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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a Stem Cell/germinal cell?
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- A single undifferentiated cell from which all other specialized cells form.
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What does the Ventricular Zone have to do with stem cells?
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- The Ventricular Zone has stem cells that persist even in the adult brain.
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Outline the basic 4 stages of cell development.
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- Cells begin as Stem Cells/
- They then become Precursor cells. - Then they become blasts - Then they form into specialized Neurons and Glia |
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What are blasts?
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Primitive types of nervous system cells. From blasts cells specialize into either neurons of the nervous system, or glia.
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True or False: A newborn baby is born with all the neurons it will ever have.
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False - the new neurons are produced after birth and, in some regions of the brain, into adulthood.
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What do Sensory neurons do?
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Bring sensory information TO the central nervous system.
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What do Interneurons do?
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Associate sensory and motor activity in the central nervous system. They are in the brain.
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What do Motor Neurons do?
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Send signals FROM the brain and spinal cord to the muscles.
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How many axons does a brain or spinal cord neuron have?
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One
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How are sensory neurons projecting from sensory areas into the spinal cord modified?
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The axon and dendrite are connected, speeding up information conduction because signals do not have to pass through the cell body.
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What is Grey matter?
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Areas that are made up largely of neuronal cell bodies and cappillary blood vessels.
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What is White Matter?
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Areas that are largely made up of axons. White because of the coating of glial cells that are made of fatty substance that gives milk its white colour (lipids).
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What is Reticular Matter?
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A mixture of cell bodies and axons.
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What is a nucleus?
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A large, well-defined grouping of cell bodies. Associated with a particular function.
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What is a tract?
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A collection of axons projecting away from a nucleus or layer.
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What is a nerve?
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Fiber and fibre pathways that enter and leave the central nervous system.
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What position does each of the Following Terms indicate:
- Superior / Dorsal - Lateral - Medial - Ventral - Anterior - Posterior |
- Above
- To the Side - To the Inside - Below - In Front of - Behind |
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Explain each of the following terms:
- Ipsilateral - Contralateral - Bilateral - Proximal - Distal - Afferent - Efferent |
- Lying on the same side of the nervous system
- Lying on opposite sides - One lying on each side - Close to one another - Far from one another - A projection that carries information TOWARD a structure - A projection that carries information AWAY from a structure |
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What are the 4 main conceptual approaches used to study the structure of the brain?
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- Comparative
- Developmental - Cytoarchitectonic - Functional |
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How does that Comparative approach study the brain?
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By comparing simple and complex brains and looking for correlations in function. E.g. looking for more complex behaviour in the more complex brain, that is absent from the simple brain.
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What is a key piece of information that was given by the comparative approach?
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The fact that mammals differ from other animals due to its large cortex, particularly large in humans.
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How does the Developmental Approach study the brain?
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Study of brain structure and function and brain develops from egg to adult. Looks at corresponding changes structure and correlates it with changes in behaviour. They believe that neocortical development, when correlated with complex and concious behaviour, helps them discover the relationship between structure and function.
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How does Cytoarchitectonic Analysis go about studying the brain?
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Studies architecture of cells - structure, shape, size, connections, distribution, etc. Useful in producing maps of the brain and helping to identify cells that are active in specific processes, e.g. learning.
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How do Functional Approaches go about studying the brain?
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By seeking to discover the roles of various brain structures. This is done largely by observing changes that occur in behaviour, etc, after brain injury or changes in metabolic activity. E.g. Increased oxygen indicates active cells, thus highlighting which areas are in use during a specific activity.
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What are the regions in the adult human brain?
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- Prosencephelon
- Mesencephalon - Rhombencephalon - Telencephelon - Diencephelon - Metencephalon - Myelencephalon |
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Describe what each of the 7 regions of the brain are?
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- Prosencephalon - friont brain - olfaction
- Mesencephalon - middle brain - seat of vision and hearing - Rhombencephalon - hindbrain - movement and balance - Telencephalon - cortex and related structures (endbrain) - Diencephalon - hypothalamus (between brain) - Metencephalon (across brain) - cerebellum - Myencephalon (Spinal Brain) |
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What are the ventricles and how many are there?
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They are the hollow pockets created by the folding brain as it develops.
There are 4. |
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What fills the ventricles? Where does it come from and where does it go?
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Cerebral Fluid.
It is produced by ependymal glial cells located adjacent to the ventricles. It flows from the lateral ventricles out the through the fourth ventricle and eventually into the circulatory system. |
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What are dermatomes?
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The 30 segmental divisions of the body that each relate to one of the 30 segments of the spinal cord.
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What are the divisions of the Spinal-cord segments?
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8 Cervical (C)
12 Thoraic (T) 5 Lumbar (L) 5 Sacral (S) |
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Mainly, what do the Cervical, Thoraic, and Lumbar segments control?
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- Cervical = Forelimbs
- Thoraic = Trunk - Lumbar = Hind Limbs |
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What is the Dorsal Root?
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A strand of fibres the enter the spinal cord bringing information from the sensory receptors of the body.
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What is the Ventral Root?
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A strand of fibres leaving the spinal cord carrying information form the spinal cord to the muscles.
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Explain the white matter of the spinal cord
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The white matter or tracts is the outer part of the cord. Mostly the dorsal tracts carry motor information and the ventral tracts carry sensory information.
The tracts are made up of myelinated axons that carry information to and from the brain. |
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Explain the Grey Matter of the Spinal Cord
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The Grey Matter, is the inner, butterful shaped centre of the cord.
It is made up largely of cell bodies which organise movements and give rise to the ventral roots. |
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What is the Bell-Magendie law?
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The principle that the dorsal part of the spinal cord is sensory and ventral part is motor.
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What would happen if one cut/damaged the dorsal or ventral roots?
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- Ventral roots = loss of movement
- Dorsal Roots = loss of sensation |
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How does the segmental structure of the spinal cord help in identifying problems?
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Because, by knowing where sensation or movement problems are in body parts it can help us make good inferences about the location of spinal cord damage.
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What is referred pain? Why does it occur?
Give an example. |
Pain from internal organs that is perceived as coming from an outer area of the dermatome. This is because internal organs do not appear to have their own sensory representation.
E.g. Heart pains are felt in the shoulder and arm, kidney pain is felt in the back. |
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Is it necessary for the spinal cord to remain connected to the brain to retain all of its function?
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No. Even after being separated from the brain, the spinal cord can many functions.
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What are reflexes?
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Movements that only depend on spinal cord function (not the brain). They are elicited by specific forms of sensory stimulation.
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Do spinal cord fibres regrow in adult mammals when severed?
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No.
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