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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How soon after blood is collected should chemistries be peformed?
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One hour
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Blood chemistries should be perfomered with what form of blood?
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Serum
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What is plasma?
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Plasma is the fluid portion of whole blood that is composed of 90% water. It also contains proteins, carbs, vitamins, hormones, enzymes, lipids, salts, waste materials, ANTIBODIES, CLOTTING FACTORS.
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How do you obtain plasma?
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Spin whole blood immediately or spin blood that has an anticoagulant in it.
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What is serum?
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Serum is plasma from which fibrinogen (a plasma protein) has been removed.
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What tube(s) do you use to obtain serum?
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red top tube or serum separator tube (SST) aka "tiger top tube"
Allow sample to clot first (at least 20-30 minutes) |
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What is hemolysis?
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A sample is hemolyzed when it is drawn into a moist syringe, mixed to vigorously (mojito), drawn too quickly (frothing), frozen, or forced through a needle when transfered to a tube.
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reference ranges are also know as:
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normal values
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What are plasma proteins and what do they do?
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Produced primarily by the liver and the immune system.
1. form the structural matrix of all cells, organs, tissues. 2. maintain osmotic pressure 3. enzymes for biochemical rxn 4. HORMONES 5. buffers in acid-base balance 6. COAGULATION 7. Defense 8. transport/carrier molecule |
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What are the two components of total protein?
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Albumin and Globulins
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What is albumin?
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-the major binding and transport protein in the blood
-maintains osmotic pressure of plasma -makes up to 35-50% of TP -synthesized by hepatocytes -renal dz, dietary intake, and intestinal protein absorption influence levels |
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What are the three types of globulins?
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alpha, beta, gamma
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What are alpha globulins?
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They are synthesized in the liver and primarily transport and bind proteins.
-HDL high density lipoproteins -LDL low density lipoproteins |
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What are beta globulins?
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Responsible for iron transport, heme binding, and fibirn formation and lysis. Include complement(C3,C4), transferrin, and ferritin.
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What are gamma globulins?
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Synthesized by plasma cells and are responsible for antibody production.
Immunoglobulins IgG, IgD, IgE, IgA, and IgM. |
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How do you determine globulin concentration?
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Total protein - albumin concentration
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What is the albumin/globulin ratio and why is it important?
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It is the first indication of protein abnormality. It is determined by dividing ALBUMIN by GLOBULIN.
-In dogs, horses, sheep, goats >1 -In cats, cattle, pigs <1 |
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What is Fibrinogen and why is it important?
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Synthesized by hepatocytes. The precurser to fibrin, necessary for clot formation. Makes up 3-6% of TP
Acute inflammation or tissue damage may elevate plasma fibrinogen levels. -plasma collected with EDTA is preferred |
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What are the functions of the liver?
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-metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids
-synthesis of albumin, cholesterol, plasma proteins, and clotting factors -digestion/absorption of nutrients related to bile formation -secretion of bilirubin/bile -elimination and detoxification |
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What is the function of the gall bladder?
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-storage of bile
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Malfunction of the liver or gallbladder can result in what?
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-jaundice
-hypoalbuminemia -problems with hemostasis -hypoglycemia -hyperlipoproteinemia -hepatoencephalopathy |
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What are the enzymes released from damaged hepatocytes?
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ALT Alanine Aminotransferase
AST Asparrate Aminotransferase SD Sorbitol Dehydrongenase GLDH Glutamate Dehydrogenase |
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What are the enzymes assosiated with cholestasis?
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AP Alkaline Phosphatase
GGT Gamma Glutamyltranspeptidase |
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What are the hepatocyte function tests?
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1. Bilirubin
2. Bile Acids 3. Dye Excretion |
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What does ALT stand for?
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alanine aminotransferase
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What does AST stand for?
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aspartate aminotransferase
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What does SD stand for?
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sorbitol dehydrogenase
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What does GLDH stand for?
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glutamate dehydrogenase
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What is alanine aminotransferase?
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A liver-specific enzyme in dogs, cats, and primates.
Other sources of ALT are renal cells, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, and the pancreas. Administration of corticosteroids or anticonvulsant medications may also increase ALT. |
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What is aspartate aminotransferase?
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-Liver enzyme
-An increased blood level of AST may indicate nonspecific liver damage or be caused by strenous exercise or IM injection -Most commonly hepatic disease, muscle inflammation or necrosis and spontaneous or artifactual hemolysis -AST is also found in erythrocytes, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, kidneys, and pancreas. -Creatine Kinase activity should be assessed to rule out muscle damage. |
