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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 Types of Cardiovascular Disease |
1. Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) 2. Cerebrovascular Disease 3. Peripheral Arterial Disease 4. Aortic Atherosclerosis Disease |
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4 Types of CHD |
1. Myocardial Infarction (MI) 2. Angina pectoris 3. Heart failure 4. Sudden cardiac death |
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CHD Risk Factors |
1. Age 2. Family history of premature disease 3. Hypertension 4. Cigarette smoking 5. Diabetes 6 Obesity |
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Definition of ischemia |
lack of adequate blood supply to the heart |
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Initial Markers used for Cardiac Damage |
1. AST 2. LD 3. CK-MB |
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CK-MB |
1. elevates first post AMI 2. Rises 6-8 hours after AMI 3. Peak at 24 hours (10x the normal range) |
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CK (Other disease states elevated) |
1. muscle disease 2. heart disease 3. brain disease 4. chronic alcoholism 5. stroke 6. strenuous exercise |
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LD |
Not specific to cardiac tissue has 5 iso-enzymes-LD1, LD2, LD3, LD4, LD5 in a healthy person LD2 is highest concentration in, MI LD1 exceeds LD2 (LD1/LD2 flip) |
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Troponin |
Complex of 3 proteins that transmit calcium signal that triggers muscle contraction TnT TnI TnC rises 3-12 hours post AMI, peaks at 12-24 hours, stays elevated for 4-14 days post AMI |
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TnT |
binds to tropomyosin |
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TnI |
inhibits binding of actin and myosin |
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TnC |
Binds to calcium to reverse inhibitory activity of TnI (not used as cardiac marker) |
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Myoglobin |
oxygen binding protein "muscle hemoglobin" -not specific to heart |
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BNP |
Most common assay for CHF-higher the result the more severe CHF |
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CRP |
acute phase protein elevated in all inflammatory responses hs-CRP used for cardiac |
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Homcysteine/homocystenuria |
common in patients with atherosclerosis and thromboembolisms -Possible marker for CVD in high levels promotes atherosclerosis lesions and plaque formation -derived from dietary protein methionine |
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Pulmonary Embolism Definition |
Embolus lodged in pulmonary arteries restricting flow |
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Pulmonary Embolism Presentation |
-often no symptoms -dyspnea, tachycardia, tachypenea, coughing, DVT |
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Pulmonary Embolism Markers |
D-Dimer Possible use of BNP and troponins |
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D-Dimer |
-measures amount of fibrinolysis -is a product of plasmin-mediated fibrin degredation -levels are abnormal in ~90% of PE |
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Cholesterol Reference Ranges |
<200 mg/dL-desireable 200-239 mg/dL-borderline >240 mg/dL high-risk |
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HDL Cholesterol Reference Ranges |
<40 mg/dL-low >60 mg/dL-high, negates one risk factor |
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LDL Cholesterol Reference Ranges |
<100 mb/dL-desireable 100-129 mg/dL-above optimal 130-159-borderline high risk >160-high risk |
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Risk Factors CHD |
1. Abnormal blood lipids 2. High triglycerides (>200 mg/dL) |
