• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/217

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

217 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the single bones of the face?
mandible
vomer
What are the paired facial bones?
maxilla
nasal
lacrimal
palatine
zygomatic
inf nasal concha
What is the ratio of facial bones to cranial bones in an infant? after puberty?
1:8
1:2
What are the functions of the facial MM?
facial expressions, open and close orifices of face (sphincter m/dilator M)
What are facial solci and what causes them?
they are wrinkles and are the result of repeated folding of skin perpendicular to the underlying longitudinal axis of contracting MM
What innervates the facial MM?
facial N and branches
What are the main branches of the facial n?
temporal N (forehead)
zygomatic N (cheek bone)
buccal N (cheek)
mandibular N (jaw)
cervical N (neck)
Where is the motor nucleus of the facial N?
pons of midbrain
What can cause paralysis of the facial nn?
Mumps (because affects parotid gland), if parotid gland is cut
What are the 2 parts of the orbicularis oculi M? and what is the function of each part?
orbital part (rim of orbit)--assists with squinting
palpebral part (eyelid)--closes eyelids
Where does the corrugator supercilli M insert?
eyebrows
INNERVATION corrugator supercilli m
temporal n
What type of muscle is the orbicularis oculi M?
sphincter m
What type of muscle is the corrugator supercilli m?
sphincter m
FUNCTION depressor nasalis m
sphincter m, compresses lateral nasal cartilages
INNERVATION depressor nasalis m
buccal n
FUNCTION dilator nasalis m
dilator m, widens nasal orifices, flares nostrils
INNERVATION dilator nasalis m
buccal n
INSERTION dilator nasalis m
alar cartilage of nose
FUNCTION procerus m
wrinkles skin of nose
INNERVATION procerus m
temporal n
FUNCTION orbicularis oris m
sphincter m, compresses lips together
INNERVATION orbicularis oris m
buccal and mandibular nn
What are the dilator mm of the oral orifice?
levator libii superioris aleque nasi m
levator labii superioris m
zygomaticus minor m
zygomaticus major m
levator anguli m
risoris m
depressor anguli oris m
depressor labii inferioris m
mentalis m
Where do all of the dilator mm of the oral orifice insert?
orbicularis oris m and fascia
INNERVATION dilator mm of oral orifice?
sygomatic, buccal, and mandibular mm
What is the one facial mm that is NOT involved with facial expression?
buccal m
FUNCTION buccal m
allows cheek to be pressed against teeth, whistle, hold food in mouth, suck through straws
ORIGIN buccal m
alveolar margins of mandible and maxilla
INSERTION buccal m
orbicularis oris m
INNERVATION buccal m
buccal n
What N provides motor innervation of mm of facial expression?
facial n
What N provides general sensory innervation of mm of facial expression?
trigeminal n
What are the 6 types of general sensations?
pressur, temperature, touch, vibration, pain, proprioception
What are the only parts of the face that the trigeminal N DOES NOT innervate?
angle of mandible and part of parotid gland
what are the 3 branches off of the trigeminal n? what are there functions?
opthalmic n (sensory)
maxillary n (sensory)
mandibular n (both)
Where do the 3 branches of the trigeminal n exit the cranial cavity to go to face?
opthalmic n--superior orbital fissure
maxillary n--foramen rotundum and inferior orbital fissure
mandibular n--foramen ovale
MOTOR INNERVATION mm of mastication
mandibular n
ORIGIN masseter m
sup: maxilla
deep: zygomatic arch
INSERTION masseter m
sup: angle of mandible and ramus
deep: mandibular ramus and coronoid process of mandible
FUNCTION masseter m
approximates (closes) jaw
ORIGIN temporalis m
temporal fossa
INSERTION temporalis m
coronoid process of mandible and part of ramus
FUNCTION temporalis m
approximates (closes) jaw
ORIGIN medial pterygoid m
sphenoid bone, palatine bone, maxilla
INSERTION medial pterygoid m
ramus and angle of mandible
FUNCTION medial pterygoid m
opposition of jaw (pulls jaw side to side)
ORIGIN lateral pterygoid m
sphenoid bone
INSERTION lateral pterygoid m
condyle of mandible
FUNCTION lateral pterygoid m
protrudes mandible
What are the 3 major AA that supply the face?
facial a, superficial temporal a, maxillary a
What are the major branches off of the facial a?
submental a, inferior labial a, superior labial a, lateral nasal aa
What is the branch off of the superficial temporal a?
transverse facial a
What are the main branches off of the maxillary a?
middle meningeal a, muscular branches to mm of mastication, inferior alveolar a, buccal branches, superior--ant., middle, posterior alveolar aa
What are the single cranial bones?
frontal, occipital, ethmoid, sphenoid
What are the paired cranial bones?
temporal, parietal
What are the 5 layers of the scalp?
Skin
Connective Tissue
Aponeurosis (epicranial)
Loose CT
Periosteum of skull
Which layer of the scalp is highly vascular?
2nd (connective tissue)
What layer of the scalp contains mm?
epicranial aponeurosis (occipital and frontalis mm)
FUNCTION occipitalis m
protects occipital bone
INNERVATION occipitalis m
posterior auricular branch of facial n
FUNCTION frontalis m
raises eyebrows
INNERCATION frontalis m
temporal branch of facial n
What does the loose CT layer of the scalp contain?
subaponeurotic space, emissary vv
What other VV do the emissary vv communicate with?
superficial vv of scalp, diploic vv and intracranial venous sinus
What NN innervate the scalp?
ant: trigiminal n
post: cervical plexus
What is the periosteum of the skull?
a dense CT that covers all bones of the body
What branches of the ext carotid supply the scalp?
superficial temporal a---frontal and parietal aa
post auricular a
occipital a
What branches of the int carotid supply the scalp?
opthalmic a---supratrochlear and supraorbital aa
What are the branches off of the trunk of the mandibular n?
meningeal n (s)
N to medial pterygoid M (m)
What are the branches off of the ant division of the mandibular n?
masseteric nn (m)
temporal n (m)
buccal n (s) ***DO NOT confuse w/ buccal branch of facial n (m)
N to lateral pterygoid M (m)
What are the branches off of the post division of the mandibular n?
auriculotemporal n (s)
lingual n (s)
inf alveolar n (s)
What does the auriculotemporal n innervate?
skin over parotid gland, TMJ joint, skin of auricle, tympanic membrane, skin around acoustic meatus
What does the lingual n innervate?
general sensations of ant 2/3 of tongue, floor of mouth
What other object enters the mouth at the same spot as the lingual n?
submandibular gland
What does the inferior alveolar n innervate?
general sensations of teeth and mandible
Where does the inf alveolar n enter the mandible? exit? What does it become after exiting the mandible?
mandibular foramen; mental foramen; mental n
What is the chorda tympani a product of? what does it joint?
facial n; lingual n
What does the chorda tympani innervate?
Parasympathetically: submandibular gland, lingual glands, sublingual gland
Taste of ant 2/3 of tongue
What is the otic ganglia associated with?
glossopharygeal n
What does the otic ganglia innervate?
Parasympathetically--parotid gland
FUNCTION parotid gland
Accessory structure of digestive system
-produces amylase (break down carbs
Produces saliva
-keeps oral cavity moist
-lubricates food
-helps dissolve food
What does the Facial N enter before branching into it's 5 branches?
parotid gland
What NN provide sensory innervation to the parotid gland?
auriculotemporal N (product of V3)
Great auricular n (product of C2, C3)
What N provides parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland?
glossopharyngeal N
FUNCTION cranial meninges
protect brain, distribute CSF, help with venous drainage of the brain (sinuses formed by meninges)
What are the 2 layers of the dura mater?
endosteal (outer) and true dura
Which of the 2 layers of the dura extends into the foramen magnum?
true dura bc continuous with dura mater of spinal cord
FUNCTION true dura of dura mater
-forms tubular sheath for CN to protect them as they pass through the foramina of the skull
-forms septa
-prevents rotation of brain within the calvaria
What does the diaphragmatic sella cover?
pituitary gland sitting in the hypophyseal fossa
What N is associated with migraines?
meningeal N
Where does the Middle meningeal a enter the skull?
foramen spinosum
Which meninge is avascular
arachnoid mater
What is the subdural space?
a potential space between dura and arachnoid maters
-associated w/ subdural hematomas
What is the subarachnoid space?
a true space between arachnoid and pia maters that contains CSF
What are cisterns?
areas where the subarachnoid space is very large
What are the 3 major cisterns of the brain?
cisterna magna, cisterna pontis, cisterna interpeduncularis
Where does CSF from the 4th ventricle flow into? through which foramena?
cisterna magna via 2 formina Lushka and 1 foramen of Magendie
What are arachnoid villi?
where arachnoid mater projects into venous sinuses in sup sagittal sinus
FUNCTION arachnoid villi
means by which CSF communicates with the venous side of CV system
FUNCTION ventricular system
CSF is formed through choroid plexi at roof of 4 ventricles
Which ventricle(s) form the majority of CSF?
the 2 lateral (1st and 2nd) ventricles
What is the flow of CSF through the ventricles?
lateral (1st and 2nd) ventricles---3rd ventricle---interventricular foramen---cerebral aqueduct---4th ventricle
How much CSF do we make each day?
200 ml
Where do superficial veins of the brain flow into?
sinuses
Where do deep veins of brain flow into?
roof of lateral ventricles and merge into the great cerebral V---straight sinus
What does the Circle of Willis provide for the brain? What does this do?
Compensatory mechanism that allows one side of the brain to communicate with other sides of the brain in terms of blood flow and provides multiple routes for blood
What CN come off of the midbrain?
III, IV
What CN come off the pons?
V, VI, VII, VIII
What CN come off the medulla?
IX, X, XI, XII
Which CN have parasympathetic functions?
III, VII, IX, X
What CN are just outbranch of the brain and therefore are not real nerves?
I, II
What is the dental formula?
2--1--2--3
How many permanent teeth? how many deciduous teeth?
32, 20
INNERVATION mandible
inferior alveolar n
INNERVATION maxillae
anterio, middle, and posterior superior alveolar NN
FUNCTION tongue
swallowing, mastication, articular speech, whistling, taste
INNERVATION intrinsic tongue muscles
hypoglossal N
FUNCTION intrinsic tongue muscles
alter tongues' shape
INNERVATION extrinsic tongue mm
hypoglossal n
FUNCTION extrinsic tongue mm
alter tongue's movement
MOTOR INNERVATION tongue
hypoglossal n
*EXCEPT palatoglossus m (vagus n)
TASTE INNERVATION tongue
anterior 2/3--facial n (via chorda tympani n
posterior 1/3--glossopharyngeal n
oral pharynx--vagus n
GENERAL SENSATION INNERVATION tongue
anterior 2/3--lingual n (V3 of trigiminal)
posterior 1/3--glossopharyngeal
Where do the sublingual gland ducts enter the mouth?
just lateral to frenulum of tongue
What forms the nasal septum?
perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
vomer bone
What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?
hard palate and palatine process of maxillae and horizontal plate of palatine bone
What forms the roof of the nasal cavity?
cribiform plate of ethmoid, frontal, nasal, and palatine bones
FUNCTION conchae?
aid in resonance of sound and increased surface area for mucous membranes
FUNCTION olfactory membranes of nasal cavity
to receive olfactory stimuli
FUNCTION respiratory mucous membranes of nasal cavity
warm, moisten, clean air passing through and into the nasal pharynx
OLFACTORY INNERVATION nasal cavity
olfactory n
Which NN innervate which MM of the eye?
Oculomotor n:
superior rectus
medial rectus
inferior rectus
inferior oblique
levator palpebrae superioris
Trochlear N:
superior oblique
Abducens N:
lateral rectus
FUNCTION olfactory N
special sense nerve
relays chemical info from mucosal lining of the nose to the brain for olfaction perception
Where does the olfactory N enter the brain?
the rhinencephalon of the telencephalon
FUNCTION optic N
special sense nerve
relays images from retina of eye to occipital lobe for visual perception
Where does the optic NN enter the cranial cavity? What do they form when they enter here? what happens when this is made?
optic foramen; optic chiasm where partial decussation of the medial halves of each eye
How many neurons are in each optic N?
one million
What does the parasympathetic portion of the oculomotor n innervate? function?
the iris: dialate or constrict pupil to control amount of light entering eye (miosis)
Ciliary body: causes the lense to change shape in order to focus on objects from different distances (accommodation)
What does the trigiminal n provide general sensory innervation for?
face, head and neck
What does the trigiminal n provide motor innervation for?
mm of mastication
What are the 3 branches off of the trigiminal n
Ophtalmic n
Maxillary n
Mandibular n
Where does the opthalmic branch of the trigeminal n exit the cranial cavity?
superior orbital fissure
Where does the maxillary branch of the trigeminal n exit the cranial cavity?
foramen rotundum
Where does the mandibular branch of the trigeminal n exit the cranial cavity?
foramen ovale
FUNCTION opthalmic branch of trigiminal n
sensory n to the conjunctiva, cornea, upper eyelid, forehead, nose and scalp
FUNCTION maxillary branch of trigeminal n
sensory n to cheek nose, nasal cavity, nasopharynx and teeth in maxillae
What are the 3 branches off of the maxillary branch of the trigeminal n?
anterior, middle, inferior superior alveolar nn
FUNCTION mandibular branch of trigeminal n
sensory n to cheek, tongue, auricle, ext acoustic meatus, tongues,teeth in mandible, gingivae, lower lip
motor n to mm of mastication
What are 2 branches off of the sensory portion of V3?
lingual n and inf alveolar n
Where does the abducens n exit the cranial cavity?
foramen rotundum
MOTOR FUNCTION facial n
mm of facial expression (5 branches)
parasympathetic innervation of submandibular, sublingual, and lacrimal glands
SENSORY FUNCTION facial n
produces chorda tympani n which innervates ant 2/3 of tong for TASTE
produces post auricular n which innervates ext. ear for GENERAL SENSATIONS
What are the 2 portions of the brain that the vestibulocochlear n originate from?
organ of corti (auditory n)
semicircular canals (vestibular n)
FUNCTION organ of corti (auditory n)
sound perception
FUNCTION semicircular canals (vestibular n)
balance, equilibrium processesw
Where does the vestibulocochlear n enter the cranial cavity?
internal acoustic meatus
Where does the glossopharyngeal n exit the skull?
jugular foramen
SENSORY FUNCTION glossopharyngeal n
TASTE
posterio 1/3 of tongue
GENERAL SENSATIONS
middle ear
wall of pharynx
post 1/3 of tongue
OXYGEN LEVELS (pH)
carotid body (chemoreceptors)
BLOOD PRESSURE
carotid sinus (baroreceptors)
MOTOR FUNCTION glossopharyngeal n
parasympathetically innervates parotid gland
Where does the vagus n exit the brain?
Jugular foramen
MOTOR FUNCTION vagus n
skeletal mm of pharynx, larynx and soft palate
parasympathetically: thoracic and abdominal viscera
SENSORY FUNCTION vagus n
TASTE
oral pharynx
GENERAL SENSATION
skin of ext acoustic meatus
viscera of thorax and abdomen
FUNCTION spinal accessory n
cranial portion:
innervate mm of walls of pharynx and larynx
spinal portion sternomastoid, trapezius mm
What are the 2 portion that make up the spinal accessory nerve? where does each portion originate friom?
spinal portion: spinal cord
cranial portion: medulla
What N does the cranial portion of the spinal accessory n merge with?
vagus n
FUNCTION hypoglossal n
innervates extrinsic and intrinsic mm of tongue
Where does the hypoglossal n exit the cranial cavity?
hypoglossal canal
What is another name for the forebrain?
prosencephalon
What are the 2 divisions of the prosencephalon?
telencephalon and diencephalon
What cranial structures are located within the telencephalon?
cerebral cortex
basal ganglia
rhinencephalon
semioval center
lateral ventricles
What cranial structures are located within the diencephalon?
thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
subthalamus
optic nn
3rd ventricles
What is another name for the midbrain?
mesencephalon
What is another name for the hindbrain?
rhombencephalon
What does the rhombencephalon divide into?
metencephalon and myelencephalon
what cranial structures are located within the metencephalon?
pons
cerebellum
What cranial structures are located within the metencephalon?
medulla oblongata
4th ventricle
What is grey matter?
cerebral cortex made up of 6 layers that contain cell bodies that are NOT myelinated (hence the grey color)
What is white matter?
contains myelinated axons (hence white color)
What is the name of the telencephalon where there is a lot of white matter?
semi-oval center (middle of cerebrum
Where is the telencephalon located?
anterior cranial fossa
What cranial structure connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres?
corpus callosum
What are gyri?
convolutions of the brain that can be attributed with specific function
form sulci
What are the 5 lobes of the cerebrum?
frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
insula
What are the major gyri with specific functions attributed to them?
-precentral gyrus (motor cortex)
-postcentral gyrus (sensory cortex)
-posterior aspect of superior temporal gyrus AKA Wernickes Area (primary language cortex)
-posterior area of frontal cortex AKA Broca's area (primary motor speech area)
-anterior region of frontal lobes (cognition and personality cortex)
-posterior part of occipital lobe (primary visual cortex)
-superior temporal gyrus (auditory cortex)
-Amygdaloid nuclear complex and hippocampus (memory cortex)
What are association areas?
areas that surround the major gyri (cortexes) and refine their primary function
ie-color vision, tone, pitch
What percentage of ppl have a left dominant wernicke's and broca's area?
90%
FUNCTION biceps brachii and brachialis mm of arm
flex forarm
FUNCTION coracobrachialis M
flex arm
FUNCTION triceps brachii
extend forarm, extend and ADduct arm
FUNCTION anterior compartment of forearm
flex digits
flex hand
flex forearm
pronate forearm
INNERVATION posterior compartment of forearm
radial n OR deep radial n
FUNCTION posterior compartment of forearm
extend digits
extend hand,
extend forearm
supinate forearm
Where do the roots of the Brachial Plexus come from?
C5-C8 and T1
What NN come off of the roots (be specific which roots)
dorsal scapular n (C5)
Long Thoracic n (C5-C7)
FUNCTION dorsal scapular n
innervate rhomboid major/minor mm and levator scapula m
FUNCTION long thoracic n
innervate serratus anterior
What N comes off with the Brachial plexus but is not part of it? which roots?
phrenic N (C3-C5)
What are the trunks of the brachial plexus?
superior (combination of C5 & C6)
middle (C7)
Inferior (C8 & T1)
What is the only trunk of the brachial plexust that has NN coming off of it? What are these NN?
superior
N to subclavius m
Suprascapular N
FUNCTION suprascapular n
innervate supraspinatus and infraspinatus mm
What are divisions?
each trunk divides into ant. and post division
What trunks make up the lateral cord?
anterior divisions of superior and middle trunks
What NN come off of the lateral cord?
lateral pectoral n
musculocutaneous n
What major N comes off of the musculocutaneous n?
lateral cutaneous n
What makes up the medial cord?
anterior division of inferior trunk
What NN come off of the medial cord?
medial pectoral n
medial cutaneous n of arm
medial cutaneous n of forearm
ulnar n
Where does the ulnar cross the elbow
between medial epicondyle and olecrenon process "funny bone"
What does the ulnar n branch into?
deep and superficial branches
FUNCTION deep branch of ulnar n
inn ALL MM of hand besides those stated as ulnar
FUNCTION superficial branch of ulnar n
cutaneous n that inn skin of palmar side of digiti minimi and mid 1/2 of 4th digit
medial portion of palm
same areas on dorsal hand
What forms the median n?
lateral and medial cords
FUNCTION median n
innervates forearm
what does the median n become that has motor functions? what does this innervate?
recurrent branch of median n
3 of 4 thenar mm
aBductor pollicis brevis
flexor pollicis brevis
opponens pollicis
What does the median n become that has sensory function? what does it innervate?
cunaneous nn of medina n
skin of
lateral palmar and palmar side of thumb, index and mid digits, and lateral 1/2 of 4th digit
skin of dorsal, distal portion of digits 2, 3, and lateral 1/2 of 4th
What forms the posterior cord?
posterior divisions of all 3 trunks
What NN come off of the posterior cord?what do each of these innervate
upper subscapular n-subscapularis m
thoracodorsal n-latissimus dorsi m
lower subscapular n- subscapularis m and teres major
axillar n-deltoid and teres minor
radial n-post. arm/forearm