Clinical Conditions Exam 2 Copd, Eye, Shizophrenia

Front 1

a disease state characterized by the presence of airflow limitation due to chronic bronchitis or emphysema; the airflow obstruction is generally progressive, may be accompanied by airway hyperactivity and may be partially reversible

Back 1

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Front 2

what are the 3 components of COPD?

Back 2

chronic bronchitis
emphysema
asthma

Front 3

chronic productive cough for at least 3 months in 2 consecutive years and no other causes were found

Back 3

chronic bronchitis

Front 4

abnormal permanent enlargement of airspaces distal to terminal bronchioles without obvious fibrosis

Back 4

emphysema

Front 5

airway inflammation that is manifested by airway hyper-responsiveness to a variety of stimuli that may or may not be reversible

Back 5

asthma

Front 6

what is the estimated prevalence in the US for COPD?

Back 6

10-16 million

Front 7

what is the 4th leading cause of death in the US

Back 7

COPD

Front 8

how many times more are men liekly to be diagnosed with COPD?

Back 8

7 times

Front 9

are the number of people with COPD increasing or decreasing?

Back 9

increasing

Front 10

how many people with COPD are undiagnosed?

Back 10

50%

Front 11

at what age is COPD usually evident?

Back 11

50

Front 12

what is the precentage of 5 year survival rate?

Back 12

50%

Front 13

the following are causes of what?
- infection
-allergens
- skeletal problems (obesity, scoliosis)
- nervous system disorder
- factors that lead to chronic alveolar inflammation
- smoking

Back 13

COPD

Front 14

the following signs and symptoms are for what diagnosis?
- ongoing cough that produces large amount of mucus
-shortness of breathe with physical activity
- wheezing
- chest tightness
-fatigue
- weight loss
- tripod position to help with breathing
- cold/ flu frequently
- bluish color of lips due to decreased O2

Back 14

COPD

Front 15

how is COPD most commonly diagnosed?

Back 15

based on individual signs and symptoms, medical and family history, test results

Front 16

what are the 4 lung function tests for diagnosing COPD

Back 16

Spirometry
lung diffusion capacity test
lung volume measurement test
tests to measure lung oxygen level

Front 17

this measure how much air you breath in and out and how fast you blow it out....

peak flow and forced expiratory volume

Back 17

spirometry

Front 18

these tests take images of the structures inside your chest such as heart, lungs, blood vessels that can show show signs of COPD

Back 18

chest x-ray or CT

Front 19

measure the oxygen level in your blood using a sample of blood taking from am artery

Back 19

arterial blood gas test

Front 20

at this stage of COPD patient is probably unaware that lung function is starting to decline

Back 20

mild

Front 21

at this stage of COPD symptoms progress with shortness of braeth developing upon exertion

Back 21

moderate

Front 22

at this stage of COPD shortness of breathe becomes worse and exacerbations are common

Back 22

severe

Front 23

at this stage of COPD quality of life is gravely impaired. exacerbations can be life threatening

Back 23

very severe

Front 24

how many people have schizophrenia?

Back 24

1% of population

Front 25

the following are what kind of schizophrenia symptoms?

- get voices and hallucinations
-apathetic and isolated
-delusions

Back 25

positive

Front 26

the following are what kind of schizophrenia symptoms?

- flat look to face
- lack of energy
- slow speech-- latency of
- social withdrawal

Back 26

negative

Front 27

what are some treatments for schizophrenia?

Back 27

antipsychotic medications: thorozene, haldon

Front 28

vision deficit in response to the increased intraocular pressure caused by an excessive accumulation of aqueous humor

Back 28

glaucoma

Front 29

type of glaucoma that frequently develops in older adults after the age of 50

Back 29

chronic glaucoma

Front 30

type of glaucoma that is inherited

Back 30

congenital glaucoma

Front 31

type of glaucoma that is caused by a developmental abdnormality, agin, or scar tissue in the eye from trauma or infection

Back 31

narrow- angle glaucoma

Front 32

type of glaucoma that may result from using drugs such as steroids, previous eye injury, inflammation, tumor, cataracts, diabetes

Back 32

secondary glaucoma

Front 33

how many people in the US are estimated to have glaucoma?

Back 33

4 million

Front 34

the following are signs and symptoms for what?
- insidious onset
- increase of intraocular pressure is 1st indicator
- blurred vision in response to increased pressure
- appearance of halos around lights
- loss of peripheral vision

Back 34

chronic glaucoma

Front 35

the following are signs and symptoms for what?
- ususually large eyes
-excessive tearing
-cloudy eyes
- lights sensitivity

Back 35

congenital glaucoma

Front 36

the following are signs and symptoms for what?
- intraocular pressure rising quickly
-eye pain
-nausea
-head ache
-blurred vision
-bulging cornea
-cloudy cornea
- dilate pupil or unresponsive pupil

Back 36

narrow- angle glaucoma

Front 37

measuring pressure in the eye

Back 37

tonometry

Front 38

asses the optic nerve

Back 38

opthalmoscopy

Front 39

test the peripheral vision

Back 39

perimetry

Front 40

check the eyes drainage

Back 40

gonioscopy

Front 41

measure cornea thickness

Back 41

pachymetry

Front 42

the following medical interventions are beneficial for what?
- eye drops (Timolol or Betaxolol)
-trabeculoplasty or trabeculectomy (deepen anterior chamber to increase drainage)
- aqueous shunt surgery
- peripheral iredectomy
- laser iridotomy

Back 42

glaucoma

Front 43

A progressive opacity or clouding of the lens.

Size, Site, and Density of the opacity vary among individuals and may even differ in one individual’s two eyes.

Back 43

cataracts

Front 44

cataracts affect how many people age 45 and older

Back 44

20.5 million

Front 45

cataracts are most common in what gender and age?

Back 45

women 60-80

Front 46

what is the main cause of cataracts

Back 46

proteins in lens become less soluble

Front 47

the following are signs and symptoms for what diagnosis?

Cloudy or Blurry Vision (becomes worse and darker with time)
Colors Seem Faded
Glare (Head lights, lamps, and sun seem too bright. A halo may appear around light.)
Poor Night Vision
Double Vision or Multiple images in one eye.
Frequent prescription changes in contacts or eye glasses.

Back 47

cataracts

Front 48

how are cataracts diagnosed?

Back 48

visual acuity test
dilated eye exam
tonometry

Front 49

what are some medical interventions for cataracts?

Back 49

surgery
increasing glasses perscription

Front 50

disease associated with aging that gradually destroys sharp, central vision

Back 50

age related macular degeneration

Front 51

More severe type of AMD
Occurs when abnormal blood vessels behind the retina start to grow under the macula
These new blood vessels tend to be very delicate and often leak blood and fluid
The blood and fluid will then raise the macula from its normal place from the back of the eye
This damage to the macula results in rapid central vision loss
Once this vision is destroyed, it cannot be restored

Back 51

wet age related macular degeneration

Front 52

Not as severe
Occurs when the light-sensitive cells in the macula slowly break down, gradually blurring central vision in the affected eye
As dry AMD gets worse, you may see a blurred spot in the center of your vision
As less of the macula functions, central vision is gradually lost
Characterized by the presence of drusen (dots of yellow crystalline deposits that develop within the macula)
Can effect color perception

Back 52

dry age related macular degeneration

Front 53

what is the leading cause of vision loss of americans 60+

Back 53

age related macular degeneration

Front 54

how many people have dry macular degeneration

Back 54

90%

Front 55

how many people are affected with macular degeneration-- advanced form

Back 55

1.75 million

Front 56

what is the greatest risk factor for macular degeneration

Back 56

age

Front 57

are females or males more likely to develop macular degeneration

Back 57

females

Front 58

the most common early sign is blurred vision
As fewer cells in the macula are able to function, people will see details less clearly in front of them
Ex. Faces or words in a book

Back 58

dry AMD

Front 59

the classic early symptom is that straight lines may appear wavy or irregular
This results when fluid from the leaking blood vessels gathers and lifts the macula, distorting vision
A small blind spot resulting in loss of one's central vision
Central vision loss can occur very quickly

Back 59

wet AMD

Front 60

what is the screening tool used to diagnose macular degeneration

Back 60

amsler grid

Front 61

the following are medical interventions for what diagnosis?

Laser surgery
Photodynamic therapy
Injections into the eye
New drug, pegaptanib (Macugen) may also slow vascular growth

Back 61

wet AMD

Front 62

No treatment exists
Nutrition is assessed to ensure vitamin, mineral and antioxidant intake are sufficient
A high-dose formulation of antioxidants and zinc has been shown to reduce the risk of advanced AMD
Once it reaches the advanced stage, no type of treatment can prevent vision loss

Back 62

dry AMD

Front 63

what is the prognosis for AMD

Back 63

only loss of central vision, not peripheral.. most can still have function in life

Front 64

An acute sight-threatening problem that occurs when the retina tears away from the underlying choroid.
The retina cannot function when not attached to the supportive tissue layers and if not corrected as soon as possible it may cause permanent vision loss.

Back 64

detached retina

Front 65

this is caused by marked myopia (nearsightedness due to thinner retinas and longer eyeballs), degeneration with aging, or scar tissue that creates tension on the retina.
LASIK Surgery, Cataract surgery, tumors, eye diseases and systemic diseases like diabetes, diabetic retinopathy and sickle cell disease.
Also sometime fluid movement in the eye can detach the retina.

Back 65

detached retina

Front 66

what is the risk of retinal detachment in 100,000 per year?

Back 66

5

Front 67

the following are signs and symptoms for what diagnosis?

Spots
Floaters
Flashes of light
Blurry or poor vision
Seeing a shadow or “dark curtain” in visual field.

Back 67

detached retina

Front 68

Opthamoscopy (shining light in to visualize the retina)
Still Lamp Examination (shining light in to visualize the retina)
Ultrasound
Fluorescein Angiography (dye-aided photography of the retina)
Standard Vision Tests:
•Refraction Test
•Color Perception
•Pupillary Reflex Response


all these test are to diagnose what?

Back 68

detached retina

Front 69

what is the medical intervention required for detached retina?

Back 69

scleral buckling or laser therapy

Front 70

what is the prognosis for detached retina?

Back 70

if left untreated can result in permanent loss of vision

may take months to improve and may never restore