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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Two drug classes used to increase HR for a bradyarrhythmia:
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-Anticholinergics
(Atropine, Glycopyrolate) -Sympathomimetics (Terbuteline, Theophyline, Isoproterenol) |
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Three drug classes used to decrease HR for a supraventricular tachyarrhythmia:
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-Beta blockers (Atenolol, Sotalol)
-Calcium channel blockers (Diltiazem, Amlodipine) -Digoxin |
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The difference on effect of heart contractility between the three drug classes used for supraventricular tachyarrhythmia:
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Beta blockers, calcium channel blockers: (-) inotropes
Digoxin: (+) inotrope |
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Two IV ventricular antiarrhythmics:
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-Lidocaine
-Procainamide |
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The two safest oral antiarrhythmics:
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-Sotalol
-Mexelitine |
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Common side effect of all ventricular antiarrhythmics:
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Pro-arrythmic effects
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Contraindication of all ventricular antiarrhythmics:
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Presence of ventricular escape beats
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Difference between an anticoagulant and a thrombolytic:
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-Anticoagulant: impact ability of blood to clot
-Thrombolytic: used to try to break down a blood clot once it has already formed |
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An anticoagulant that can be given IV for emergency situations:
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Heparin
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Two anticoagulants that can be given orally:
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-Aspirin
-Clopidogrel |
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Most common indication for an anticoagulant in a cat:
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Atrial enlargement observed with feline cardiomyopathy
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Most potent diuretic used in veterinary medicine:
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Furosemide (Lasix)
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Explain the RAAS system effects of Spironolactone and their effect on survival in heart failure:
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Spironolactone blocks aldosterone at the level of the collecting duct (and decreases sodium conduction at the Na/K/ATPase pump, "sparing potassium"). Blocking aldosterone increases survival time.
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Two common neutroceuticals:
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-Taurine
-L-carnitine |
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The indication for free fatty acids:
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Congestive heart failure
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Define the impact of a positive inotrope on contractility:
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Positively increases contractility (increased contraction)
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Define the impact of a negative inotrope on contractility:
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Negatively increases contractility (decreased contraction)
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The strongest and safest oral positive inotrope for veterinary practice:
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Pimobendan
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Three positive benefits of Pimobendan for canine heart failure:
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-Positive inotrope
-Vasodilator -Increased length of survival |
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Two indications for vasodilators:
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-Systemic hypertension
-Congestive heart failure (to decrease preload or afterload) |
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Three types of vasodilators and one type of each:
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-Arterial (afterload reducers): Hydralazine, Amlodipine
-Venous (preload reducers): Nitroglycerin -Mixed/balanced (arteries and veins): ACE inhibitors (Enalapril, other -prils) |
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Name the group of vasodilators that increase life span in CHF and be able to explain the mechanism that makes them beneficial:
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ACE inhibitors
Help regulate the RAAS in heart failure by preventing action of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme and conversion of ANG I --> ANG II (and subsequent vasoconstriction, increased sympathetic tone, myocardial remodeling, etc.) |
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Therapeutic monitoring to be implemented with ACE inhibitor therapy:
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Must monitor renal parameters and electrolytes
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