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80 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
dodo bird verdict
a nickname for the common research finding that different forms of psychotherapy are roughly equally effective; derived from the line in Alice in Wonderland, “ everyone has won and all must have prizes”
-common factors across all forms of psychotherapy; although proponents of each school of therapy tout the unique and distinctive aspects of their own approaches they all share the some fundamental components as well.
Fixation
in psychodynamic psychotherapy, unsuccessful resolution of the psychological tasks of a particular developmental stage.
Resistance
in psychodynamic psychotherapy, client behavior that impedes discussion or conscious awareness of selected topics or emotions.
-anxiety motivates them to create distractions or obstacles that impede the exploration of those thoughts and feelings.
-therapy has a struck a nerve , client may not be willing to delve into issue at the moment but later on it could be important topic for therapy.
Displacement
in psychodynamic psychotherapy, a defense mechanism in which the ego displaces an id impulse toward a safer target.
Transference
In psychodynamic psychotherapy, the tendency of clients to form relationships with therapists in which they unconsciously and unrealistically expect the therapist to behave like important people from the clients past.
Countertransference
in psychodynamic psychotherapy, transference by the therapist toward the client.
Insight
a primary goal of psychodynamic psychotherapy, making the unconscious conscious.
Experiental Avoidance
a tendency to circumvent rather than experience unpleasant thoughts (or feelings or other internal sensations) that may contribute to a variety of forms of psychopathology.
Catharsis
Psychotherapy that encourages or permits the discharge of pent-up, socially unacceptable affects (www.dictionary.com)
Shaping
in behavioral therapy, reinforcing successive approximations of the target behavior.
Reflection
in humanistic psychotherapy, a therapist response to a client involving a rephrase or restatement of the clients statements in a way that highlights the clients feelings or emotions.
Self Actualization
in humanistic psychotherapy, the inborn tendency to grow in a healthy way.
Congruence
in humanistic psychotherapy, consistency between the real self and the ideal self; the source of mental health
Genuineness
in humanstic psychotherapy the quality in the therapist of truthfulness, realness, or congruence in contrast to playing the therapist role falsely.
Unconditional Positive Regard
: In humanistic psychotherapy one of the three essential therapeutic conditions;the full acceptance of another person without any conditions or stipulations
Triangulation
in family therapy, a phenonmen in which one or both of two family members in conflict attempt to bring a third member into the conflict in an attempt to garner support.
• Triangles
• When two people are in conflict, either one may try to bring in a third person to take their side.
• In families, this can be problematic, especially when the triangulated person is a child.
• Therapeutic goal is to encourage detriangulation and direct communication between two people at odds with each other.
Efficacy
Psychotherapy works in the lab, most studies of psychotherapy outcome are efficacy studies.
-they maximize internal validity: which is the ability to draw conclusions about the cause-effect relationship between therapy and outcome by controlling many aspects of therapy as possible.
-well defined groups of patients, meet the diagnostic criteria for a chosen disorder
-manualized treatement guidelines
-random assignment to control and treatment groups.
Effectiveness
psychotherapy works “in the real world”
-wider range of clients
-greater variability between the therapists methods and may or may not include a control group for comparison to a treatment group.
-lack the internal validity of efficacy studies, researchers control and manipulate fewer variables.
-greater external validity than efficacy studies
Exposure Therapy
a form of behavioral therapy based on classical conditioning in which clients gradually face a feared object or situation.
-facing your fears, a particular stimulus becomes paired with an aversive outcome , pairing becomes weakened and ultimately eliminated if client experiences one without the other.
-repeatedly exposed to feared object and aversive outcome does not take place the client no longer experiences the fear response.

• Exposure therapy (cont.)
• Exposure is typically gradual (“graded” exposure), following an anxiety hierarchy
• Exposures can be imaginal or in vivo (real)
• Exposure-and-response-prevention is a particular form of exposure with empirical evidence in the treatment of OCD
• Exposure to anxiety-provoking stimuli is one of its key components
Sytematic Dessentization
• Often used for phobias and other anxiety disorders
• Similar to exposure therapy, but relaxation training is included
• Relaxation is incompatible with anxiety
• Counterconditioning occurs when relaxation response replaces anxiety response
Assertiveness Training
• is a specific application of classical conditioning that targets clients’ social anxieties
• Benefits people whose timidity negatively influences their lives
• Includes elements of exposure and systematic desensitization
• Facing interpersonal fears
• Includes direct instructions, modeling, rehearsal, and homework
Contigency Management
• A powerful way to change behavior is to change the contingencies controlling it
• If consequences change, behavior will change
• Reinforcement and punishment should be identified and altered as needed
• Reinforcement is typically preferred over punishment
• Aversion therapy is one type based on punishment of unwanted behavior
-in patient treatment, token economies
Token Economies
• is a setting in which clients earn tokens for participating in predetermined target behaviors
• Tokens can be traded for reinforcements
• Most feasible in sites where behavior is continuously monitored
• e.g., inpatient unit, correctional facility
Extinction
• The removal of an expected reinforcement that results in a decrease in the frequency of a behavior
• Effective way to decrease unwanted behaviors
• Initially, can cause extinction burst (an increase in unwanted behavior), but ultimately, if reinforcement is still withheld, decrease will occur
Shaping
• Reinforcing successive approximations of the target behavior
• Reward each “baby step” toward the desired behavior
• Best for changing behaviors that are complex, challenging, or novel for client
Behavioral Activation
• Based on simple idea that depressed people lack positive reinforcement
• Goal is to increase frequency of positively reinforcing behaviors
• Structured daily routine including rewarding behaviors (recalled from non-depressed time)
• May have classical conditioning components too
Observational Learning(Modeling)
• Learning from the contingencies applied to other people
• client observes a demonstration of the desired behavior, and its consequences, and is given chances to imitate it
• Both imitation and vicarious learning can occur
• Certain qualities of the model influence effectiveness of observational learning
• For example, similarity to client increases learning
Alternatives to Behavioral Therapy-"Behavioral Consultation"
• an indirect way for a behavior therapist to modify a client’s behavior
• three parties involved: the client, the consultee, and the consultant (therapist)
• Consultee spends significant time in natural setting with client
• e.g., parent, caretaker, manager
Alternative to Behavioral Therapy" Parent Training"
• a specific form of behavioral consultation in which parents seek help with problematic behaviors of their children
Alternative to Behavioral Therapy"Teacher Training"
• a specific form of behavioral consultation in which teachers seek help with problematic behaviors of their students
Narrative therapy
• Highlights clients’ tendencies to create meanings about themselves and the events in their lives in particular ways.
• Stories we construct about our own lives are powerful influences on the way we experience new events.
• We “edit” our experiences to fit the story line
• Revise stories and recast selves in more positive, heroic way; new events can be interpreted more positively.
Solution-Focused Therapy
• Evolved from strategic family therapy
• Emphasis on solving problems
• Emphasis on the use of solution-talk rather than problem-talk
• Make clients think about positive outcomes rather than unpleasant present situations
• Emphasis on exceptions to current problems (times when better) and how they created these exceptions (to encourage them to create more exceptions)
Psychodynamic Therapy
• Psychodynamic: This textbook uses the term “psychodynamic psychotherapy” to refer broadly to Sigmund Freud’s approach to therapy and all subsequent efforts to revise and expand upon it
• Similar or overlapping terms include “psychoanalytic therapy” and “neo-Freudian therapy,” among others
• The primary goal of psychodynamic psychotherapy is to make the unconscious conscious
• “insight” into thoughts, feelings, and other mental activity previously outside of awareness
• The very presence of the unconscious was a fundamental idea of Sigmund Freud
• Very difficult to empirically measure the outcome of psychodynamic psychotherapy
• Improvement can’t be objectively measured
• Also difficult to manualize, which inhibits empirical study
• Regardless, large-scale reviews support its benefits with some disorders, but it remains unproven with others
• Allegiance effects may influence outcome studies, particularly for psychodynamic therapy
• Few empirical outcome researchers are psychodynamic
• Researchers’ own orientations may bias the results of their studies
-transference, look at the past, insight, look @ dreams.
Humanistic Therapy
• Carl Rogers was a leading figure
• Abraham Maslow was another
• Humanism was a reaction against Freud’s approach
• Assumed that human nature wasn’t so bad (e.g., id-driven)
• Overlapping terms for humanism include “nondirective,” “client-centered,” and “person-centered”
• People have an inborn tendency toward self-actualization
• People also have a need for positive regard—warmth, acceptance, “prizing”
• Sometimes, people are forced to sacrifice self-actualization in order to obtain positive regard from important others (e.g., parents)
Goal of Humanistic therapy
• Primary goal of humanistic psychotherapy is to foster self-actualization
• Problems stem from stifled self-actualization or growth
• Therapist’s task is to create a climate in which the client can resume their natural growth toward psychological wellness
• In humanistic therapy, there are no conditions of worth on the client
• Clients’ real selves can match their ideal selves
• This match is known as congruence, and is the root of psychological wellness
• Mismatch between real and ideal selves is known as incongruence, and is the root of psychopathology
• Empathy
• the therapist is able to sense the client’s emotions just as the client would
• a deep, nonjudgmental, compassionate understanding of the client’s experiences
• Unconditional Positive Regard
• Accepting or “prizing” the client “no matter what” and without judgment
• Genuineness
• Honesty toward client, rather than playing a role
• Rogers boldly argued that empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness were necessary and sufficient for successful therapy with any client
• No other techniques needed for anyone
• A controversial claim
• Research is inconsistent; generally supports necessary, but not sufficient
• Rogers emphasized that empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness are attitudes, not specific behaviors
• Therapy should not be mechanical or formulaic
• Attitudes, not specific techniques or skills, should be emphasized
Behavioral Therapy
• Behavioral therapy represents a reaction against the lack of empiricism inherent in psychodynamic and humanistic approaches
• A reaction against mental processes that can’t be precisely defined, directly observed, or scientifically tested
Goal of Behavioral Therapy
• The primary goal of behavioral psychotherapy is observable behavior change
• No emphasis on internal, mental processes
• In contrast to previous approaches (e.g., psychodynamic and humanistic)
• Emphasis on empiricism
• Study of human behavior should be scientific
• Clinical methods should be scientifically evaluated via testable hypotheses and empirical data based on observable variables
• For example, baseline measures of problem behavior at outset; subsequent measures after some therapy
• Defining problems behaviorally
• client behaviors are not symptoms of some underlying problem—those behaviors are the problem
• behavioral definitions make it easy to identify target behaviors and measure changes in therapy
• Clients’ own definitions can be very hard to assess or measure
• Measuring change observably
• Other kinds of therapists may measure change in clients in more inferential ways, but behavioral therapists use more unambiguous indications of progress
• Introspection is not an acceptable way to measure progress—not directly observable
-reinforcement and punishment
• Classical conditioning
• Exemplified by Pavlov’s dog studies
• UCS evokes UCR
• UCS and CS are paired (occur together)
• CS evokes CR
• CR is essentially the same as UCR, but in response to CS
• Generalization or discrimination to similar stimuli may take place
Cognitive Therapy
• Cognitive therapy has risen in popularity in recent decades.
• Currently, more clinical psychologists endorse it than any other single-school approach to therapy.
• Represents a reaction to both behavioral and psychodynamic therapy.
Goal of Cognitive Therapy
• The goal of cognitive therapy is an increase in logical thinking, or to fix faulty thinking.
• The way we think about or interpret events determines the way we respond emotionally.
• “Cognition” can also be called thought, belief, or interpretation.
• Although we often describe our feelings as stemming directly from events, cognitions actually intervene.
• Events don’t make us happy or sad. Instead, the way we think about those events does.
• If cognitions determine feelings, revising illogical cognitions can lead to more appropriate emotional reactions.
• If cognitions are more extreme than warranted, unwanted feelings can unnecessarily occur.
• Three steps to revising cognitions:
• Identify illogical cognitions (automatic thoughts)
• Challenge them
• Replace them with more logical cognitions
• Regarding culture, are some beliefs too sacred to dispute?
**most popular
Inegrative therapy
combo,most common type of therapy mix it all together.
-an integrative therapist combine elements of psychoanalytic, cognitive, behavioral, humanistic or other therapies into a personal therapy style.
Eclectic therapy
selecting the best treatment for a given client based on empirical data from the studies of the treatment of similar clients.
-choose one approach of therapy
Which forms have declined in psychotherapy
psychodynamic
which forms have increased in popularity
cognitive-CBT
Since the 1960s, which form has been commonly endorsed?
cognitive
On which orientation is parent training primarily based?
Behavioral
Repression
is the unconscious blocking of unacceptable thoughts, feelings and impulses. The key to repression is that people do it unconsciously, so they often have very little control over it. “Repressed memories” are memories that have been unconsciously blocked from access or view. But because memory is very malleable and ever-changing, it is not like playing back a DVD of your life. The DVD has been filtered and even altered by your life experiences, even by what you’ve read or viewed.
Projection
is the misattribution of a person’s undesired thoughts, feelings or impulses onto another person who does not have those thoughts, feelings or impulses. Projection is used especially when the thoughts are considered unacceptable for the person to express, or they feel completely ill at ease with having them. For example, a spouse may be angry at their significant other for not listening, when in fact it is the angry spouse who does not listen. Projection is often the result of a lack of insight and acknowledgement of one’s own motivations and feelings.
Reaction Formation
is the converting of unwanted or dangerous thoughts, feelings or impulses into their opposites. For instance, a woman who is very angry with her boss and would like to quit her job may instead be overly kind and generous toward her boss and express a desire to keep working there forever. She is incapable of expressing the negative emotions of anger and unhappiness with her job, and instead becomes overly kind to publicly demonstrate her lack of anger and unhappiness.
Displacement
is the redirecting of thoughts feelings and impulses directed at one person or object, but taken out upon another person or object. People often use displacement when they cannot express their feelings in a safe manner to the person they are directed at. The classic example is the man who gets angry at his boss, but can’t express his anger to his boss for fear of being fired. He instead comes home and kicks the dog or starts an argument with his wife. The man is redirecting his anger from his boss to his dog or wife. Naturally, this is a pretty ineffective defense mechanism, because while the anger finds a route for expression, it’s misapplication to other harmless people or objects will cause additional problems for most people.
Sublimation
is simply the channeling of unacceptable impulses, thoughts and emotions into more acceptable ones. For instance, when a person has sexual impulses they would like not to act upon, they may instead focus on rigorous exercise. Refocusing such unacceptable or harmful impulses into productive use helps a person channel energy that otherwise would be lost or used in a manner that might cause the person more anxiety.
Sublimation can also be done with humor or fantasy. Humor, when used as a defense mechanism, is the channeling of unacceptable impulses or thoughts into a light-hearted story or joke. Humor reduces the intensity of a situation, and places a cushion of laughter between the person and the impulses. Fantasy, when used as a defense mechanism, is the channeling of unacceptable or unattainable desires into imagination. For example, imagining one’s ultimate career goals can be helpful when one experiences temporary setbacks in academic achievement. Both can help a person look at a situation in a different way, or focus on aspects of the situation not previously explored.
Supression
Sometimes we do this consciously by forcing the unwanted information out of our awareness, which is known as suppression. In most cases, however, this removal of anxiety-provoking memories from our awareness is believed to occur unconsciously.
Denial
is the refusal to accept reality or fact, acting as if a painful event, thought or feeling did not exist. It is considered one of the most primitive of the defense mechanisms because it is characteristic of early childhood development. Many people use denial in their everyday lives to avoid dealing with painful feelings or areas of their life they don’t wish to admit. For instance, a person who is a functioning alcoholic will often simply deny they have a drinking problem, pointing to how well they function in their job and relationships.
Rationalization
is putting something into a different light or offering a different explanation for one’s perceptions or behaviors in the face of a changing reality. For instance, a woman who starts dating a man she really, really likes and thinks the world of is suddenly dumped by the man for no reason. She reframes the situation in her mind with, “I suspected he was a loser all along.”
Albert Ellis
1. His approach is known as Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT).
1. Despite the word “behavior” in the name, it is cognitive (not behavioral) therapy
2. Emphasizes a connection between rationality and emotion
• ABCDE model
• Activating Event
• Belief
• Consequence (emotional)
• Dispute
• Effective new belief
• These five columns provide a format for written records of client experiences.
• Also provide a model of understanding and change for client.
Aaron Beck
• Daughter Judith Beck has become a leading figure as well
• General term “cognitive therapy” is label for his approach
• Dysfunctional Thought Record instead of ABCDE format for recording client experiences
• Different column headings, but similar concepts
-common thought distortions
All or nothing thinking
irrationally evaluating everything as either wonderful or terrible.
Catastrophizing
(unrealistically expecting the worst)
Magnification/Minimization
(mountain out of molehill) for negative thoughts, & positive events playing down their importance.
Personalization
(assume too much responsibility) assume excessive personal responsibility for negative events
Overgeneralization
(negative thoughts applied too broadly)
Mental Filtering
(ignoring positive events and focusing only on negative events)
Mind Reading
(presuming to know what others think) when knowing what they think is in fact impossible.
What was the most important finding in Hans Eysenck’s 1952 review of psychotherapy outcome studies?
-his claims were noteworthy and controversial, concluded that most clients got better without therapy and that in general psychotherapy was of little benefit.
-scientific methods have been criticized and his claims overturned & it inspired thousands of subsequent empirical studies on therapy outcome.
According to the meta-analysis by Smith et al. (1980), “The average person who receives therapy is better off at the end of it than ___ who do not.”
80%
What are common factors across diverse forms of psychotherapy?
1.hope
2.attention
3. therapeutic alliance
In which stages do they occur?
1. support factors
2.learning factors
3. action factors-what you do about the situation
Prescriptive approach ->
approach emphasizing common factors
Three steps to revise clients cognitions in cognitive therapy
1. Identify illogical thoughts.
2. Challenge illogical thoughts.
3. Replace illogical thoughts with logical thoughts.
Which cognitive therapy has been adapted for use with groups?
-all have been in used for groups.
-most forms of group therapy take advantage of the fact that the group therapy experience itself is based on interacting with other people.
What is Irvin Yalom’s approach to group psychotherapy called?
-Interpersonal Relationship
What is social microcosm?
-relationship tendencies that characterize client’s relationships with important people in their personal lives-romantic partners, friends coworkers etc will predictably characterize the relationships they form with their fellow group members.
What is interpersonal Learning?
-learning from the in-group interpersonal experience, group therapy provides an opportunity for relationship practice.
-member s of a therapy group use group meetings as a place to identify problematic relationship tendencies and attempt to revise them.
What is the ideal number of members in a psychotherapy group?
Typically 5-10 clients and many group therapists find that 7 to 8 members in a group is ideal.
Yalom's Therapeutic Factors?
1. Instillation of hope
2. Universality
3. Imparting formation
4. Altruism
5. Corrective recapitulation of the primary family group
6. Development of socializing techniques
7. Imitative behavior
8. Interpersonal learning
9. Group cohesiveness
10. Catharsis
11. Existential factors
The most common professional activity of clinical psychologists is
A. Intelligence testing.
B. Personality assessment.
C. Teaching.
D. Psychotherapy.
psychotherapy
The term common factors refers to the idea that?
A. Projective and objective personality tests share essentially the same structure.
B. The techniques used by behavioral, humanistic, psychodynamic, and cognitive psychotherapists are essentially similar.
C. The various forms of psychotherapy work about equally well because of fundamental, shared components.
D. Intelligence tests by various authors, (e.g., Weschler, Binet) are based on the same underlying factors.
C. The various forms of psychotherapy work about equally well because of fundamental, shared components.
Thuy is a psychotherapy client who senses that certain unconscious material will soon be exposed. This makes her anxious, so she abruptly changes the subject and then misses her next appointment. Thuy’s psychodynamic therapist is likely to understand Thuy’s actions as
A. Resistance.
B. Displacement.
C. Transference.
D. Insight.
A. Resistance
According to the humanistic approach, __________________ is the root of psychopathology.
A. Incongruence.
B. Fixation.
C. Positive regard.
D. Reflection.
A. Incongruence
According to Carl Rogers, the three essential therapeutic conditions were _____________ to psychotherapy to be successful with any client.
A. Necessary
B. Sufficient
C. All of the above
D. None of the above
c.all of the above
Three therapeutic conditions
1. Empathy
2. Unconditional positive regard
3. Genuineness