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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In the _____ increased AP levels are much less common in cholestatic liver disease.
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cat
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Which of the following is found in liver & bone?
a) AP b) ALT c) AST d) GGT e)GID |
A
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Which 2 liver enzymes are normally NOT used in large animals?
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AP & ALT
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Which of the following is useful in differentiating primary hepatitis fron 2ndry liver dz?
a) AST b) bile acid c) GGT d) SDH |
D
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Why is ALT better in small animals than GID?
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GID has a short half life in small animals
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Which liver enzyme is effected the MOST by drugs?
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AP
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T/F
Bile pigments are used to differentiate types of jaundice ONLY in the dog & cat. |
TRUE
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If >85% B/r is unconjugated which type of jaundice is it?
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hemolytic
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In horses & cattle raised B/R is always _______(un/conjugated)
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unconjugated
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Which of the following is the BEST test to use in dogs w/ suspected portal vein anomalies?
a) clearance of forgein dyes b) ammonia c) ALT d)bile acid |
D
bile acids are more stable than ammonia in plasma or serum for several days |
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Ammonia is mainly used to detect ___________.
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abnormal blood flow
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Which of the following are fxn tests?
a) clearance of foreign dyes b) ammonia c) serum bile salts d) bile pigments |
ALL are correct
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Which of the following is NOT an indication for foreign dye clearance test?
a) ragwort poisoning b) chronic liver fibrosis c) icteric animals d) decrease in hepatocyte mass |
C- may yeild false results
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What is the main cause of increase of bile salts?
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cholestasis is main cause
- also hepatic injury, necrosis, portocaval shunt |
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T/F
Bile salts are highly sensitive and specific for the type of injury |
False
higly sensitive, not specific |
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What is the most sensitive liver function test?
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Bile salts
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List 5 contra-indications of liver biopsy?
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1) peritonitis
2) infection 3) pneumothorax 4) laceration 5) hemorrhage |
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List 5 functions of proteins in blood.
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1) maintain oncotic pressure
2) buffer acid/base 3) transport large molecules 4) coagulation factors 5) immune fxn |
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What is the most accurate way of analyizing protein?
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electrophoretic method
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Raised albumin is only caused by __________.
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Dehydration
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What 2 things might cause a decrease in total protein?
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1) Decreased formation: liver failure, malnutrition
2) increased loss: hemorrhage, nephrosis, PLE |
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a polyclonal gammopathy?
a) inflammation b) Ehrlichia c) plasma cell myeloma d) acute hepatitis |
C-monoclonal
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What would you expect the TP of a colostrum deficient & dehydrated calf to be? What other test should be done?
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normal TP
globulin should be done |
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What is the most accurate measurement of colostrum?
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electrophoresis or radial immunodiffusion
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In what 2 occasions should amylase & lipase NOT be used?
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in cats & EPI
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What are 2 ways to diagnosis acute pancreatitis in cats?
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-feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity
-abdominal ultrasound |
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What is the ONLY definitive test for EPI?
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TLI
trypsion like immunoreactivity |
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What is the only definitive diagnostic test for intestinal function in horses?
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Biopsy
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Why don't horses have diarrhea?
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-hindgut fermentors
- cecum & colon reabsorb excess fluid |
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low folate & low B12 indicate what?
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diffuse small intestine problem
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Which of the following is NOT expected in EPI?
a) low TLI b)undigested muscle fibers in fecal smear c) low folate levels d) high folate levels |
C- seen in upper SI problems
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Which of the following is NOT TRUE of ruminal fluid?
a) high ph indicates poor fermentation/urea toxicity b) low ph may be due to grain overload c) healthy ruminal fluid decolorizes meth blue d) ruminal atony has few dead protozoa |
ALL are true
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What is the traid of findings that are needed for a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus?
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1) glycosuria
2) ketonuria 3) hyperglycaemia |
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_________test confirms latent/equivical cases of diabetes mellitus.
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glucose tolerance test
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What is the purpose of the serum insulin test?
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confirms type of diabetes mellitus
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How might you monitor the effectiveness of tx in diabetes mellitus?
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serum fructosamine & serum glycosylated hemoglobin
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An insulinoma is a ______tumor of the ________ of the pancreas.
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functional tumor of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas
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In hyperadrenocorticism what is the usual result of the AP heat inactivation test? What about in liver disease?
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Cushings: little diff before & after heating
Liver dz: reduced after heating |
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Which of the following is diagnositic of Cushing's?
a) AP heat inactivation test b)urinary corticoid/creatinine ration c) high dose dex test d) low dose dex e) stress leukogram + increased AP |
D
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Which test differentiates b/w pituitary & adrenal based forms of cushing's?
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HDDS test
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When compared to the LDDS test the ACTH stimulation test has _____sensitivity & _______specificity.
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lower sensitivity
better specificity |
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what would you expect the plasma cortisol to be following a low dose dex suppresion test in a cushingnoid animal?
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plasma cortisol would NOT decrease significantly after injection of dex
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T/F
ACTH stim test is a reliable test to distinguish b/t pituitary & adrenal causes |
FALSE
high dose dex should be used |
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In what 2 cases might you have failure to respond to an ACTH stim test?
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1) iatrogenic damage to adrenal gland
2) Addison's disease |
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In ____based cushing's cortisol level stays high after high dose dex injection
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Adrenal based
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What is the most significant laboratory finding in Addison's disease?
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K/Na ratio decreased <15/1 - semi diagnostic
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Which of the following is NOT characteristic of Addison's?
a) uremia b) hyperchloridemia c) hemoconcentration d) increased creatinine |
B- hypochloridemia is not seen
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______ can help differentiate b/t primary & secondary hypoadrenocorticism
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Endogenous ACTH assay
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Which test is diagnostic of Addison's disease?
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ACTH stim
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What is characteristic of hair follicles in hypothyroidism?
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they are resting in telagen phase
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Which of the following is the BEST for diagnosis of hypothyroidism?
a) plasma/serum total T4 b) ACTH stim c) TSH d) free T4 |
C
although the other tests may indicate hypothryoid they are affected by NTI |
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True/False
tT4 levels in the "normal" range effectively outrule hypothyrodism, but low levels are NOT diagnostic. |
TRUE
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Which is LESS effected by Non thyroidal illness?
tT4 or fT4 |
fT4
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Hypothyroidism in large animals is due to _______ or _______.
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-primary iodine deficiency
-2ndary to goitrogens |
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_______test is used to confirm hyperthyroidism.
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T3 suppression test
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Which of the following statements is FALSE of ketosis?
a) associated w/ twin lamb dz in sheep b) in ruminants often secondary disorder associated w/hyperglycemia c) occurs w/ diabetes mellitus in cats & dogs d) occurs in cows w/ fatty liver |
B-
usually occurs w/ HYPOglycemia in cattle |
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Ketosis is usually associated w/ _____in large animals & w/ _____in dogs & cats.
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hypoglycemia- large animals
hyperglycemia- dog & cat |
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What is the most common cause of hyperlipidemia in small animals?
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post-prandial hyperlipidemia
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Which of the following does NOT cause secondary fasting hyperlipidemia?
a) Cushing's disease b) nephrosis c) diabetes mellitus d) pancreatitis e) hepatic disorders f) all cause hyperlipidemia |
F
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idiopathic hyperlipidemia might be familial in ____&____
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miniature schnauzers & beagles
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Which of the following may NOT be found in fatty liver in cattle?
a) raised BHB b) ketonuria c) raised Mg d) lowered Albumin e) raised free fatty acids |
C- albumin is lowered
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Which of the following is BEST for detecting recent muscle injury?
a) AST b) Lactate Dehydrogenase c) CK |
c- is the only muscle specific one
LDH-non specific AST-liver & muscle |
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Which of the following is NOT consistent w/ rhabdomyolysis in a horse?
a) low Na & K b) acidosis c) urinary casts/renal damage d) eosinopenia |
D - eosinophilia
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Which of the following may be increased in severe multiple fractures?
a) inorganic phosphate b) AP c) AST d) Calcium |
B
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T/F
colic is better diagnosised with history than lab results |
TRUE
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Which of the following is NOT seen in colic?
a) leukopenia b) increased PCV c) increase Na d) low pH |
C- Na decreases
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Name the 6 trace minerals.
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copper
cobalt iron iodine selenium zinc |
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Name the 2 major minerals.
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calcium
phosphate |
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__&__ are the major intracellular cations
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K & Mg
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___ is the ONLY cause of increased albumin
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Dehydration
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parakeratosis in pigs is due to _____deficiency
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zinc
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___poisoning can cause sloughing of hooves in cow/horse
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Selenium
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What are the most definitive tests for cobalt def?
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MMA- methylmalonic acid
FIGLU- formiminoglutamic acid |
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What are the most common causes of electrolyte immbalances (4)?
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1) GUT
2) endocrine 3) acid base abnormalitiy 4) renal disease |
