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217 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the single bones of the face?
|
mandible
vomer |
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What are the paired facial bones?
|
maxilla
nasal lacrimal palatine zygomatic inf nasal concha |
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What is the ratio of facial bones to cranial bones in an infant? after puberty?
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1:8
1:2 |
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What are the functions of the facial MM?
|
facial expressions, open and close orifices of face (sphincter m/dilator M)
|
|
What are facial solci and what causes them?
|
they are wrinkles and are the result of repeated folding of skin perpendicular to the underlying longitudinal axis of contracting MM
|
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What innervates the facial MM?
|
facial N and branches
|
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What are the main branches of the facial n?
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temporal N (forehead)
zygomatic N (cheek bone) buccal N (cheek) mandibular N (jaw) cervical N (neck) |
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Where is the motor nucleus of the facial N?
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pons of midbrain
|
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What can cause paralysis of the facial nn?
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Mumps (because affects parotid gland), if parotid gland is cut
|
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What are the 2 parts of the orbicularis oculi M? and what is the function of each part?
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orbital part (rim of orbit)--assists with squinting
palpebral part (eyelid)--closes eyelids |
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Where does the corrugator supercilli M insert?
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eyebrows
|
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INNERVATION corrugator supercilli m
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temporal n
|
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What type of muscle is the orbicularis oculi M?
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sphincter m
|
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What type of muscle is the corrugator supercilli m?
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sphincter m
|
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FUNCTION depressor nasalis m
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sphincter m, compresses lateral nasal cartilages
|
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INNERVATION depressor nasalis m
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buccal n
|
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FUNCTION dilator nasalis m
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dilator m, widens nasal orifices, flares nostrils
|
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INNERVATION dilator nasalis m
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buccal n
|
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INSERTION dilator nasalis m
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alar cartilage of nose
|
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FUNCTION procerus m
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wrinkles skin of nose
|
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INNERVATION procerus m
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temporal n
|
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FUNCTION orbicularis oris m
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sphincter m, compresses lips together
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INNERVATION orbicularis oris m
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buccal and mandibular nn
|
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What are the dilator mm of the oral orifice?
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levator libii superioris aleque nasi m
levator labii superioris m zygomaticus minor m zygomaticus major m levator anguli m risoris m depressor anguli oris m depressor labii inferioris m mentalis m |
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Where do all of the dilator mm of the oral orifice insert?
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orbicularis oris m and fascia
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INNERVATION dilator mm of oral orifice?
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sygomatic, buccal, and mandibular mm
|
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What is the one facial mm that is NOT involved with facial expression?
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buccal m
|
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FUNCTION buccal m
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allows cheek to be pressed against teeth, whistle, hold food in mouth, suck through straws
|
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ORIGIN buccal m
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alveolar margins of mandible and maxilla
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INSERTION buccal m
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orbicularis oris m
|
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INNERVATION buccal m
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buccal n
|
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What N provides motor innervation of mm of facial expression?
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facial n
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What N provides general sensory innervation of mm of facial expression?
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trigeminal n
|
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What are the 6 types of general sensations?
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pressur, temperature, touch, vibration, pain, proprioception
|
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What are the only parts of the face that the trigeminal N DOES NOT innervate?
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angle of mandible and part of parotid gland
|
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what are the 3 branches off of the trigeminal n? what are there functions?
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opthalmic n (sensory)
maxillary n (sensory) mandibular n (both) |
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Where do the 3 branches of the trigeminal n exit the cranial cavity to go to face?
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opthalmic n--superior orbital fissure
maxillary n--foramen rotundum and inferior orbital fissure mandibular n--foramen ovale |
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MOTOR INNERVATION mm of mastication
|
mandibular n
|
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ORIGIN masseter m
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sup: maxilla
deep: zygomatic arch |
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INSERTION masseter m
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sup: angle of mandible and ramus
deep: mandibular ramus and coronoid process of mandible |
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FUNCTION masseter m
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approximates (closes) jaw
|
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ORIGIN temporalis m
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temporal fossa
|
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INSERTION temporalis m
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coronoid process of mandible and part of ramus
|
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FUNCTION temporalis m
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approximates (closes) jaw
|
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ORIGIN medial pterygoid m
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sphenoid bone, palatine bone, maxilla
|
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INSERTION medial pterygoid m
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ramus and angle of mandible
|
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FUNCTION medial pterygoid m
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opposition of jaw (pulls jaw side to side)
|
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ORIGIN lateral pterygoid m
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sphenoid bone
|
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INSERTION lateral pterygoid m
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condyle of mandible
|
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FUNCTION lateral pterygoid m
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protrudes mandible
|
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What are the 3 major AA that supply the face?
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facial a, superficial temporal a, maxillary a
|
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What are the major branches off of the facial a?
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submental a, inferior labial a, superior labial a, lateral nasal aa
|
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What is the branch off of the superficial temporal a?
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transverse facial a
|
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What are the main branches off of the maxillary a?
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middle meningeal a, muscular branches to mm of mastication, inferior alveolar a, buccal branches, superior--ant., middle, posterior alveolar aa
|
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What are the single cranial bones?
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frontal, occipital, ethmoid, sphenoid
|
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What are the paired cranial bones?
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temporal, parietal
|
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What are the 5 layers of the scalp?
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Skin
Connective Tissue Aponeurosis (epicranial) Loose CT Periosteum of skull |
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Which layer of the scalp is highly vascular?
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2nd (connective tissue)
|
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What layer of the scalp contains mm?
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epicranial aponeurosis (occipital and frontalis mm)
|
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FUNCTION occipitalis m
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protects occipital bone
|
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INNERVATION occipitalis m
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posterior auricular branch of facial n
|
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FUNCTION frontalis m
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raises eyebrows
|
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INNERCATION frontalis m
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temporal branch of facial n
|
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What does the loose CT layer of the scalp contain?
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subaponeurotic space, emissary vv
|
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What other VV do the emissary vv communicate with?
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superficial vv of scalp, diploic vv and intracranial venous sinus
|
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What NN innervate the scalp?
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ant: trigiminal n
post: cervical plexus |
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What is the periosteum of the skull?
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a dense CT that covers all bones of the body
|
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What branches of the ext carotid supply the scalp?
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superficial temporal a---frontal and parietal aa
post auricular a occipital a |
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What branches of the int carotid supply the scalp?
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opthalmic a---supratrochlear and supraorbital aa
|
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What are the branches off of the trunk of the mandibular n?
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meningeal n (s)
N to medial pterygoid M (m) |
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What are the branches off of the ant division of the mandibular n?
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masseteric nn (m)
temporal n (m) buccal n (s) ***DO NOT confuse w/ buccal branch of facial n (m) N to lateral pterygoid M (m) |
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What are the branches off of the post division of the mandibular n?
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auriculotemporal n (s)
lingual n (s) inf alveolar n (s) |
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What does the auriculotemporal n innervate?
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skin over parotid gland, TMJ joint, skin of auricle, tympanic membrane, skin around acoustic meatus
|
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What does the lingual n innervate?
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general sensations of ant 2/3 of tongue, floor of mouth
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What other object enters the mouth at the same spot as the lingual n?
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submandibular gland
|
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What does the inferior alveolar n innervate?
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general sensations of teeth and mandible
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Where does the inf alveolar n enter the mandible? exit? What does it become after exiting the mandible?
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mandibular foramen; mental foramen; mental n
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What is the chorda tympani a product of? what does it joint?
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facial n; lingual n
|
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What does the chorda tympani innervate?
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Parasympathetically: submandibular gland, lingual glands, sublingual gland
Taste of ant 2/3 of tongue |
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What is the otic ganglia associated with?
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glossopharygeal n
|
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What does the otic ganglia innervate?
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Parasympathetically--parotid gland
|
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FUNCTION parotid gland
|
Accessory structure of digestive system
-produces amylase (break down carbs Produces saliva -keeps oral cavity moist -lubricates food -helps dissolve food |
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What does the Facial N enter before branching into it's 5 branches?
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parotid gland
|
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What NN provide sensory innervation to the parotid gland?
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auriculotemporal N (product of V3)
Great auricular n (product of C2, C3) |
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What N provides parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland?
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glossopharyngeal N
|
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FUNCTION cranial meninges
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protect brain, distribute CSF, help with venous drainage of the brain (sinuses formed by meninges)
|
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What are the 2 layers of the dura mater?
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endosteal (outer) and true dura
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Which of the 2 layers of the dura extends into the foramen magnum?
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true dura bc continuous with dura mater of spinal cord
|
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FUNCTION true dura of dura mater
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-forms tubular sheath for CN to protect them as they pass through the foramina of the skull
-forms septa -prevents rotation of brain within the calvaria |
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What does the diaphragmatic sella cover?
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pituitary gland sitting in the hypophyseal fossa
|
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What N is associated with migraines?
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meningeal N
|
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Where does the Middle meningeal a enter the skull?
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foramen spinosum
|
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Which meninge is avascular
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arachnoid mater
|
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What is the subdural space?
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a potential space between dura and arachnoid maters
-associated w/ subdural hematomas |
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What is the subarachnoid space?
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a true space between arachnoid and pia maters that contains CSF
|
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What are cisterns?
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areas where the subarachnoid space is very large
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What are the 3 major cisterns of the brain?
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cisterna magna, cisterna pontis, cisterna interpeduncularis
|
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Where does CSF from the 4th ventricle flow into? through which foramena?
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cisterna magna via 2 formina Lushka and 1 foramen of Magendie
|
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What are arachnoid villi?
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where arachnoid mater projects into venous sinuses in sup sagittal sinus
|
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FUNCTION arachnoid villi
|
means by which CSF communicates with the venous side of CV system
|
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FUNCTION ventricular system
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CSF is formed through choroid plexi at roof of 4 ventricles
|
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Which ventricle(s) form the majority of CSF?
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the 2 lateral (1st and 2nd) ventricles
|
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What is the flow of CSF through the ventricles?
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lateral (1st and 2nd) ventricles---3rd ventricle---interventricular foramen---cerebral aqueduct---4th ventricle
|
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How much CSF do we make each day?
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200 ml
|
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Where do superficial veins of the brain flow into?
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sinuses
|
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Where do deep veins of brain flow into?
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roof of lateral ventricles and merge into the great cerebral V---straight sinus
|
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What does the Circle of Willis provide for the brain? What does this do?
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Compensatory mechanism that allows one side of the brain to communicate with other sides of the brain in terms of blood flow and provides multiple routes for blood
|
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What CN come off of the midbrain?
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III, IV
|
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What CN come off the pons?
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V, VI, VII, VIII
|
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What CN come off the medulla?
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IX, X, XI, XII
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Which CN have parasympathetic functions?
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III, VII, IX, X
|
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What CN are just outbranch of the brain and therefore are not real nerves?
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I, II
|
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What is the dental formula?
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2--1--2--3
|
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How many permanent teeth? how many deciduous teeth?
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32, 20
|
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INNERVATION mandible
|
inferior alveolar n
|
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INNERVATION maxillae
|
anterio, middle, and posterior superior alveolar NN
|
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FUNCTION tongue
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swallowing, mastication, articular speech, whistling, taste
|
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INNERVATION intrinsic tongue muscles
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hypoglossal N
|
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FUNCTION intrinsic tongue muscles
|
alter tongues' shape
|
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INNERVATION extrinsic tongue mm
|
hypoglossal n
|
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FUNCTION extrinsic tongue mm
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alter tongue's movement
|
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MOTOR INNERVATION tongue
|
hypoglossal n
*EXCEPT palatoglossus m (vagus n) |
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TASTE INNERVATION tongue
|
anterior 2/3--facial n (via chorda tympani n
posterior 1/3--glossopharyngeal n oral pharynx--vagus n |
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GENERAL SENSATION INNERVATION tongue
|
anterior 2/3--lingual n (V3 of trigiminal)
posterior 1/3--glossopharyngeal |
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Where do the sublingual gland ducts enter the mouth?
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just lateral to frenulum of tongue
|
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What forms the nasal septum?
|
perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
vomer bone |
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What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?
|
hard palate and palatine process of maxillae and horizontal plate of palatine bone
|
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What forms the roof of the nasal cavity?
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cribiform plate of ethmoid, frontal, nasal, and palatine bones
|
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FUNCTION conchae?
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aid in resonance of sound and increased surface area for mucous membranes
|
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FUNCTION olfactory membranes of nasal cavity
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to receive olfactory stimuli
|
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FUNCTION respiratory mucous membranes of nasal cavity
|
warm, moisten, clean air passing through and into the nasal pharynx
|
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OLFACTORY INNERVATION nasal cavity
|
olfactory n
|
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Which NN innervate which MM of the eye?
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Oculomotor n:
superior rectus medial rectus inferior rectus inferior oblique levator palpebrae superioris Trochlear N: superior oblique Abducens N: lateral rectus |
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FUNCTION olfactory N
|
special sense nerve
relays chemical info from mucosal lining of the nose to the brain for olfaction perception |
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Where does the olfactory N enter the brain?
|
the rhinencephalon of the telencephalon
|
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FUNCTION optic N
|
special sense nerve
relays images from retina of eye to occipital lobe for visual perception |
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Where does the optic NN enter the cranial cavity? What do they form when they enter here? what happens when this is made?
|
optic foramen; optic chiasm where partial decussation of the medial halves of each eye
|
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How many neurons are in each optic N?
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one million
|
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What does the parasympathetic portion of the oculomotor n innervate? function?
|
the iris: dialate or constrict pupil to control amount of light entering eye (miosis)
Ciliary body: causes the lense to change shape in order to focus on objects from different distances (accommodation) |
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What does the trigiminal n provide general sensory innervation for?
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face, head and neck
|
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What does the trigiminal n provide motor innervation for?
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mm of mastication
|
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What are the 3 branches off of the trigiminal n
|
Ophtalmic n
Maxillary n Mandibular n |
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Where does the opthalmic branch of the trigeminal n exit the cranial cavity?
|
superior orbital fissure
|
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Where does the maxillary branch of the trigeminal n exit the cranial cavity?
|
foramen rotundum
|
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Where does the mandibular branch of the trigeminal n exit the cranial cavity?
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foramen ovale
|
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FUNCTION opthalmic branch of trigiminal n
|
sensory n to the conjunctiva, cornea, upper eyelid, forehead, nose and scalp
|
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FUNCTION maxillary branch of trigeminal n
|
sensory n to cheek nose, nasal cavity, nasopharynx and teeth in maxillae
|
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What are the 3 branches off of the maxillary branch of the trigeminal n?
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anterior, middle, inferior superior alveolar nn
|
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FUNCTION mandibular branch of trigeminal n
|
sensory n to cheek, tongue, auricle, ext acoustic meatus, tongues,teeth in mandible, gingivae, lower lip
motor n to mm of mastication |
|
What are 2 branches off of the sensory portion of V3?
|
lingual n and inf alveolar n
|
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Where does the abducens n exit the cranial cavity?
|
foramen rotundum
|
|
MOTOR FUNCTION facial n
|
mm of facial expression (5 branches)
parasympathetic innervation of submandibular, sublingual, and lacrimal glands |
|
SENSORY FUNCTION facial n
|
produces chorda tympani n which innervates ant 2/3 of tong for TASTE
produces post auricular n which innervates ext. ear for GENERAL SENSATIONS |
|
What are the 2 portions of the brain that the vestibulocochlear n originate from?
|
organ of corti (auditory n)
semicircular canals (vestibular n) |
|
FUNCTION organ of corti (auditory n)
|
sound perception
|
|
FUNCTION semicircular canals (vestibular n)
|
balance, equilibrium processesw
|
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Where does the vestibulocochlear n enter the cranial cavity?
|
internal acoustic meatus
|
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Where does the glossopharyngeal n exit the skull?
|
jugular foramen
|
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SENSORY FUNCTION glossopharyngeal n
|
TASTE
posterio 1/3 of tongue GENERAL SENSATIONS middle ear wall of pharynx post 1/3 of tongue OXYGEN LEVELS (pH) carotid body (chemoreceptors) BLOOD PRESSURE carotid sinus (baroreceptors) |
|
MOTOR FUNCTION glossopharyngeal n
|
parasympathetically innervates parotid gland
|
|
Where does the vagus n exit the brain?
|
Jugular foramen
|
|
MOTOR FUNCTION vagus n
|
skeletal mm of pharynx, larynx and soft palate
parasympathetically: thoracic and abdominal viscera |
|
SENSORY FUNCTION vagus n
|
TASTE
oral pharynx GENERAL SENSATION skin of ext acoustic meatus viscera of thorax and abdomen |
|
FUNCTION spinal accessory n
|
cranial portion:
innervate mm of walls of pharynx and larynx spinal portion sternomastoid, trapezius mm |
|
What are the 2 portion that make up the spinal accessory nerve? where does each portion originate friom?
|
spinal portion: spinal cord
cranial portion: medulla |
|
What N does the cranial portion of the spinal accessory n merge with?
|
vagus n
|
|
FUNCTION hypoglossal n
|
innervates extrinsic and intrinsic mm of tongue
|
|
Where does the hypoglossal n exit the cranial cavity?
|
hypoglossal canal
|
|
What is another name for the forebrain?
|
prosencephalon
|
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What are the 2 divisions of the prosencephalon?
|
telencephalon and diencephalon
|
|
What cranial structures are located within the telencephalon?
|
cerebral cortex
basal ganglia rhinencephalon semioval center lateral ventricles |
|
What cranial structures are located within the diencephalon?
|
thalamus
hypothalamus epithalamus subthalamus optic nn 3rd ventricles |
|
What is another name for the midbrain?
|
mesencephalon
|
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What is another name for the hindbrain?
|
rhombencephalon
|
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What does the rhombencephalon divide into?
|
metencephalon and myelencephalon
|
|
what cranial structures are located within the metencephalon?
|
pons
cerebellum |
|
What cranial structures are located within the metencephalon?
|
medulla oblongata
4th ventricle |
|
What is grey matter?
|
cerebral cortex made up of 6 layers that contain cell bodies that are NOT myelinated (hence the grey color)
|
|
What is white matter?
|
contains myelinated axons (hence white color)
|
|
What is the name of the telencephalon where there is a lot of white matter?
|
semi-oval center (middle of cerebrum
|
|
Where is the telencephalon located?
|
anterior cranial fossa
|
|
What cranial structure connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres?
|
corpus callosum
|
|
What are gyri?
|
convolutions of the brain that can be attributed with specific function
form sulci |
|
What are the 5 lobes of the cerebrum?
|
frontal
parietal occipital temporal insula |
|
What are the major gyri with specific functions attributed to them?
|
-precentral gyrus (motor cortex)
-postcentral gyrus (sensory cortex) -posterior aspect of superior temporal gyrus AKA Wernickes Area (primary language cortex) -posterior area of frontal cortex AKA Broca's area (primary motor speech area) -anterior region of frontal lobes (cognition and personality cortex) -posterior part of occipital lobe (primary visual cortex) -superior temporal gyrus (auditory cortex) -Amygdaloid nuclear complex and hippocampus (memory cortex) |
|
What are association areas?
|
areas that surround the major gyri (cortexes) and refine their primary function
ie-color vision, tone, pitch |
|
What percentage of ppl have a left dominant wernicke's and broca's area?
|
90%
|
|
FUNCTION biceps brachii and brachialis mm of arm
|
flex forarm
|
|
FUNCTION coracobrachialis M
|
flex arm
|
|
FUNCTION triceps brachii
|
extend forarm, extend and ADduct arm
|
|
FUNCTION anterior compartment of forearm
|
flex digits
flex hand flex forearm pronate forearm |
|
INNERVATION posterior compartment of forearm
|
radial n OR deep radial n
|
|
FUNCTION posterior compartment of forearm
|
extend digits
extend hand, extend forearm supinate forearm |
|
Where do the roots of the Brachial Plexus come from?
|
C5-C8 and T1
|
|
What NN come off of the roots (be specific which roots)
|
dorsal scapular n (C5)
Long Thoracic n (C5-C7) |
|
FUNCTION dorsal scapular n
|
innervate rhomboid major/minor mm and levator scapula m
|
|
FUNCTION long thoracic n
|
innervate serratus anterior
|
|
What N comes off with the Brachial plexus but is not part of it? which roots?
|
phrenic N (C3-C5)
|
|
What are the trunks of the brachial plexus?
|
superior (combination of C5 & C6)
middle (C7) Inferior (C8 & T1) |
|
What is the only trunk of the brachial plexust that has NN coming off of it? What are these NN?
|
superior
N to subclavius m Suprascapular N |
|
FUNCTION suprascapular n
|
innervate supraspinatus and infraspinatus mm
|
|
What are divisions?
|
each trunk divides into ant. and post division
|
|
What trunks make up the lateral cord?
|
anterior divisions of superior and middle trunks
|
|
What NN come off of the lateral cord?
|
lateral pectoral n
musculocutaneous n |
|
What major N comes off of the musculocutaneous n?
|
lateral cutaneous n
|
|
What makes up the medial cord?
|
anterior division of inferior trunk
|
|
What NN come off of the medial cord?
|
medial pectoral n
medial cutaneous n of arm medial cutaneous n of forearm ulnar n |
|
Where does the ulnar cross the elbow
|
between medial epicondyle and olecrenon process "funny bone"
|
|
What does the ulnar n branch into?
|
deep and superficial branches
|
|
FUNCTION deep branch of ulnar n
|
inn ALL MM of hand besides those stated as ulnar
|
|
FUNCTION superficial branch of ulnar n
|
cutaneous n that inn skin of palmar side of digiti minimi and mid 1/2 of 4th digit
medial portion of palm same areas on dorsal hand |
|
What forms the median n?
|
lateral and medial cords
|
|
FUNCTION median n
|
innervates forearm
|
|
what does the median n become that has motor functions? what does this innervate?
|
recurrent branch of median n
3 of 4 thenar mm aBductor pollicis brevis flexor pollicis brevis opponens pollicis |
|
What does the median n become that has sensory function? what does it innervate?
|
cunaneous nn of medina n
skin of lateral palmar and palmar side of thumb, index and mid digits, and lateral 1/2 of 4th digit skin of dorsal, distal portion of digits 2, 3, and lateral 1/2 of 4th |
|
What forms the posterior cord?
|
posterior divisions of all 3 trunks
|
|
What NN come off of the posterior cord?what do each of these innervate
|
upper subscapular n-subscapularis m
thoracodorsal n-latissimus dorsi m lower subscapular n- subscapularis m and teres major axillar n-deltoid and teres minor radial n-post. arm/forearm |