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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is melena?
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black tarry stool
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What are the causes of melena?
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bleeding in the upper GI tract and the lower GI tract
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What are the common causes of upper GI bleeding?
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- haemoptysis
- peptic ulcer disease - oesophageal varices - gastric cancer |
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What are the commun causes of lower GI bleeding?
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- polyps in colon
- colorectal cancer - IBD - haemorroids - anal fissure |
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What is haemoptysis?
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Haemoptysis is coughing up of blood from the respiratory tract.
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6 key case history questions about their GI tract
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- swallowing
- weight loss - bowel habits (change, frequency) - pain - nausea/vomiting - bleeding (where, visible) |
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dysphagia
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difficulty swallowing
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main neurological causes of dysphagia
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- stroke (brain stem)
- demyelinating disease - polyneuropathy (eg.diabetes ) - achalasia of the oesophagus (failure to relax the smooth musculature of the GI Tract) - polio - MND |
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main muscular causes of dysphagia
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- MS
- Myasthenia Gravis - oesophageal spasm |
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main causes of weight loss due to GI disease
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- malabsorbtion
- pancreatic insufficiency - peptic ulcer |
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main causes of weight loss outside GI disease
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- malignancy
- hyperthyroidism - diabetes mellitus (uncontrolled) - dysphagia - chronic infection or inflammation - anorexia n. or bulimia - depression - serious illness - alcohol or aphetamines - fasting or famine |
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name 3 main types of acute constipation
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- obstruction
- ileum - medication/drugs |
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name main types of chronic constipation
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- colonic tumor
- metabolic disorders - cns disorders - pns disorders - systemic - functional |
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red flags associated with chronic constipation
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- distended, tympanitic abdomen
- vomiting - blood in stool - weight loss - severe constipation of recent onset/worsening in elderly patients |
