Study your flashcards anywhere!
Download the official Cram app for free >
- Shuffle
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Alphabetize
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Front First
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Both Sides
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Read
Toggle OnToggle Off
How to study your flashcards.
Right/Left arrow keys: Navigate between flashcards.right arrow keyleft arrow key
Up/Down arrow keys: Flip the card between the front and back.down keyup key
H key: Show hint (3rd side).h key
A key: Read text to speech.a key
90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Tension headache sx
|
- poor concentration
- vague nonspecific symptoms - often vise-like or tight - stress, fatigue, noise, glare exacerbate - usually generalized, sometimes intense in neck, back of head - maybe from chronic anxiety |
|
Tension headache tx
|
- analgesics
- antimigrainous agents - relaxation techniques - maybe local botulinum toxin type A injx |
|
Depression headache sx
|
- worse in AM
- maybe w/other depression sx - sometime focus of somatic delusional system |
|
Depression headach tx
|
- antidepressants
- psychiatric consult |
|
Migraine Essentials of Dx
|
- headache, usually pulsatile
- n/v, photophobia, phonophobia - maybe transient visual neuro sx, e.g., stars, flashes, scintillating scotomas preceding headache - maybe no preceding aura |
|
Migraine pathyphys
|
- related to serotonin
- release of neuropeptides acting as neurotransmitters at trigeminal nerve branches, leading to inflammation - maybe activation of dorsal raphe nucleus |
|
Migraine - basilar artery
|
- uncommon variant
- blindness or vis disturb accompanied or followed by dysarthria, disequilibrium, tinnitus, perioral and distal paresthesias - sometimes loss of consciousness or confused state - throbbing, occipital headache, n/v follow |
|
Migraine - ophthalmoplegic
|
- lateralized pain around eye
- n/v, diplopia due to transient ext ophthalmoplegia due to CNIII palsy |
|
myasthenia gravis
|
- insidious onset
- autoimmune - fluctuating muscle weakness |
|
grand mal seizure
(tonic-clonic) |
- loss of consciousness
- rigidity (tonic) - resp depression - jerking of all 4 limbs (clonic) - urinary incont, tongue bite |
|
carpel tunnel 1st line tx
|
- splinting
- NSAIDs - ergonomic eval |
|
common signs of Parkinson's
|
-resting tremor
- often unilateral - "pill-rolling" - also cogwheel rigidity - bradykinesia - diminished postural reflexes, i.e., diff keeping balance |
|
types of seizures
|
- tonic-clonic
- myoclonic - absence - tonic - atonic |
|
myoclonic seizure feature
|
- brief jerking of part or all of the body
|
|
TIA manifestations
|
- focal deficits of 5-15 min, w/return to baseline
- heaviness of extremities - paresthesias - numbness - monocular loss of vision |
|
How is viral meningitis treated?
|
- observation at home
- analgesics - antiemetics |
|
Meniere's syndrome
|
a peripheral lesion causing vertigo
|
|
What class of drugs are approved for palliative treatment of Alzheimer's?
|
anticholinesterases, e.g., donepezil, selegiline, tacrine (Cognex), psychotropics
|
|
modifiable risk factors for stroke include:
|
- hypercholesterolemia
- a-fib - HTN - DM |
|
anti-parkinsonian agent that directly stimulates post-synaptic receptors
|
pergolide
|
|
sx of peripheral vertigo
|
- marked vertigo
- tinnitus |
|
what type of vertigo is shows vertical nystagmus?
|
central vertigo
|
|
sx of petit mal (absence) seizures
|
- sudden onset of brief episodes of consciousness of which pt is unaware
- often described as daydreaming - eyelid twitching |
|
what agent is used in managing acute coma?
a. mannitol b. Cogentin c. ipratropium bromide |
a. mannitol
The other two are anticholinergics. |
|
CVA
|
cerebrovascular accident or stroke syndrome: a condition with sudden onset caused by acute vascular lesions of the brain, such as infarction from hemorrhage, embolism, or thrombosis, or rupturing aneurysm. It may be marked by any of a variety of symptoms reflecting the focus of infarction or hemorrhage, including hemiparesis, vertigo, numbness, aphasia, and dysarthria; it is often followed by permanent neurologic damage.
|
|
T/F? Multifocal epilepsy is caused by a brain injury.
|
F. Mulitfocal epilepsy is of unknown etiology, but brain injury is NOT the suspected cause.
|
|
Which of the following is chronic and genetic?
a. Bell's palsy b. myasthenia gravis c. Parkinson's disease d. muscular dystrophy |
d. muscular dystrophy
|
|
antibiotic therapy for bacterial meningitis
|
ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone
|
|
most common type of ischemic event in a pt w/ a prior CVA is:
a. thrombotic b. embolic c. hemorrhagic d. edema e. subarachnoid hemorrhage |
a. thrombotic
|
|
trigeminal neuralgia hallmark
|
trigger zone
- naso-labial fold - upper, lower lips |
|
glossopharyngeal CN9 neuralgia
|
pain in tonsil area, base of tongue, lateral pharyngeal wall; pain triggered by eating
|
|
CRPS - complex regional pain syndrome
|
continuous regional dist of pain, in all or part of extremity. Usually follows trauma, tho no direct correlation between severity of injury and intensity of pain
|
|
TENS - trancutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
|
elec impulse goes thru skin and desensitizes area to pain
|
|
4 types of vascular headaches
|
1. migraine
2. cluster 3. toxic 4. hypertensive |
|
Brudzinski's sign
|
sign of meningitis -- pt. supine; head passively elevated from table; if positive (pain), pt will flex arm, hip, knee
|
|
Kernig's sign
|
sign of meningitis -- pain in lower back and resistance to straightening the leg constitute positive sign
|
|
epidural hematoma
|
between dura and skull
|
|
intracerebral hematoma sx
|
sudden onset, incapacitating h/a, decreased level of consciousness, maybe n/v
|
|
tentorium cerebelli
|
separates occipital lobes of cerebral hemispheres from cerebellum
|
|
superior salvitory nucleus
|
area of pons that produces parasympathetic fibers that go to the SPG sphenopalatine ganglia
|
|
dyskinesia
|
abnormal involuntary movement
|
|
dystonia
|
involuntary sustained muscle contraction; painful; fixed postures
|
|
kinetic tremor; goal-oriented tremor
|
tremor upon movement, not at rest
|
|
choreoform
|
piano-playing movements
|
|
essential tremor
|
involuntary fine shaking of the hand, head, face, esp during routine body movement; autosomal dominant
|
|
ictal
|
pertaining to a sudden acute onset, e.g., seizure
|
|
reactive seizure
|
single seizure caused by fever, etoh, drug, infxn, etc.
|
|
secondary generalized seizure
|
starts focal/local; spreads to both hemispheres, becomes generalized
|
|
status epilepticus
|
generalized seizure that doesn't stop; by def, > 30 min; can be fatal (from hypoxia?)
|
|
absence seizure
|
epileptic seizure characterized by a sudden, momentary loss of consciousness. Usually occurs many times a day w/o warning aura; most frequent in children, esp. at puberty
|
|
clonus
|
abnl pattern of neuromuscular activity, rapidly alternating involuntary contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle
|
|
Todd's paralysis
|
postepileptic hemiplegia or monoplegia lasting a few min, hrs, days
|
|
complex partial seizure
|
- focal seizure
- aura - malaise, nausea - slow, rep. limb movements w/head, eye and postural rigidity -autonomic disability - impaired ability to comprehend, register, or process info during seizure |
|
post-traumatic seizure
|
secondary generalized or partial/focal seizure after head trauma
|
|
BEAM, aka quantitative EEG
|
brain electrical activity mapping; detects very sudden wave/form changes eye can't pick up
|
|
multiple sclerosis
|
immune mediated demyelinating disease w/periods of relapsing or progressive and remitting neurologic symptoms
|
|
amyotropy
|
wasting of muscles
|
|
intention tremor
|
when moving towards something, tremor starts
|
|
scanning speech
|
abnl speech; singing; staccato-like; person pauses between syllables
|
|
Charcot's triad
|
3 hallmark sx of MS multiple sclerosis
1. nystagmus 2. scanning speech 3. intention tremor |
|
decerebrate posture
|
position of comatose patient in which arms are extended and internally rotated; legs extended w/feet in forced plantar flexion; usually in pt w/ compress of brainstem at low level (midbrain and pons)
|
|
decorticate posture
|
position of comatose patient in which up extremities are rigidly flexed at elbows and wrists; legs may also be flexed; indicates lesion in higher, corticotract mesencephalic region of brain
|
|
internuclear ophtalmoplegia
|
lesion in medial longitudinal fasciculus of brainstem causing nystagmus; eyes aBduct; bilateral abducting nystagmus
|
|
trigeminal neuralgia
|
hearing loss and vertigo
|
|
neurogenic pain
|
usually band-like pain around body or b ack
|
|
light coma
|
subgroup of coma; there may be a reflex, primitive response to light
|
|
deep coma
|
no response to any painful stimuli
|
|
caloric testing
|
cold water in ears, wakeful pt's eyes will develop rotatory nystagmus away from irrigated side
|
|
locked-in syndrome
|
looks like coma, but higher mental functions intact; related to infarction of basilar pons region; pt is quadriplegic w/ paralysis of lower cranial nerves -- can't breathe, talk
|
|
ascending reticular activation system
|
the part of the brain that controls wakefulness/ arousability
|
|
central herniation
|
cerebral hemisphere is caudally displaced in midline fashion
|
|
unilateral uncus herniation
|
lesions laterally displaced in temporal lobe, and brain herniates downward (uncus = hooklike anterior end of the hippocampal gyrus on the temporal lobe of the brain)
|
|
Doll's eyes
|
transient eye movement opposite the direction of head movement; if eyes move in same direction as head, indicative of severe brainstem damage
|
|
Wernicke's encephalopathy or syndrome
|
inflam, hemorrhagic, degenerative condition of the brain; char by lesions in several parts of the brain; caused by thiamine B12 deficiency and seen in chronic alcoholism
ophthalmoplegia nystagmus vomiting ataxia mental deterioration |
|
post-hyperventilation apnea
|
3 min hyperventillation followed by >30 sec apnea; indicates diffuse metabolic disease or damage to forebrain
|
|
Cheyne Stokes respiration
|
alternating periods of apnea and deep, rapid breathing; cyclical; slow waxing and waning of repiration, then 30 sec apnea; dysfunction of diencephalon or by bilateral hemispheric lesions or early brain stem compression
|
|
central neurogenic hyperventilation
|
- regular, rapid breathing; like on ventilator; indicates lesion in midbrain/pons
|
|
apneustic breathing
|
pattern char by prolonged inspiratory phase followed by expiration apnea; associated w/pontine lesion
|
|
ataxic breathing
|
associated w/lesion in medullary respiratory center and char by series of irregular inspir, expir
|
|
dementia
|
adult acquired intellectual deterioration
|
|
memory impairment
|
impaired ability to learn something new or to recall previously learned info
|
|
isolated memory impairment (mild cognitive impairment)
|
memory prob with NO other cogntiive disturbances
|
|
apolipoprotein B
|
lipid transport protein in the brain
|
|
glutamate
|
neurotransmitter released during thinking; a major excitatory amino acid of the CNS
|
|
executive function
|
ability to plan and sequence events
|
|
aphasia
|
absence or impairment of ability to communicate thru speech, writing, or signs because of dysfunction in dominant hemisphere
|
|
apraxia
|
inability to perform tasks or activities even tho motor, sensory, and cerebellar functions are preserved; problem is in cortex
|
|
agnosia
|
inability to recognize familiar or common environmental stimulie even tho sensory, motor, and cerebellar functions are preserved; can't recognize color, body parts, etc.
|
|
anopsia
|
visual field defects
|
|
Wernicke's aphasia; fluent aphasia
|
-affects dominant temporal lobe
-pt cannot follow commands; cannot repeat sentences -pure aphasia; no associated weakness -visual field problems: nystagmus, trouble moving eyes |