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74 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Trepanning (def)
8000BCE-500Bce
earliest form of surgery.
remedy for insanity, headachs and epilepsy
Asclepius 4th century BC
identified numerous mental disorders
Ancient Greece and Rome
1. Mental illness is caused by possession
(treatment?)
2. Belief that all illness, including mental
illness, has natural origins
Hippocrates (460 BCE)
Described mental illnesses of
melancholy, postpartum psychosis,
phobias, and phrenitis
Plato (400 BCE)
childhood
experiences shaped
adult behaviors
Aristotle
genetic
inheritance
Viewed actions, feelings and thoughts as a
single unit
Cicero (110 BCE) conducted interviews:
Galen (129-201 CE)
Incorporated anatomical knowledge
Al-Rāzī (865-925 C.E.)
Persian physician
“No fear of demons”Presented definitions, symptoms, and
treatments for illness, including mental illness

compassionate treatment
Middle Ages (500-1500 CE)
Treatment – exorcism
The Renaissance
(15th and 16th Centuries
Witch hunts begin
15th Century
existence of witches
Insanity was caused by possession by
the devil
Malleus Maleficarum
immortal soul was more
important than the comforts of the
possessed body
17th Century
General belief: If mad people behaved like
animals, they should be treated like animals
Thomas Willis (neuroanatomist and doctor)
17th Century
Robert Burton’s
was written from his own
experience
17th Century
In the 17th century people with mental
health problems were often cared for
privately
18th Century
mental illness was considered a moral weakness
Bethlem Royal Hospital (Bedlam
'A Rake's
Progress‘
William
Hogarth,
1735
Painting
Colonial America to Present
Colonial America to Present
18th Century: Hospitalization
Hospitalization
Two categories of mental illness:
mania and melancholy
Benjamin Rush
(1745-1813)
Father of American
Psychiatry
Benjamin Rush
Treatment
gyrator,
tranquilizing chair,Diet, purges, bleeding, baths/showers,
horticulture, emetic for vomiting, gyrator,
tranquilizing chair, Dover’s powder
18th Century: Hospitalization
24 locked cells
19th Century
Moral
Management
Ultimate goal - restore sanity and to return the
patient to society as a fully functioning,
productive member of society
19th Century: Moral
Management
The “unchaining” of patients, phrenology,
and animal magnetism did not treat
everyone
19th Century
postwar trauma
overcrowding crisis
institutions had
no choice but to reinstate old procedures due
Restraints
Thomas Story Kirkbride
a
designer of asylums at the time, and
became well-known for his popular
architectural ideas
Athens Asylum
Athens Asylum as a community
Medical Treatments of the
1930s
Trans-orbital lobotomy
To induce sedation, inflict two quick shocks to
the head
Freeman:
“the traveling lobotomist”
(performed over 3,000 lobotomies)
In the 1950s, the Athens Asylum reached its
peak population of nearly two thousand
patient
treatment are the dominant treatments
Thorazine: A Salvation?
In rapid succession, other psychotropic
medications became available, making
it possible to cut substantially the length
of time patients stayed in mental
institutions
JFK’s community mental health movement
Movement toward de-institutionalization
Ken Kesey's
'One Flew over
the Cuckoo's
Nest’
Biological
therapies
criticized
Psychiatric
care criticized
Modern-day focus on
treatment
hospitalization
of only the most severe cases
Chronic institutionalization is avoided
Mental Illness and
Chiropractic Care
Four decades of care
“Chiropractors correct abnormalities of
the intellect as well as those of the
body.”
D.D. Palmer
Chiropractic, early
1920s
15 states licensed
DCs
– Challenging traditional
thought and
expanding the scope
of chiropractic
Gerald Martin Pothoff (1889-
1937)
Employed by Tri-City
Railway Company in
Davenport as a civil
enginee
Chiropractic, A Treatment for
Psychosis?
Dr. Pothoff became convinced that the
severely mentally ill could be treated with
chiropractic care as he had witnessed a
series of cures
First Chiropractic Psychiatric
Hospital
Forest Park Sanitarium (1922)The institution was named the Chiropractic
Psychopathic Sanitarium, but would be
better known as Forest Park Sanitarium
A.B. Hender, M.D., D.C.
The Dean of the
Palmer School, A.B.
Hender, M.D., D.C.,
was permitted to hold
the post of Medical
Officer at the
sanitarium
Clear View
Sanitarium
A.B. Hender assumed the
same duties he had at
Forest Park
Dr. Herbert
Hender,
was a faculty
member at Palmer, was
invited to accept the position
of consultant
1943, Dr. Herbert Hender succeeded his father as
Dean of Palmer School
Western Clear
View Sanitarium
After three years of operation, WCVS
closed in 1933
Dr. W. Heath Quigley
Joined the faculty of the
Palmer School and of
Clear View in 1940
• Began working with
chronic schizophrenic
patients
Turning Point for Forest Park
January 7th, 1950
• A devastating fire roared through the
three-story psychiatric unit of St.
Elizabeth’s Mercy Hospital in Davenport
• Forest Park was to provide custodial care
for Mercy’s patients while under medical
treatment
Davenport Psychopathic Hospita
Forest Park
was licensed as a psychiatric hospital and its
name was changed to Davenport
Psychopathic Hospital
Factors that made Clear View a success
between 1926 to 1951
Structure and management provided by
Marie Fennern
– Expectations that the patients were at Clear
view to get well not to be institutionalized
and live a useless life
– Ancillary care
Judge Ponath – South
Dakota Circuit Court
He became convinced
of the correctness of
chiropractic
• Often refused to commit
patients to the state
institution
published a pamphlet in
which he claimed that 85% of mental
patients recovered under chiropractic care
A change for Clear View
• 1951 Mrs. Fennern retired
On September 1st, 1951, Clear View became the
property of the Palmer School
• Joint Commission on Mental Illness
and Health report published (1950s)
Had a powerful impact on attitude and
practices surrounding mental patient care
– Federally funded research sprang up in
universities, hospitals, and private institutions
– The inane and inhumane practices were
finally being destroyed
Edmund
Zimmerer, M.D.,
The Commissioner of Healtharranged for Dr. Quigley to meet with
the State Hospital Board
Lobbying the State of Iowa
Dr. Quigley was able obtain brochures and
information from 8 facilities which had at
least a chiropractic orientation
Psychiatric Hospital
Association (APHA)
solicited Clear View’s
membership in the
association and listed
it in its annual
publication
apha
Dr. Quigley was instructed to draw up a
set of standards for chiropractic mental
hospitals
The standards were in compliance with
the APHA, with the exception of the
substitution of DC for MD
Dr. Millard Roberts,
president of Parsons
College (Fairfield, IA),
became educational
consultant
– Immediate closing of Clear View Sanitarium
– Remodel the buildings into a nursing home
and lease it to a local operator
Finally, licensure
• The quest for licensure lasted nearly a
decade
On December 1st, 1961
Lost research
Seven years of follow-up records were
obtained, but the files were not promptly
moved to Palmer School
– Remaining records were published in Mental
Health and Chiropractic, by Dr. Herman S.
Schwartz
Dr. Quigley reports…
urge that a closer
examination of chiropractic and the mental
disorders is warranted.”
Physiological psychology of
chiropractic in mental disorders
Why chiropractic “may be of value in the
treatment of mental disorders”
1. Psychotherapeutic effect: the patient will
experience a corrective emotional experience
2. Psychophysiologic disorder: ulcers, asthma,
etc. may obtain relief from these physical
dysfunctions
3. Alterations in the biochemical substratum of
the patient with a psychogenic mental disorder
resulting in recovery
two basic concepts in order
to understand the therapeutic effects of
chiropractic care and mental illness:
1. Conditioning
2. Muscular tension and emotion
Classical conditioning
• Conditioning that pairs a neutral stimulus with a
stimulus that evokes a reflex
• Eventually the neutral stimulus comes to evoke the
refle
• Muscular tension and emotion
memory of traumatic events
is unconsciously expressed through motor
behavior
(tension)
keeps the muscle in a
continuous state of contraction
interneuronal pool is
excited so that waves of impulses ascend the
cord as proprioceptive impulses eventuating
in the Reticular Activating System
Continuous stimulation of the RAS causes
cortical arousal and over-activity of both
emotional and cognitive function (excited
emotional state)
“A calm body does lead to a calm mind.”
Vertebral adjustments significantly reduce
muscle tension, relaxing the body, and
ceasing the cyclic reverberations between
the spinal cord, tense muscles, and the
RAS
Edmund Jacobson - pioneer investigator of
progressive relaxation methods
A state of anxiety and a state of
deep relaxation are incompatible and
cannot coexist
progressive reduction in anxiety,
a corrective
emotional experience, bringing about a
change in attitude, mood, and behavior;
ANS and “Fight or Flight”
• Cannon (1932)
After a perception of threat, the ANS is
triggered
The chiropractic intervention may not be
the end of the problem
Therefore, it is the counsel of the
chiropractic discipline that the source of
stress must be discovered and
psychotherapy sought