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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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why is observing the optic fundi important for assessment of cardio?
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AV nicking or hypertension may be observed in the eye
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what skin changes imply a connective tissue disorder?
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loss of hair follicles and sweat glands
skin becomes dry and hairless |
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what 2 things will a blood gas test tell us?
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metabolic and respiratory status
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what is acus senilis?
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a white rim seen around the periphery of the iris
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what 3 places are bruits commonly found?
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femorals
corotids aorta (L2, right above the umbilicus) |
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what does the S1 heartsound represent?
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closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves (starts systole)
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what does the S2 heart sound represent?
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closure of the pulmonic and aortic valves (ends systole)
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what does the S3 heart sound represent?
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caused by a filling sound early in diastole; passive filling of the ventricle
too much fluid overwhelming ventricular filling |
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what does the S4 heart sound represent?
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caused by a filling sound late in diastole; active filling in diastole
due to stiffness of the ventricular wall |
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what pathology is S3 due to?
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too much fluid overwhelming ventricular filling
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what pathology is S4 due to?
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a stiffening of the ventricular wall
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what condition presents with pain similar to ischemia?
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pericarditis
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how is pericarditis distinguished from angina?
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by sitting forawrd; angina is not relieved by positional change
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what 3 things is pericarditis associated with?
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viral syndrome
post infarction post stenotomy |
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what state is often associated with pericarditis?
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chronic inflammatory states such as RA
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what will present with:
substernal chest pain dyspnea at rest or with exertion palpitations and near syncope/syncope |
mitral valve prolapse
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what is benign by presents very similar to angina?
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mitral valve prolapse
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what is most common in young thin females?
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mitral valve prolapse
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what are 3 physical findings of mitral valve prolapse?
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classic mid-systolic click and murmur
resting tachycardia pectus excavatum |
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what will present with:
severe dyspnea sudden onset of unilateral chest pain pain often worse with inspiration |
pulmonary embolism
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what are 3 physical findings of pulmonary embolism?
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tachypenea
tachycardia pleural rub |
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what is the hardest to differentiate from coronary artery disease?
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esophageal spasm
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what will present as:
substernal or epigastric pain usually after eating pain radiating to shoulder, arm, or back frequent association with reflux |
esophageal spasm
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what are 2 tests for esophageal spasm after a cardiac workup?
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upper GI barrium swallow
esophageal manometry |
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what pain occurs at any place in the chest and is worse with motion or position?
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musculoskeleatl pain
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what will present with a sharp, stabbing pain in the lateral chest, worse with inspiration or cough, and have a history or virus and fever?
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pleurisity
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what will the CXR of pleurisity show?
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effusion
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what history is common in aortic dissection? (2)
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atherosclerosis
hypertension |
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what will you find in BP of aortic dissection?
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higher in right arm than left
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which type of echo provides the best pictures?
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transesophageal
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what 2 things can an echo stress test detect?
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ischemic myocardium and viable myocardium
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how can you induce ischemia in a stress test? (4)
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exercise
pacing dobutamine infusion vasodilator effusion |
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what may create a false negative in stress tests? (5)
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women
poor exercise tolerance nitrate therapy beta-blocker therapy antiarrhtyhmic meds |
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what structural things can you look for in a stress test? (7)
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wall motion/thickness
chamber size valvular structure masses or thrombi in chambers aortic root dissection septal defects pericardial effusion |
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what does a doppler echo test for?
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motion of blood through the heart
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what 5 clinical things can be seen with a doppler echo?
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mumur assessment
detecting regurgitant lesions detect/quantify shunts quantify stenosis quantify regurgitant volumes |
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what can augment a stress test?
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nuclear imaging
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what type of testing can assess the quantity of ischemia?
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nuclear imaging
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what type of testing is useful when the patient is unable to exercise?
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nuclear imaging
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what type of testing records all beats over a 24 hour period?
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long term ambulatory (holter)
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what type of testing is only useful if the problem occurs frequently?
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holter monitoring
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what type of testing records only when activated by the patient?
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event monitoring
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what type of testing is not useful for syncope because the patient must activate it?
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event monitoring
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what type of testing involves a device worn for 30 days?
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continuous loop monitoring
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what is the end-point goal of a stress test?
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reach 85% of HR
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what are you looking for on the EKG of a stress test?
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ST segment depression of 1mm or more
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what can cause a false positive on a stress test?
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women
electrolyte imbalance autonomic dystonia respiratory variation bundle branch block hypertrophy WPW |
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what type of test is useful for syncope?
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continuous loop monitoring
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what type of test can determine the degree of coronary calcification?
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CT angiography
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what type of test is not effective in determining flow limitations?
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CT angiography
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what type of test is able to identify ischemic or injured myocardium with contrast?
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Cardiac MRI
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what type of test is less effective in visualizing coronary vessel lesions now but will sooon surpass CTA in quality?
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cardiac MRI
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