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182 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bacterial endospores... |
Are resistant to heat and desiccation |
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In the Gram stain procedure, the mordant is... |
Iodine |
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A bacterial genus can best be describes as... |
Composed of one or more species |
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An iodine scrub on an animal's skin would result in... |
Antisepsis |
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Compared to bacteria, fungi... |
Need less moisture to survive |
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In the bacterial name Borrelia burgdorferi, what does burgdorferi represent? |
Species |
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The temperature that must be reached in an autoclave to destroy microorganisms is... |
121 degrees Celsius |
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The humoral immune system involves... |
B cells |
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A non-gram staining bacterium is... |
Leptospira |
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A hospital-acquired disease is... |
Nosocomial |
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Tetanus is considered... |
Noncommunicable |
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Which statement is considered true as regarding circulating leukocytes in a healthy adult cow? |
Always include more than one cell type |
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What is the function of interferon? |
Inhibits viruses |
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Type of effector T cells include... |
Helper T cells |
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Which of the following is a gram positive bacterium? |
Clostridium |
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Which of the following is a gram negative bacterium? |
Pasteurella |
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It is most difficult to find antimicrobials for... |
Viruses |
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The etiologic agent for Lyme disease is... |
Borrelia burgdorferi |
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In the name Staphylococcus aureas, Staphylococcus is the... |
Genus |
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The counterstain in the gram stain is |
Safranin |
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Most bacteria grow best at pH |
7 |
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What parasite has only the cat family as its definitive host? |
Toxoplasma gondii |
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What immunoglobulin is usually present in the greatest quantity? |
IgG |
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The most common portal of entry for microorganisms into the animal's body is... |
Respiratory tract |
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Phagocytes are a type of... |
White blood cell |
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Leukopenia is... |
A decrease in white blood cells |
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Undulating fever (Brucellosis) is a zoonotic disease caused by... |
Brucella species |
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Warts in dogs are caused by... |
Viruses |
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What percentage of the glomeruli in both kidneys must be nonfunctional before serum chemistry changes indicate renal disease? |
70% |
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What laboratory test evaluates kidney function and is a breakdown product of protein? |
BUN |
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Fibrinogen is considered a part of... |
Total plasma protein |
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Plasma is composed of... |
90% water; 10% dissolved substances |
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Icteric serum is what color? |
Yellow |
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What color blood collection tube top indicates that heparin is the anticoagulant? |
Green |
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With significant dehydration in an otherwise healthy animal, which of the following would likely be seen on a urinalysis and a CBC? |
Increased urine specific gravity and increased packed cell volume (PCV) |
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Glycosuria exists when... |
Blood glucose levels exceed the renal threshold for absorption of glucose |
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Amylase acts to break down... |
Starches and glycogen |
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ALT is also known as... |
SGPT |
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Which of the following ions is a cation? |
Potassium (K) |
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What percentage of the body's calcium is in the bone? |
99% |
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Electrolytes are commonly measured by what method? |
Ion-specific electrodes |
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Which of the following is not an electrolyte? |
Glucose (C6H12O6) |
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A test performed to help diagnose hypothyroidism in dogs is... |
T4 |
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When performing a urinalysis, the sample of urine should be analyzed within _________ minutes or refrigeration is required. |
30 |
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For cytologic evaluation of urine, which of the following conditions should be observed? |
The specimen should be centrifuged as soon as possible |
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Coffee-colored urine most likely contains... |
Hemoglobin |
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Normal voided urine is clear, except in which of the following species? |
Horses |
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The average urine specific gravity for a healthy adult dog is... |
1.025 |
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The average urine specific gravity for a healthy adult cat is... |
1.030 |
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Urine crystals are estimated as the average per... |
Low-power field |
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Epithelial cells in urine are estimated as the average number per... |
High-power field |
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Hyaline casts are... |
Clear and colorless |
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Calcium oxalate crystals are... |
Seen with ethylene glycol toxicity |
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Which of the following tests is not included in a routine CBC? |
Reticulocyte count |
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Toxic neutrophils may show large... |
Purple granules |
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Which of the following cells has a high nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio; coarse, clumped dark-staining chromatin; and a sky-blue cytoplasm? |
Small lymphocyte |
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Which of the following cells has cytoplasmic granules that stain blue to blue-black and gray-blue cytoplasm, often with small vacuoles? |
Basophils |
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Megakaryocytic are the precursor cell to... |
Thrombocytes |
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Approximately what percent of the total erythrocyte mass is replaced every day in healthy mammals under normal circumstances? |
1% |
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Basophilic stippling may be seen in erythrocytes of animals with which of the following pathologic conditions? |
Lead poisoning |
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Polychromasia in an immature RBC will appear as a ___________ on a blood smear stained with new methylene blue stain. |
Reticulocyte |
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The first phagocytes to respond to an inflammation and/or infection are... |
Neutrophils |
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Which of the following cells is usually associated with a chronic infection or inflammation? |
Monocytes |
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Which of the following combinations of objective lenses is the best for hematology work? |
10X, 40X, 100X |
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Antibody titer is a test that measures... |
The level of antibody in a serum |
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By definition, an allergen is... |
A material that invokes an allergic response |
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The type of immunity that is the function of B cells that transform into plasma cells and produce antibodies against antigens is... |
Humoral |
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The third line of defense against foreign invaders in the animal's body is... |
Specific immunity |
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Cell-mediated immunity is the function of ________ that attach to the antigenic surfaces of foreign cells. |
T cells |
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An attenuated antigen is a __________ antigen. |
Modified |
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Nutritive media will... |
Grow almost any type of bacteria |
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Selective media grow... |
Some types of bacteria only |
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The most important laboratory procedure for microbiological diagnosis is... |
Direct microscopic examination of the specimen |
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Dermatophyte test medium... |
Is used to identify fungal pathogens |
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Which of the following is considered sterile? |
Lower respiratory tract |
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Fungal cultures are... |
Incubated at room temperature |
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Staphylococcus aureus... |
Is catalase positive |
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Streptococci... |
Are catalase negative |
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Enterobacteriacea are found in what part of the animal's body? |
Intestines |
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To make a blood smear with anemic blood... |
Increase the angle of the pusher slide |
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Which of the following RBC indices indicates cell size? |
MCV |
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A correction for nucleated red blood cells is done to avoid a falsely... |
Elevated WBC count |
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The platelets of what species tend to clump easily? |
Cats |
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RBC's with multiple, irregularly spaces projections are... |
Acanthocytes |
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What way of reporting WBC differential results is most useful to your doctor? |
As absolute numbers |
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The buffy coat in a spun microhematocrit tube consists of... |
WBC's and platelets |
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What cells are phagocytic? |
Neutrophils and macrophages |
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A left shift refers to increased numbers of... |
Immature neutrophils |
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What is the most immature erythrocyte? |
Rubriblast |
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A route of infection by hookworms that is not shared by roundworms is... |
Skin penetration |
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In appearance, hookworm ova resemble... |
Strongyle |
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Finding proglottids around a dog's anus indicates infection with... |
Tapeworms |
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The intermediate host for heart worms is a... |
Mosquito |
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Heart worm treatment begins with killing the... |
Adult worms |
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What is not a type of coccidia? |
Giardia |
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What are two diagnostic forms of Giardia? |
Cysts and trophozoites |
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Compared to roundworm ova, coccidia oocysts appear... |
Smaller |
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The roundworm of horses is... |
Parascaris sp. |
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In a healthy animal, diminished intake or water loss would result in _____________ urine specific gravity. |
Increased |
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What urine sediment component would be most significant? |
Blood cells |
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Struvite crystals is another name for... |
Triple phosphate crystals |
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Which of the following would not be found on a urine dipstick? |
BUN |
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Casts seen in urine sediments are... |
Formed in the renal tubules |
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The presence of protein in the urine may indicate... |
Kidney disease |
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Mucous is normally seen in __________ urine. |
Horse |
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Calcium oxalate crystals are... |
Small squares that contain an X |
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The best urine sample for culture is... |
Cystocentesis sample |
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Gram-negative bacteria retain what component of the Gram stain? |
Safranin |
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What microorganism is frequently recovered from the ears of dogs with chronic otitis external? |
Malassezia sp. |
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What microorganism is an etiologic agent of ringworm? |
Microsporum sp. |
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What family of bacteria is the largest group of potential pathogens and the most frequently isolated bacteria? |
Enterobacteriaceae |
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What agar is used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing? |
Mueller-Hinton agar |
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Total protein levels are _______________ in a dehydrated animal. |
Increased |
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What organ in the animal's body conserves nutrients, removes waste products, maintains blood pH, and controls blood pressure? |
Kidney |
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The small intestines in cats receives digestive enzymes from the... |
Pancreas |
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Veterinary laboratory reference ranges for blood chemistry values... |
Often come with an analyzer and have been established by the company |
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Which of the following would not be an acceptable action if a control value is out of range? |
Ignore the result; it is a sporadic result |
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Which of these immune responses refers to the production of antibodies? |
Humoral |
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What type of epithelial cell is most prominent during estrus in the bitch? |
Superficial |
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Regarding the disadvantages of using commercial laboratories, which statement is false? |
They often do not adhere to quality control standards |
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What is the difference between a red-top vacutainer tube and one with a mottle red-and-black top? |
One contains serum separator gel and one does not |
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Which statements concerning EDTA is false? |
It is the anticoagulant of choice for blood gas analysis |
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In which group of animals would you normally expect to find nucleated red blood cells (NRBC's)? |
Parrot, turkey, iguana |
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When you view a specimen under a compound microscope using a 40X objective and a 10X ocular, the total magnification of the specimen being viewed is... |
400X |
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Which vacutainer tube does not need to be inverted after collection of a blood sample? |
Red top |
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Nucleated erythrocytes (NRBC's) are normally not found in which species? |
Ovine |
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Which pair of WBC's are both agranulocytes? |
Lymphocytes and monocytes |
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Macrocytic anemia suggests... |
Regeneration |
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Erythrocyte life spans from vary from species to species, but the average is generally considered to be... |
120 days |
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The leukocyte most commonly associated with parasitic and allergic conditions is the... |
Eosinophil |
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On a complete blood count (CBC), all of the following findings could be expected in an animal with an infection, except... |
Narrow buffy coat |
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An elevated hematocrit is most commonly associated with... |
Polycythemia |
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The hematology analyzer at your veterinary hospital is not functioning properly. A good mathematical method to estimate hemoglobin is... |
One third (1/3) the PCV |
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The precursor cell of a thrombocyte (platelet) is a... |
Megakaryocyte |
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What ectoparasite is barely visible to the naked eye? |
Mites |
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What ectoparasite has zoonotic potential? |
Sarcoptes |
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Which statement regarding Demodex is false? |
It is highly contagious |
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The genus that is most commonly known as the fur mite is... |
Cheyletiella sp. |
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What tick is the vector of Lyme disease? |
Ixodes scapularis |
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An ectoparasite known both for its host specificity and site specificity is the... |
Louse |
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A buffy coat examination for microfilaria can be made together with what other hematology procedure? |
Packed cell volume (PCV) |
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What can the ELISA heart worm test detect that the Difil system cannot? |
Occult heart worm infection |
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In what host do sexually mature parasites live? |
Definitive |
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An animal that tested positive for heart worm infection might also have an elevation of which of the following blood cells? |
Eosinophils |
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The least sensitive diagnostic technique for finding microfilariae is... |
Buffy coat method |
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What is the minimum number of minutes a fecal flotation should stand before examination? |
10 minutes |
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The instrument specifically designed to collect a fecal sample directly from the dog's rectum is a... |
Fecal loop |
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Which of the following nematodes are characterized by an ovoid egg with a thin shell and an embryonate (modulated) embryo? |
Ancylostoma caninum |
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What is a proper lens cleaner to use for the care and maintenance of a compound microscope? |
Xylene |
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A method for diagnosing Cheyletiella is... |
Cellophane tape method |
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A Wood's lamp is used to examine an animal for the presence of... |
Ringworm |
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The normal number or erythrocytes and leukocytes in urine sediment do not exceed... |
3 to 5 per high-power field |
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The most common uroliths (crystals) found in feline and canine urine are... |
Struvite |
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What change would not be seen in stale urine? |
Decrease in pH |
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Puddin, a 2-year old male domestic short-hair cat, was missing for 5 days before coming home. His owners were very concerned that he appeared weak and tired, so they brought him to the veterinary hospital where you work. You find on initial physical examination that he is significantly dehydrated. You are not all surprised when you find that his urine specific gravity is... |
1.060 |
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Sadie, a 17-year old spayed female domestic short-haired cat, is the final stages of chronic renal failure. On presentation, you expect to find that her urine specific gravity will probably be... |
1.012 |
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What method of urine sample collection would not be associated with traumatic hematuria? |
Free catch |
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A normal adult horse would most likely have a urinary pH of... |
7.5 |
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Sasha, an 11-year-old spayed female domestic short-hair cat, was accidentally over hydrated with IV fluids. You would expect her urine specific gravity to be... |
1.002 |
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The best sample to examine for specific gravity of canine urine is the... |
First morning sample |
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Which statement regarding urinary catheterization in female dogs is false? |
Urinary catheterization is often better tolerated by a female dog than cystocentesis |
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Uric acid is the major nitrogenous waste product in... |
Birds |
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It is important for the animal's body to maintain the blood pH at a constant level to maximize function of all body systems. Normal blood pH is... |
7.4 |
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Heterophils in the avian species are the equivalent of ________ in the mammalian species. |
Neutrophils |
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Which of the following crystals is most likely to be found in the urine of an animal with ethylene glycol toxicity? |
Calcium oxalate |
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A California mastitis test... |
Measures leukocytes in the milk of each quarter in a dairy cow |
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Which of these blood collection tubes must never be placed on a blood rocker after being filled with blood? |
Red top |
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The Ictotest is used to determine... |
Bulirubinuria |
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Transmission of coccidia in kittens and puppies occurs by.. |
Ingesting oocysts |
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The period of time when a bitch is receptive to a male dog is classified as... |
Estrus |
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The average estrous cycle of the dog lasts ________ days. |
21 |
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The main function of the neutrophil is... |
Phagocytosis |
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The main function of the eosinophil is... |
Allergic reaction |
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Where on the blood smear would you select to start your WBC differential count? |
Monocellular layer |
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In which of the following species is rouleaux formation common? |
Horses |
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Given a PCV of 42%, which of the following is the estimated hemoglobin value? |
14 g/dl |
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When counting cells on the hemacytometer, what cells are not counted? |
Those on the top and left borders |
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Given a WBC count of 10,000/ul and a relative value of 65% neutrophils, calculate the absolute value of neutrophils. |
6500/ul |
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The term for red blood cell formation is... |
Erythropoiesis |
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What diagnostic test is used to diagnose autoimmune hemolytic anemia? |
Coombs test |
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What endoparasite causes creeping eruption in humans? |
Hookworms |
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What parasite can cause blockage of the cranial mesenteric artery in horses? |
Strongylus vulgaris |
