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36 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
2 Abnormalities of the mouth/lips
1. Gingivitis - inflammation of gums (poor hygiene, vit C deficiency)

2. Angular stomatitis (chelioscis) - fissures at corners of mouth (vit B deficiency, anaemia, dehydration)
Abnorms of buccal mucosa
1. Candida (thrush) presents as white spots/patches - can be scrapped off leaving a red, raw surface.

2. Luekoplakia, similar presentation but will not scrape off as they are changes in the cell structure and can be pre-cancerous
Grade tonsils
0 = none
1+ = visible
2+ = 1/2 way between tonsillar pillars & uvula
3+ = touching the uvula
4+ = touching each other
Tympanic membrane normal colour
Pearly/grey
What is umbo?
The part of the mallius visible through the tympanic membrane
Cone of light
Right ear 5pm
Left ear 7pm
Abnormal tympanic membrane colour - amber yellow =
Serous otitis media
Abnormal tympanic membrane colour - red =
Acute otitis media
Abnormal tympanic membrane - air/fluid/bubble =
Serous otitis media
Abnormal tympanic membrane - retracted drum =
obstructed eustachian tube
Abnormal tympanic membrane - bulging drum =
early stages otitis media
Abnormal tympanic membrane - perforation =
suppurative otitis media - pus
First 3 lymph nodes and location (PPO)
1. Preauricular - in front of the ear

2. Posterior auricular - (mastoid) superficial to the mastoid process

3. Occipital - at the base of the skull
Second 3 lymph nodes and location (SSJ)
4. Submental - midline, behind the tip of the mandible

5. Submandibular - halfway between the angle and the tip of the mandible

6. Jugulodigastric - under the angle of the mandible
Third 3 lymph nodes and location (SDP)
7. Superficial cervical - overlying the sternocleidomastoid muscle

8. Deep cervical - deep under the sternocleidomastoid muscle

9. Posterior Cervical - in the posterior triangle along the edge of the trapezius muscle
Last lymph node (S)
10. Supraclavicular - just above & behind the clavicle, at the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
What is a lymph node?
A small mass of lymphatic tissue that filters and drains lymph fluid
Describe a normal lymph node
<1cm, soft, discrete, movable, non-tender
Describe a cancerous lymph node
Unilateral, firm, fixed, non-tender, >1cm
Describe a lymph node w/acute infection
>1cm enlarged, warm, tender, firm but freely movable
Describe nodes w/HIV infection
enlarged, firm, non-tender, mobile. Occipital node enlargement is common in HIV
Describe nodes in Hodgkins lymphoma
painless, rubbery, discrete
Where is the thyroid gland located?
Inferior to the thyroid cartilage, encircles the trachea
3 Abnormalities when palpating the thyroid gland
1. Enlargement bilaterally

2. Singular nodules - usually benign

3. Multiple nodules - inflammation or goiter
What is goitre?
Enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by hypo or hyperthyroidism
If the thyroid gland is enlarged, what would you do and check for?
Check for the presence of bruit by auscultation of the thyroid with the bell of the stethoscope. It would present with a soft pulsatile, wooshing, blowing sound which occurs with accelerated blood flow (hyperplasia) - hyperthyroidism
Symmetry expansion abnorms
1. Unequal chest expansion - rib damage, trauma, pneumonia, punctured lung

2. Pain on deep inspiration - inflamed pleura
Tactile fremitus abnorms
1. Decreased vibration = obstruction to transmission of vibrations - emphysema

2. Increased = compression or consolidation of lung tissue - pneumonia
Percussion of posterior thorax - normal sound & abnorms
Normal sound - resonant (low pitched, clear, hollow)

1. Dull/flat sound - pneumonia/tumour

2. Hyperresonance - too much air - emphysema
Auscultation of posterior thorax - what are some extranious noises?
rustling of clothing, patient shivering, hairy chest, bumping the stethoscope tubing
Auscultation of posterior thorax - 3 types of normal breath sounds & their locations (BBV)
1. Bronchial breath sounds - trachea & larynx

2. Bronchovesicular breath sounds - over major bronchi

3. Vesicular breath sounds - whole of the lung fields
Auscultation of posterior thorax - name 2 adventitious breath sounds
Crackling - pneumonia

Wheezing - asthma
Heart Valve auscultation sites
1. Aortic Valve - 2nd Intercostal space right of sternum

2. Pulmonic Valve - 2nd intercostal space left of the sternum

3. Tricuspid Valve - left (lower sternal boarder)

4. Mitral Valve - left mid clavicular line, 5th intercostal space (up under the boob)
Heart Sounds (2)
S1 - closure of AV valves (lub) - beginning of systole (tri & mitral)

S2 - closure of semilunar valves (dub) - end of systole (pulmonary, aortic)
What is an abnormal heart sound?
What is it caused by?
Why does it make the noise it does?
Murmur - gentle blowing, whooshing sound (lub dub whoosh). Caused by congenital defects & acquired valvular defects. Why does it swoosh? The valve does not close properly.
Heart Valve anatomical positions
Aortic - between left ventricle & the aorta

Pulmonic - between right ventricle & pulmonary trunk

Tricuspid - between right atrium & right ventricle

Mitral - between the left atrium & left ventricle