Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Trepanning (def)
8000BCE-500Bce |
earliest form of surgery.
remedy for insanity, headachs and epilepsy |
|
Asclepius 4th century BC
|
identified numerous mental disorders
|
|
Ancient Greece and Rome
|
1. Mental illness is caused by possession
(treatment?) 2. Belief that all illness, including mental illness, has natural origins |
|
Hippocrates (460 BCE)
|
Described mental illnesses of
melancholy, postpartum psychosis, phobias, and phrenitis |
|
Plato (400 BCE)
|
childhood
experiences shaped adult behaviors |
|
Aristotle
|
genetic
inheritance Viewed actions, feelings and thoughts as a single unit |
|
Cicero (110 BCE) conducted interviews:
|
|
|
Galen (129-201 CE)
|
Incorporated anatomical knowledge
|
|
Al-Rāzī (865-925 C.E.)
Persian physician |
“No fear of demons”Presented definitions, symptoms, and
treatments for illness, including mental illness compassionate treatment |
|
Middle Ages (500-1500 CE)
|
Treatment – exorcism
|
|
The Renaissance
(15th and 16th Centuries |
Witch hunts begin
|
|
15th Century
|
existence of witches
Insanity was caused by possession by the devil |
|
Malleus Maleficarum
|
immortal soul was more
important than the comforts of the possessed body |
|
17th Century
|
General belief: If mad people behaved like
animals, they should be treated like animals |
|
Thomas Willis (neuroanatomist and doctor)
|
|
|
17th Century
|
|
|
Robert Burton’s
|
was written from his own
experience |
|
17th Century
|
In the 17th century people with mental
health problems were often cared for privately |
|
18th Century
|
mental illness was considered a moral weakness
Bethlem Royal Hospital (Bedlam |
|
'A Rake's
Progress‘ |
William
Hogarth, 1735 Painting |
|
Colonial America to Present
|
Colonial America to Present
|
|
18th Century: Hospitalization
|
Hospitalization
|
|
Two categories of mental illness:
|
mania and melancholy
|
|
Benjamin Rush
(1745-1813) |
Father of American
Psychiatry |
|
Benjamin Rush
Treatment |
gyrator,
tranquilizing chair,Diet, purges, bleeding, baths/showers, horticulture, emetic for vomiting, gyrator, tranquilizing chair, Dover’s powder |
|
18th Century: Hospitalization
|
24 locked cells
|
|
19th Century
Moral Management |
Ultimate goal - restore sanity and to return the
patient to society as a fully functioning, productive member of society |
|
19th Century: Moral
Management |
The “unchaining” of patients, phrenology,
and animal magnetism did not treat everyone |
|
19th Century
|
postwar trauma
overcrowding crisis institutions had no choice but to reinstate old procedures due Restraints |
|
Thomas Story Kirkbride
|
a
designer of asylums at the time, and became well-known for his popular architectural ideas |
|
Athens Asylum
|
Athens Asylum as a community
|
|
Medical Treatments of the
1930s |
|
|
Trans-orbital lobotomy
|
To induce sedation, inflict two quick shocks to
the head |
|
Freeman:
|
“the traveling lobotomist”
(performed over 3,000 lobotomies) |
|
In the 1950s, the Athens Asylum reached its
peak population of nearly two thousand patient |
treatment are the dominant treatments
|
|
Thorazine: A Salvation?
|
In rapid succession, other psychotropic
medications became available, making it possible to cut substantially the length of time patients stayed in mental institutions |
|
JFK’s community mental health movement
|
Movement toward de-institutionalization
|
|
Ken Kesey's
'One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest’ |
Biological
therapies criticized Psychiatric care criticized |
|
Modern-day focus on
treatment |
hospitalization
of only the most severe cases Chronic institutionalization is avoided |
|
Mental Illness and
Chiropractic Care Four decades of care |
“Chiropractors correct abnormalities of
the intellect as well as those of the body.” D.D. Palmer |
|
Chiropractic, early
1920s |
15 states licensed
DCs – Challenging traditional thought and expanding the scope of chiropractic |
|
Gerald Martin Pothoff (1889-
1937) |
Employed by Tri-City
Railway Company in Davenport as a civil enginee |
|
Chiropractic, A Treatment for
Psychosis? |
Dr. Pothoff became convinced that the
severely mentally ill could be treated with chiropractic care as he had witnessed a series of cures |
|
First Chiropractic Psychiatric
Hospital |
Forest Park Sanitarium (1922)The institution was named the Chiropractic
Psychopathic Sanitarium, but would be better known as Forest Park Sanitarium |
|
A.B. Hender, M.D., D.C.
|
The Dean of the
Palmer School, A.B. Hender, M.D., D.C., was permitted to hold the post of Medical Officer at the sanitarium |
|
Clear View
Sanitarium |
A.B. Hender assumed the
same duties he had at Forest Park |
|
Dr. Herbert
Hender, |
was a faculty
member at Palmer, was invited to accept the position of consultant 1943, Dr. Herbert Hender succeeded his father as Dean of Palmer School |
|
Western Clear
View Sanitarium |
After three years of operation, WCVS
closed in 1933 |
|
Dr. W. Heath Quigley
|
Joined the faculty of the
Palmer School and of Clear View in 1940 • Began working with chronic schizophrenic patients |
|
Turning Point for Forest Park
|
January 7th, 1950
• A devastating fire roared through the three-story psychiatric unit of St. Elizabeth’s Mercy Hospital in Davenport • Forest Park was to provide custodial care for Mercy’s patients while under medical treatment |
|
Davenport Psychopathic Hospita
|
Forest Park
was licensed as a psychiatric hospital and its name was changed to Davenport Psychopathic Hospital |
|
Factors that made Clear View a success
between 1926 to 1951 |
Structure and management provided by
Marie Fennern – Expectations that the patients were at Clear view to get well not to be institutionalized and live a useless life – Ancillary care |
|
Judge Ponath – South
Dakota Circuit Court |
He became convinced
of the correctness of chiropractic • Often refused to commit patients to the state institution published a pamphlet in which he claimed that 85% of mental patients recovered under chiropractic care |
|
A change for Clear View
• 1951 Mrs. Fennern retired |
On September 1st, 1951, Clear View became the
property of the Palmer School |
|
• Joint Commission on Mental Illness
and Health report published (1950s) |
Had a powerful impact on attitude and
practices surrounding mental patient care – Federally funded research sprang up in universities, hospitals, and private institutions – The inane and inhumane practices were finally being destroyed |
|
Edmund
Zimmerer, M.D., |
The Commissioner of Healtharranged for Dr. Quigley to meet with
the State Hospital Board |
|
Lobbying the State of Iowa
|
Dr. Quigley was able obtain brochures and
information from 8 facilities which had at least a chiropractic orientation |
|
Psychiatric Hospital
Association (APHA) solicited Clear View’s membership in the association and listed it in its annual publication |
apha
|
|
Dr. Quigley was instructed to draw up a
set of standards for chiropractic mental hospitals |
The standards were in compliance with
the APHA, with the exception of the substitution of DC for MD |
|
Dr. Millard Roberts,
president of Parsons College (Fairfield, IA), became educational consultant |
– Immediate closing of Clear View Sanitarium
– Remodel the buildings into a nursing home and lease it to a local operator |
|
Finally, licensure
• The quest for licensure lasted nearly a decade |
On December 1st, 1961
|
|
Lost research
|
Seven years of follow-up records were
obtained, but the files were not promptly moved to Palmer School – Remaining records were published in Mental Health and Chiropractic, by Dr. Herman S. Schwartz |
|
Dr. Quigley reports…
|
urge that a closer
examination of chiropractic and the mental disorders is warranted.” |
|
Physiological psychology of
chiropractic in mental disorders Why chiropractic “may be of value in the treatment of mental disorders” |
1. Psychotherapeutic effect: the patient will
experience a corrective emotional experience 2. Psychophysiologic disorder: ulcers, asthma, etc. may obtain relief from these physical dysfunctions 3. Alterations in the biochemical substratum of the patient with a psychogenic mental disorder resulting in recovery |
|
two basic concepts in order
to understand the therapeutic effects of chiropractic care and mental illness: |
1. Conditioning
2. Muscular tension and emotion |
|
Classical conditioning
|
• Conditioning that pairs a neutral stimulus with a
stimulus that evokes a reflex • Eventually the neutral stimulus comes to evoke the refle |
|
• Muscular tension and emotion
|
memory of traumatic events
is unconsciously expressed through motor behavior |
|
(tension)
|
keeps the muscle in a
continuous state of contraction |
|
interneuronal pool is
excited so that waves of impulses ascend the cord as proprioceptive impulses eventuating in the Reticular Activating System |
Continuous stimulation of the RAS causes
cortical arousal and over-activity of both emotional and cognitive function (excited emotional state) |
|
“A calm body does lead to a calm mind.”
|
Vertebral adjustments significantly reduce
muscle tension, relaxing the body, and ceasing the cyclic reverberations between the spinal cord, tense muscles, and the RAS |
|
Edmund Jacobson - pioneer investigator of
progressive relaxation methods |
A state of anxiety and a state of
deep relaxation are incompatible and cannot coexist |
|
progressive reduction in anxiety,
|
a corrective
emotional experience, bringing about a change in attitude, mood, and behavior; |
|
ANS and “Fight or Flight”
• Cannon (1932) |
After a perception of threat, the ANS is
triggered |
|
The chiropractic intervention may not be
the end of the problem |
Therefore, it is the counsel of the
chiropractic discipline that the source of stress must be discovered and psychotherapy sought |