dawning awarenesses that come from the counseling process?
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-see how they are trading the security of dependence for the anxiety that accompany choosing for themselves
-they begin to see that their identity is anchored in someone else's definition of them; that is, they are seeking approval and confirmation of their being in others instead of looking to themselves for affirmation -learn that they are keeping themselves prisoner by some of their past decisions, and they realize that they can make new decisions -although they cannot change certain events in their lives, they can change the way they view and react to these events -not condemned to a future similar to the past, because they can learn from the past to shape the future -realize that they are so preoccupied with suffering, death, and dying that they are not appreciating living -able to accept their limitations yet still feel worthwhile that they understand that they do not need to be perfect to feel worthy -failing to live in the present moment b/c of preoccupation with the past, planning for the future, or trying to do too many things at once |
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What is inauthenticity?
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not accepting personal responsibility
-"i can't help what i did because i was made this way" -"naturally i'm this way bc i grew up in a dysfunctional family" inauthntic lacks awareness of personal responsibility for our lives and passively assuming that our existence is largely controlled by external forces -we are constantly confronted with the choice of what kind of person we are becoming, and to exist is never to be finished with this kind of choosing |
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What is freedom?
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implies that we are responsible for our lives, our actions, and for our failures to take action
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What is existential guilt?
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being aware of having evaded a commitment, or having chosen not to choose
-guilt grows out of a sense of incompleteness, or a realization that we are not what we might have become -we failed to rise to the challenge of our anxiety and that we have tried to evade by not doing what we know is possible for us to do -also results from people making choices for us |
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What is authenticity?
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implies that we are living by being true to our own evaluation of what is a valuable existence for ourselves
-tis it he courage to be who we are -acknowledge responsibility for our lives, in spite of the anxiety that results from this choice -rather than losing oneslef in the crowd, one recognizes one's uniqueness and strives to become what one inherently is |
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What is this freedom vs. responsibility theme then?
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being free and being human are identical
-freedom and responsibility go hand in hand -we are authors in our lives in the sense that we create our own destiny, ourlife situation and our problems -assuming responsibility is a basic condition for change -clients who refuse to accept responsibility by persistently blaming others for their problems will not profit from therapy |
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What is the problem with discarding old values (searching for meaning)
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clients might discard old values without finding other suitable ones to replace them
-they seek new guidelines and values that are appropriate for the newly discovered facets of themselves -help client create a value system based on a way of living that is consistent with their way of being |
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What is existential vacuum?
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meaninglessness in life can lead to emptiness and hollowness
-often experienced when people do not busy themselves with routine or with work -people need to create their own meaning |
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What are some characteristics of person-centered therapy?
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-by carl rogers (1902-1987)
-humanistic -optimistic -overly-simplified -challenge previous notions -believing that people can take care of selves -not using people -proactive and positive -empowers clients (trust and faith that they can figure this out) |
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How do person centered therapy view human nature?
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-at their core, humans are trustworthy and positive
-no ill intentions -humans are capable of making changes and living productive, effective lives -humans innately gravitate toward self actualization -actualizing tendency |
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What is the humanistic worldview?
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-people are basically good and will actualize in the absence of interference (stress and anxiety, negative life experiences)
-society, rather than restraining negative forces, leads people astray -society not giving support that they need -society does this by providing conditional positive regard (feel that there is no room for mistakes) -People are experts about themselves -As a result, therapy is generally insight-oriented and nondirective (talk about how you're feeling) |
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What are the challenges in person centered therapy?
-a reaction against the directive and psychoanalytic approaches |
-the assumption that "the counselor knows best" but it client knows best instead
-the validity of advice, suggestion, persuasion, teaching, diagnosis, and interpretation -the belief that clients cannot understand and resolve their own problems without direct help -the focus on problems over persons -nothing wrong with you, just haven't merged through it yet |
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What is the emphasis on Person centered therapy?
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-therapy as a journey shared by two fallible people (non perfect people)
-the person's innate striving for self actualization -the personal characteristics of the therapist and the quality of the therapeutic relationship -the counselor's creation of a permissive, "growth-promoting" climate -people are capable of self-directed growth if involved in a therapeutic relationship -let them know that they are "ok" how they are |
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What are the six conditions necessary and sufficient for personality changes to occur?
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1) two persons are in psychological contact
-can't be best friend because they are meeting 2) the first, the client, is experiencing incongruence (who I am, what i want to be) 3) the second person, the therapist, is congruent or integrated in the relationship 4) the therapist experiences unconditional positive regard or real caring for the client 5) the therapist experiences empathy for the client's internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicate this to the client 6) the communication to the client is, to a minimal degree, achieved P.S. Congruence-shared reality, genuine |
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How is therapy in person centered therapy a growth promoting climate?
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1) Congruence
-genuineness between client and therapist 2) Unconditional positive regard 3) accurate empathetic understanding |
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What is congruence?
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-genuineness or realness in the therapy session<br /><br />-therapists behaviors match his or her words<br /><br />(both verbally and nonverbally)
genuineness -ability to be "real" unfake, and unforced -generally a therapist's attitude (although we also think about a client's ability to be genuine) -why might this be important in therapy? -how would you see genuineness in therapy? |
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What is unconditional positive regard?
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-acceptance and genuine caring about the client as a valuable person
-accepting clients as they presently are -therapist need not approve of all client behavior -true caring for mistake -unconditional acceptance of a person, regardless of their behavior Carl Rogers said: "when you criticize me, I intuitively dig in to defend myself. However, when you accept me like I am, I suddenly am willing to change." "what might this mean for work with a person who has done something unforgivable?" "many people believe that they have done something shameful and will not be forgiven" |
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What is accurate empathetic understanding?
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the ability to deeply grasp the client's subjective world
-helper attitudes are more important than knowledge -the therapist need not experience the situation to develop an understanding of it from he client's perspective -empathy is a deep and subjective understanding of the client with the client, involves sensing the clients feeling as if they were the counselor's own -without becoming lost in those feelings |
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How does Egan describe genuineness?
-person centered therapy |
-not hiding behind a role
-spontaneous, yet tactful -not rule or technique bound -not impulsive or inhibited -non-defensive; can "hear" negative feedback -shares facial expressions rather than hiding -consistency in thought, feeling, and behavior -consistency in value statements and behavior -shares self:both verbally and nonverbally |
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How does Egan describe unconditional positive regard?
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-communicating a non-evaluative attitude
-giving quality attention to person's concerns and feelings -cultivating the person's resources, believing in the person's potential and capability for action -but difficult because we do judge people |
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How does empathy help clients?
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1) pay attention to & value their own experience
2) see earlier experiences in new ways 3) modify their perceptions of themselves, others and the world 4) increase their confidence in making choices and in pursing a course of action |
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What is the therapist's role in person centered therapy?
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-focuses on the quality of the therapeutic relationship
-provides a supportive therapeutic environment in which the client is the agent of change and healing -serves as a model of a human being struggling toward greater realness -is genuine, integrated, and authentic, without a false front |
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How do you apply person centered therapy to group counseling?
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-therapist takes on the role of facilitator
-creates therapeutic environment -techniques are not stressed -exhibits deep trust of the group members -provides support for members -group members set the goals for the group -group setting fosters an open and accepting community where members can work on self acceptance -can't heal until they've accepted themselves |
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Where is person-centered therapy used?
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-counselor training (skills based)
-expressive therapies: -art (painting, drawing, sculpting, etc.) -music -play -writing -experiential (Drama, improvisational, etc.) -mind body connections |
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What is person-centered expressive arts therapy?
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use various creative art forms
-promote healing and self-discovery -are inherently healing and promote self-awareness and insight Creative expression connects us to our feelings which are a source of life energy -feelings must be experienced to achieve self awareness Individuals explore new facets of the self and uncover insights that transform them, creating wholeness -discover of wholeness leads to understanding of how we relate to the outer world -the client's inner world and outer world become unified -you have what you need |
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For person-centered design, what are conditions for creativity?
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-Acceptance of the individual
-a non-judgmental setting -empathy -psychological freedom -stimulating and challenging experiences -individuals who have experienced unsafe creative environments feel "held back" and may disengage from creative processes -safe, creative environments give clients permission to be authentic and to delve deeply into their experiences |
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What are the limitations of the person-centered approach?
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Cultural Considerations:
-some clients may prefer a more directive, structured treatment -individuals accustomed to indirect communication may not be comfortable with direct expression of empathy or creativity -individuals from collectivistic cultures may disagree with the emphasis on internal locus of control -does not focus on the use of specific techniques making this treatment difficult to standardize -can't be tested -not specific techniques -what if you leave client relationship, no one with unconditional love will be able to replace you -does not work on extreme psychopathology -none of the techniques aimed to bring change in client's behaviors -people with serious disorders won't really work -depends on the skill of the therapist |
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What are some strengths of person centered approach?
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-encouragement
-may be life long skill |
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What is actualizing tendency?
person centered therapy |
a directional process of striving toward:
-realization -fulfillment -autonomy -self-determination -perfection |
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What are therapeutic goals of person-centered therapy?
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-helps clients achieve a greater degree of independence and integration
-focus on the person, not the person's presenting problem -not to solve problems!, assist client in growth process so they can better cope with their current and future problems -how can i discover my real self? -how can i become what i deeply wish to become -how can i get behind my facades and become myself |
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What does Roger say about people who are increasingly actualized?
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1) an openness to experience
2) a trust in themselves 3) an internal source of evaluation 4) a willingness to continue growing |
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What is the person-centered view on goals?
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not setting goals for WHAT clients need to change
-differ on th matter of HOW to best help clients achieve their own goals |
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What is Gestalt Counseling?
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1) combines both eastern and western philosophies
Gestalt means "whole" meaning: -a) mind, body, soul are one b) we "own" some parts and not others -are you extroverted/introverted? If extroverted, when are you introverted? -you're both kind and mean -be a balance, you're both, everything |
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What is the purpose of Gestalt therapy?
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-therapists devise experiments designed to increase clients' awareness of WHAT they are doing
and -HOW they are doing it -how individuals behave in the present moment is far more crucial to self-understanding than why they behave as they do -self-acceptance, knowledge of the environment, responsibility for choices, and the ability to make contact with their field (dynamic system of interrelationships) -and the people in it are important awareness processes and goals, all of which are based on a here and now experiencing that is always changing -clients are expected to do their own seeing, feeling, sensing, and interpreting, as opposed to waiting passively for the therapist to provide them with insight and answers |
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What is Gestalt's therapy view of human nature?
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-clients have to grow up, stand on their own two feet, and deal with their life problems themselves
-move client from environmental support to self support and reintegrating the disowned parts of one's personality -rooted in existential philosophy, phenomenology, and field theory -genuine knowledge is the product of awareness and contact with the environment -environment is both external and internal worlds -by being aware, clients are able to carry on with personal growth, make informed choices, and live a more meaningful existence |
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What is Paradoxical theory of change?
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we change when we become aware of what we are
-as opposed to trying to become what we are not -goal is to become more aware in the moment, just now -give permission to be undecided, and then decide "you don't have to tell me..." which allows the person to feel free to tell (or not) in factory: to increase production, must slow down ex: in abusive relationship: -not mandating shift although acknowledging danger -respect where they are Here are your strengths, successes, accept them when you are ready, you may choose to change (or stay in relationship) |
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What is the figure theory?
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What do you see in the picture?
What does the client see as figure? What do the client and counselor agree to treat as the figure? Figure may go in and out, or just be a single figure Fixed Figure: everything is seen as an exemplar of figure Ex: everything people do ro say is seen as support of the idea that "people ate me" |
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What is ground theory?
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ex: ethnicity, friends, what you had for lunch, GPA
how does ground change the figure? -if you get stuck as a counselor in the counseling process with a client, ask what is figural for you? for you rclient? -putting figures out on the table and discussing them is a way of understanding what the other person is thinking |
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What are the cycles of awareness?
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major goal of gestalt is to get clients more aware
1) Beginning -sensations -awareness -mobilization 2) Middle -contact 3) End of Cycle -withdrawal -integration |
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What is the beginning cycle?
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sensation:
ex: dryness in mouth awareness: ex: aware that you're thirsty -and place where we can be choiceful mobilization: -go get water |
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What is middle of cycle?
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Contact
Ex: water hits mouth -connect with someone else |
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What is end of cycle?
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Withdrawal
-need is satisfied Integration -goal is met and moves into the background |
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What is the brief period of nothingness?
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a second of stopping, just being
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What happens if you don't make the whole circle?
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we get stuck
1) eating disorders: -get stuck in sensation, but don't become aware of real needs that they satisfy 2) Want to make meaningful contact with a friend, a wide variety of ways we can do this -when we do, can integrate -we work towards good contact with Os, but do you really want contact 24/7 and with everyone? the path through the cycle should be choiceful and aware, and based on current situation rather than early experience -pay attention to the moment |
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What is contact style?
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-not called defense mechanisms
-may work for us and be an attempt to solve a problem types: 1)deflection 2)confluency 3)differentiation |
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What is deflection?
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instead of connecting, use humor, get distracted or make the client angry
(from therapist) |
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What is confluency?
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match their style, connecting around similarities
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What is differentiation?
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be different from the client
-to calm them down -to take care of self -or to stimulate thought or action |
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Why is contact avoided?
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all of us want more intimacy than we can stand
-GT used to push for greater intimacy -now GTs respect both intimate contact and pulling back -awareness and choiceful decisions about when to make contact are now seen as more important than a compulsive search for intimacy -if we made constant contact, we'd be overwhelmed intimacy: share and becoming vulnerable -may overwhelm them if you keep contacting them |
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What is Perls of Wisdom?
gestalt |
1) Use of self
2) Here and now Work 3) Paradox of change theory 4) Slowing down 5) Experiments |
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What is Use of self?
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I am always aware that I am an influence to the client
-may share these reactions to client, if in the service of client |
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What is the here and now work?
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be aware in the moment
-why do you? what makes it hard? Do it rather than talk about it -reasons why sometimes important, but find ways wondering whether you trust me or not |
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What is slowing down?
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must slow down and breathe to be aware of what's going on
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What are experiments?
gestalt |
trying something different within the session
"i don't know what the outcome will be, but may see or experience self in a new way" -if they are more comfortable with where are they can take the chance to move from where they are -may move or choose to sit right there "would it be ok if I were to be your mom for a minute? what else do you need to hear from me? -in the moment, a hear and now piece -empty chair technique-keep switching chairs |
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What is the existential and phenomenological part of gestalt?
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it is grounded in the client's here and now
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What is the initial goal for gestalt therapy?
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-clients to gain awareness of what they are experiencing and doing now
-promotes direct experiencing rather than the abstractness of talking about situations -rather than talk about a childhood trauma the client is encouraged to become the hurt child "get mad at your dad" learn to resolve that feeling |
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What is holism?
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the full range of human functioning includes:
-thoughts -feelings -behaviors -body -language -dreams |
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What is field theory?
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the field is the client's environment which consists of therapist and client and all that goes on between them
-client is a participant in constantly changing field |
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What is figure formation process?
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how an individual organizes experiences form moment to moment
-tracks how some aspect of the environmental field emerges from the background and becomes the focal point of the individual's attention and interest -the dominant needs of an individual at a given moment influence this process foreground: figure background: ground |
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What is the Now?
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our "power is in the present"
-nothing exists except the "now" -the past is gone and the future has not yet arrived For many people the power of the present is lost -they may focus on their past mistakes or engage in endless resolutions and plans for the future right now, this is the moment |
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What is unfinished business?
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-when figures emerge from the background but are not completed and resolved--can create resentment, rage, hatred, pain, anxiety, grief, guilt, and abandonment
feelings about the past are unexpressed (but can express them now) -these feelings are associated with distinct memories and fantasies -feelings not fully experienced linger in the background and interfere with effect contact -can't have regrets, focus on what they're denying, not seeing Result: -preoccupation, compulsive behavior, wariness oppressive energy and self defeating behavior -creates unnecessary emotional debris that clutter present centered awareness |
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What is contact?
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interacting with nature and with other people without losing one's individuality
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What are boundary disturbances/ resistance to contact?
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the defenses we develop to prevent us from experiencing the present fully
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What are five major channels of resistance?
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1) introjection
2) projection 3) retroflection 4) deflection 5) Confluence |
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What are the six components of gestalt therapy methodology?
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1) the continuum of experience
2) the here and now 3) the paradoxical theory of change -setting up for someone how they can look at things differently, make it ironic 4) the experiment 5) the authentic encounter -act out (fill in name) -snap out of how you feel -it's ok |
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What are the Gestalt therapeutic techniques?
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-the experiment in Gestalt therapy
-internal dialogue exercise -rehearsal exercise -reversal technique -exaggeration exercise -staying with the feeling -making the rounds -dream work |
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What is internal dialog exercise?
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talk out thoughts
-top dog vs. underdog top dog: righteous, authoritarian, moralistic, demanding, bossy, and manipulative -the "shoulds" critical parents, oughts underdog: -playing role of victim -defensive, apologetic, helpless, and weak -the one without responsibility and finds excuses -why one's procrastination persists -resolves conflict between two opposing poles |
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What is the rehearsal exercise?
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practice rehearsing because you may get stage fright or anxiety because we fear we will not play our role well
-when client rehearses out loud to therapist, they become more aware of the many preparatory means they use in bolstering their social roles -aware of how they try to meet the expectations of others, of the degree to which they want to be approved, accepted, and liked |
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What is reversal technique?
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opposite of how hey are feeling
-play and recognize and accept the negative side and the positive side -make contact with those parts of themselves that have been submerged and denied -accept personal attributes that they have tried to deny |
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What is the exaggeration exercise?
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-exaggerate movements or gestures repeatedly
-intensifies the feeling attached to the behavior and makes the inner meaning clearer ex: shaking hands, legs, slouched posture, bent shoulders -may ask client to put words to shaking limbs |
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What is staying with the feeling?
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-most people desire to escape from fearful stimuli and to avoid unpleasant feelings
-when client feels these feelings, the therapist asks them to stay with it, and go deeper into the feeling or behavior they wish to avoid -takes courage, and willingness to endure the pain necessary for unblocking and making way for newer levels of growth |
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What is making the rounds?
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-in a group setting
-go up to a person and speak to or do something with each person -purpose is to confront, to risk, to disclose self, to experiment with new behavior, and to grow and change |
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What is dream work?
gestalt |
dreams are interpreted, analyzed, intellectual insight is stressed, and free association is used to explore the unconscious meanings of dreams
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What is the application to group counseling in Gestalt?
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-encourages direct experience and action
(moving and role playing) -here and now focus allows members to bring unfinished business to the present (what causes anxiety and what makes you tense) -members try out experiments within the group setting (help others act out) -leaders can use linking to include members in the exploration of a particular individual's problem -leaders actively design experiments for the group while focusing on awareness and contact -group leaders actively engage with the members to form a sense of mutuality in the group -gain different perspective |
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What are limitations to Gestalt therapy?
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-the approach has the potential for the therapist to abuse power by using powerful techniques without proper training
Ex: making people act out when they were suffering, and vulnerable -this approach may not be useful for clients who have difficulty abstracting and imagining -may not understand/get it -the emphasis on therapy authenticity and self-disclosure may be overpowering for some clients -not all cultures like this |
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What are strengths of Gestalt therapy?
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broadening someone's perspectives
-see whole picture -here and now |
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What is organismic self regulation?
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a process by which equilibrium is disturbed by the emergence of a need, a sensation, or an interest
-organisms do their best to regulate themselves, given their own capabilities and the resources of their environment -individuals can take actions and make contacts that will restore equilibrium or contribute to growth and change -Gestalt directs client's awareness to the figures that emerge from the background during a therapy session and use the figure formation process as a guide -goal is to help the client to obtain closure of unfinished situations, destroy fixed gestalts, and incorporate more satisfying gestalts |
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What is phenomenological inquiry?
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asks what and how questions but rarely why questions
-promotes the now awareness ex what is happening now? what is going on now? what are you experiencing? |
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What is impasse?
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stuck point
-time when external support is not available or the customary way of being does not work -therapist helps client experience the impasse without rescuing or frustrating them -help them feel stuck again, but help them accept it instead of wishing it was different |
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What is contact in gestalt?
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interacting with nature and with other people without losing one's sense of individuality
-contact is made by seeing, hearing, smelling, touching and moving |
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What are the prerequisites for good contact?
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clear awareness
full energy and the ability to express oneself |
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What are the two functions of boundaries with gestalt?
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to connect and to separate
-both contact and withdrawal are necessary and important to healthy functioning |
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What are resistances to contact in gestalt?
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-interruptions, disturbances and resistances to contact
-developed as coping processes but often end up preventing us from experiencing hte present in a full and real way -typically adopted out of our awareness and when they function in a chronic way, can contribute to dysfunctional behavior |
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What is introjection?
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tendency to uncritically accept other's beliefs and standards without assimilating them to make them congruent with who we are
-have not analyzed and restructured them -passively incorporate what the environment provides rather than clearly identifying what we want or need -energy is bound up in taking things as we find them, and believing that authorities know what is best for us rather than working for things ourselves |
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What is projection?
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-when we disown certain aspects of ourselves by assigning them to the environment
-those aspects are inconsistent with our self image are disowned and put onto, assigned to, and seen in other people -blame others for lots of our problems -see it in others the qualities that we refuse to acknowledge in ourselves -we avoid taking responsibility for our own feelings, and the person we are, keeps us powerless to initiate change -people who use projection tend to feel that they are victims and they believe that people have hidden meanings behind what they say |
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What is retroflection?
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-consists of turning back onto ourselves what we would like to do to someone else or doing to ourselves what we would like someone else to do to or for us
-inhibits themselves from taking action out of fear of embarrassment, guilt, and resentment ex: people who self mutilate or injure themselves direct aggression inward out of fear of directing toward others |
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What is deflection?
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the process of distraction or veering off, so that it is difficult to maintain sustained sense of contact
-attempt to diffuse contact through overuse of humor, abstract generalizations, and questions rather than statements -beat around the bush, rather than being direct -result in emotional depletion "let me answer that question with a question" |
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What is confluence?
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-involves blurring the differentiation between the self and the environment
-involves the absence of conflicts, slowness to anger, and a belief that all parties experience the same feelings and thoughts we do -characteristic of clients who have a high need to be accepted and like |
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What is blocked energy in Gestalt?
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gives special attention to where energy is blocked
ex: tension in parts of body, posture, keeping one's body tight and closed, not breathing deeply, avoiding eye contact -therapists ask clients to identify these energies and transform it to more adaptive behaviors -see how resistance is being expressed in their body -exaggerate the symptoms so they are aware of how they are keeping themselves from a full expression of aliveness |
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What is the creative involvement process in Gestalt therapy?
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-Move toward increased awareness of themselves
-Gradually assume ownership of their experience -as opposed to making others responsible for what they are thinking, feeling, and doing -develop skills and acquire values that will allow them to satisfy their needs without violating the rights of others -become more aware of all of their senses -learn to accept responsibility for what they do, including accepting the consequences of their actions -be able to ask for and get help from others and be able to give to others |
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What is behavior therapy like?
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mechanistic
concrete logical robotic systematic |
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What is behavior therapy?
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a set of clinical procedures relying on experimental findings of psychological research
-based on principles of learning that are systematically applied -treatment goals are specific and measurable -focus on the client's current problems -to help people change maladaptive to adaptive behaviors -the therapy is largely educational -teaching clients skills of self-management |
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Why do people have maladaptive behaviors?
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because they return to what is familiar even though you know it's bad
-used to it |
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To a behavioral therapist, is there such thing as mind, thought or unconscious?
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no
-no mind/body dualism |
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To a behavioral therapist, is there such thing as personality?
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no
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According to behavioral therapy,what determines those things that we see as thought, attitudes and habits?
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learning principles
-the person is the producer and the product of his or her environment -behavior therapy develops procedures that actually give control to clients and thus increase their range of freedom -by overcoming debilitating behaviors that restrict choices, people are freer to select form possibilities that were not available earlier, increasing individual freedom |
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According to behavioral therapists, does the past influence us?
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yes, but only inasmuch as our past affects our current reinforcement schedules
-only because of how we are being reinforced in the past -symptoms are the consequence of reinforcement history |
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According to behavioral therapists, how do we change behavior?
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we must change stimulus/response relationships
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What is the nature of the therapeutic relationship in behavioral therapy?
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-action is preferred over insight
-insight is not necessary -this is a directive therapy -therapist is the expert (objective point of view, tell you how to change) -what is reinforcing you to do this? -contrary to expectations, behavior therapists are often rated as more empathetic than other therapists -bc maybe see external things that are causing the behavior -doesnt feel that they are being judged |
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What are the four aspects of behavior therapy?
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1) classical conditioning
2) operative conditioning 3) social-learning approach 4) cognitive behavior therapy |
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What is classical conditioning?
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-certain respondent behaviors such as knee jerks and salivation, are elicited from a passive organism
ex: pair bell with food = salivation in dog when ring the bell |
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What is operant conditioning?
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-focuses on actions that operate on the environment to produce consequences
-if the environmental change brought about by the behavior is reinforcing -the chances are strengthened that the behavior will occur again -if environmental changes produce no reinforcement, the chances are lessened that the behavior will recur |
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What is social-learning approach?
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-gives prominence to the reciprocal interactions between an individual's behavior and the environment
-modeling behaviors, learn what is appropriate ex: bobo doll experiment -traditional gender roles |
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What is cognitive behavior therapy?
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-emphasizes the cognitive processes and private events
-such as a client's self talk as mediators of behavior change |
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What are reinforcers?
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Nature of reinforcers:
-primary (biological) -conditioned (primed) -nature of reinforcement--always identified by increases/decreases of the behavior can be positive or negative |
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What is positive reinforcement?
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the addition of something of value to the individual as the consequence of a certain behavior
ex: praise, attention, money, or food |
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What is negative reinforcement?
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involves the escape from or the avoidance of aversive (unpleasant) stimuli
ex: putting on seat belt so that you don't hear the beeping of the car |
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What is extinction?
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withholding reinforcement from a previously reinforced response
ex: children who have tantrums, parents often reinforce this behavior by the attention they give to it -just ignore them, they will reduce their behavior |
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What is punishment?
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consequence of certain behavior result in a decrease of that behavior
-goal of punishment: decrease target behavior |
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What is the goal of reinforcement?
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to increase target behavior
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What is positive punishment?
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aversive stimulus is added after the behavior to decrease the frequency of a behavior
ex: withholding a treat from a child for misbehavior |
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What is negative punishment?
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reinforcing stimulus is removed following the behavior to decrease the frequency of behavior
ex: deducting money from a worker's salary for missing time at work -taking television time away from child for misbehavior |
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What are disadvantages of punishment?
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do not see the big picture
-still giving attention to the behavior |
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What is escape learning?
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when the organism can get away with it
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What is avoidance?
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if organism is afraid that punishment will occur and acts to prevent this
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What is generalization?
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-generalized behavior during similar situations
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What is discrimination?
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behavior works in some but not all situations
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What is spontaneous recovery?
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go back to familiar time
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What are reinforcement schedules?
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things that trigger the behavior
fixed: happens on a systematic schedule variable: happens randomly, but surely |
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According to behavioral therapy, where does psychopathology come from?
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adaptive and maladaptive behaviors are learned
-time, place, and culture determine whether something is identified as psychopathology (defines what is not normal) |
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What are the causes of psychopathology according to behavioral therapy?
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-problematic reinforcement
-reinforced for maladaptive behavior -punished for adaptive behavior (behaviors that are good) -unclear how to earn reinforcers -problematic reinforcement schedules -unclear discriminant stimuli |
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What does B.F. Skinner say about psychopathology?
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-result of a punitive and over-controlling environment
punishment--> creates fear, guilt, punishment, depression, anger anxiety doesn't blame he person |
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What is the overview of the functional analysis, in behavioral therapy?
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1) state problem in behavioral terms
2) identify your goals 3) take baseline measures 4) identify and change stimuli controlling behavior 5) monitor changes in behavior |
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What is stating the problem in behavioral terms?
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-both parties should be able to "see" the problem
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What is identifying the goals?
-behavioral therapy |
-both parties should agree on goals
-both parties should agree about what goal would look like -define goals that client can control -define goals in terms of client's actions |
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What is taking baseline measures in behavioral therapy?
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understand the context (ABC)
pay attention to both the problem and exceptions |
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What is the functional assessment of behavior?
What does ABC stand for? |
Antecedents: (trigger, time, mood)
Behaviors: response to it -what did you do? Consequences -what happened next? -indication of how it's working |
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Give an example of ABC's
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A: i'm grumpy
B: sleep in C: feel bad and guilty |
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What is Identifying and change stimuli controlling behavior?
-behavior therapy (step four) |
change stimuli that "pull" the behavior
-identify stimuli that prevent the behavior -what are effective reinforcers and punishers? -choose stimulus that will not go away/be boring rapidly -when and how will you give these? -ACT! (just have to do it) |
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What is monitoring change in behavior?
-behavioral therapy |
-if plan works, behavior should change in desired direction
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What are therapeutic techniques for behavioral therapy?
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-relaxation training
-systematic desensitization -modeling -assertion training -multimodal therapy -applied behavior analysis -dialectical behavior therapy |
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What is relaxation training?
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-use it to cope with stress
-allow them to let go -relax muscles |
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What is systematic desensitization?
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for anxiety and avoidance reactions
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What is modeling?
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observational learning
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What is assertion training?
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learn to express one's self
-act out how to be assertive |
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What is multimodal therapy?
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technical eclecticism
-comprehensive, systematic, holistic approach to behavior therapy -applies diverse behavioral techniques to a wide range of problems -therapists determine what relationship and what treatment strategies will work best with each client and under which particular circumstances -uses multitude of treatment strategies to bring change -provides info, instruction, and reaction -challenges self defeating beliefs, offer constructive feedback, provide positive reinforcement, and self disclosing |
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What are multimodal therapists like?
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-provides info, instruction, and reaction
-challenges self defeating beliefs, offer constructive feedback, provide positive reinforcement, and self disclosing |
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What is applied behavior analysis?
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training new behaviors
-particularly effective in working with developmentally delayed individuals -train new behavior instead |
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What is dialectical behavior therapy?
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learning emotional regulation and mindfulness
-designed for the treatment of borderline personality disorder |
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How else do behavioral therapists help clients?
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-engage in social support
-use social reinforcers -make rewards contingent on desired behavior (be specific) -use immediate reinforcers when possible -make rewards achievable (measurable, don't get overwhelemed, see progress) -work for generalization of results |
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What are the application of behavior therapy to group counseling?
treatments: |
-rely on empirical support
-emphasize self-management skills and thought restructuring -are typically brief, doesn't take forever |
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What are the leaders role in group counseling (behavior therapy)
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-use a brief, directive, psychoeducational approach
-conduct behavioral assessments "here is how you change behavior" |
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How do leaders and members interact in group behavioral counseling?
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-create collaborative, precise treatment goals
-devise a specific treatment plan to help each member meet goals -objectively measure treatment outcome |
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What are limitations of behavior therapy?
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-heavy focus on behavioral change that may detract from client's experience of emotions (miss big picture, may cause distress)
-some counselors believe the therapist's role as a teacher deemphasizes the important relational factors in the client-therapist relationship -behavior therapy does not place emphasis on insight -behavior therapy tends to focus on symptoms rather than underlying causes of maladaptive behavior (the why?) -there is potential for the therapist to manipulate the client using this approach -some clients may find the directive approach imposing or too mechanistic -overlooks core issues important to acknowledge -may not be generalizable |
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What are the strengths of behavior therapy?
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concrete
-logical -short term -"do" not processing |
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What is in vivo exposure?
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involves clients exposure to the actual anxiety evoking events rather than simply imagining these situations
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What does the BASIC ID stand for?
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B= behavior
A= affective responses S= sensations I= images C= cognitions I= interpersonal relationships D= Drugs, biological functions, nutrition and exercise |
