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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
2 Abnormalities of the mouth/lips
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1. Gingivitis - inflammation of gums (poor hygiene, vit C deficiency)
2. Angular stomatitis (chelioscis) - fissures at corners of mouth (vit B deficiency, anaemia, dehydration) |
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Abnorms of buccal mucosa
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1. Candida (thrush) presents as white spots/patches - can be scrapped off leaving a red, raw surface.
2. Luekoplakia, similar presentation but will not scrape off as they are changes in the cell structure and can be pre-cancerous |
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Grade tonsils
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0 = none
1+ = visible 2+ = 1/2 way between tonsillar pillars & uvula 3+ = touching the uvula 4+ = touching each other |
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Tympanic membrane normal colour
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Pearly/grey
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What is umbo?
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The part of the mallius visible through the tympanic membrane
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Cone of light
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Right ear 5pm
Left ear 7pm |
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Abnormal tympanic membrane colour - amber yellow =
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Serous otitis media
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Abnormal tympanic membrane colour - red =
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Acute otitis media
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Abnormal tympanic membrane - air/fluid/bubble =
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Serous otitis media
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Abnormal tympanic membrane - retracted drum =
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obstructed eustachian tube
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Abnormal tympanic membrane - bulging drum =
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early stages otitis media
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Abnormal tympanic membrane - perforation =
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suppurative otitis media - pus
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First 3 lymph nodes and location (PPO)
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1. Preauricular - in front of the ear
2. Posterior auricular - (mastoid) superficial to the mastoid process 3. Occipital - at the base of the skull |
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Second 3 lymph nodes and location (SSJ)
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4. Submental - midline, behind the tip of the mandible
5. Submandibular - halfway between the angle and the tip of the mandible 6. Jugulodigastric - under the angle of the mandible |
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Third 3 lymph nodes and location (SDP)
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7. Superficial cervical - overlying the sternocleidomastoid muscle
8. Deep cervical - deep under the sternocleidomastoid muscle 9. Posterior Cervical - in the posterior triangle along the edge of the trapezius muscle |
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Last lymph node (S)
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10. Supraclavicular - just above & behind the clavicle, at the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
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What is a lymph node?
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A small mass of lymphatic tissue that filters and drains lymph fluid
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Describe a normal lymph node
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<1cm, soft, discrete, movable, non-tender
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Describe a cancerous lymph node
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Unilateral, firm, fixed, non-tender, >1cm
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Describe a lymph node w/acute infection
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>1cm enlarged, warm, tender, firm but freely movable
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Describe nodes w/HIV infection
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enlarged, firm, non-tender, mobile. Occipital node enlargement is common in HIV
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Describe nodes in Hodgkins lymphoma
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painless, rubbery, discrete
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Where is the thyroid gland located?
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Inferior to the thyroid cartilage, encircles the trachea
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3 Abnormalities when palpating the thyroid gland
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1. Enlargement bilaterally
2. Singular nodules - usually benign 3. Multiple nodules - inflammation or goiter |
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What is goitre?
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Enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by hypo or hyperthyroidism
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If the thyroid gland is enlarged, what would you do and check for?
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Check for the presence of bruit by auscultation of the thyroid with the bell of the stethoscope. It would present with a soft pulsatile, wooshing, blowing sound which occurs with accelerated blood flow (hyperplasia) - hyperthyroidism
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Symmetry expansion abnorms
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1. Unequal chest expansion - rib damage, trauma, pneumonia, punctured lung
2. Pain on deep inspiration - inflamed pleura |
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Tactile fremitus abnorms
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1. Decreased vibration = obstruction to transmission of vibrations - emphysema
2. Increased = compression or consolidation of lung tissue - pneumonia |
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Percussion of posterior thorax - normal sound & abnorms
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Normal sound - resonant (low pitched, clear, hollow)
1. Dull/flat sound - pneumonia/tumour 2. Hyperresonance - too much air - emphysema |
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Auscultation of posterior thorax - what are some extranious noises?
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rustling of clothing, patient shivering, hairy chest, bumping the stethoscope tubing
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Auscultation of posterior thorax - 3 types of normal breath sounds & their locations (BBV)
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1. Bronchial breath sounds - trachea & larynx
2. Bronchovesicular breath sounds - over major bronchi 3. Vesicular breath sounds - whole of the lung fields |
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Auscultation of posterior thorax - name 2 adventitious breath sounds
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Crackling - pneumonia
Wheezing - asthma |
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Heart Valve auscultation sites
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1. Aortic Valve - 2nd Intercostal space right of sternum
2. Pulmonic Valve - 2nd intercostal space left of the sternum 3. Tricuspid Valve - left (lower sternal boarder) 4. Mitral Valve - left mid clavicular line, 5th intercostal space (up under the boob) |
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Heart Sounds (2)
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S1 - closure of AV valves (lub) - beginning of systole (tri & mitral)
S2 - closure of semilunar valves (dub) - end of systole (pulmonary, aortic) |
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What is an abnormal heart sound?
What is it caused by? Why does it make the noise it does? |
Murmur - gentle blowing, whooshing sound (lub dub whoosh). Caused by congenital defects & acquired valvular defects. Why does it swoosh? The valve does not close properly.
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Heart Valve anatomical positions
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Aortic - between left ventricle & the aorta
Pulmonic - between right ventricle & pulmonary trunk Tricuspid - between right atrium & right ventricle Mitral - between the left atrium & left ventricle |