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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Stool specimens
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3 specimens collected every other day. Avoid using mineral oil, bismuth. Wait 10 days after barium study to do O&P
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Specimen processing
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Concentration by centrifugation, flotation, filtering
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Protozoa
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Amoeba, flagellates, sporozoans
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Worms
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Helminths
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Protozoa-Amebae
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Entamoeba histolytica, Baladtidium coli
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Fecal-oral route - causes dysentery
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Entamoeba histolytica
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Cysts stay in GI tracts or go to lungs/brain
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Entamoeba histolytica
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S&S: abdominal pain, diarrhea, cramping, bloody stools, colitis-like symptoms
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Entamoeba histolytica
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Protozoan can go systemic (liver) - fever, rigors, & psychosis
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Entamoeba histolytica
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Trophozoite (4 nuclei)
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Entamoeba histolytica
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Largest ciliated protozoan to infect humans
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Balatidium coli
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Unclean water, fruits, & vegetables
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Balatidium coli
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S&s: abdominal pain, tenderness, nausea, anorexia
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Balatidium coli
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Protozoan stays in GI tract
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Balatidium coli
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Protozoa-Flagellates
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Giardia lamblia, Trichomonas vaginalis, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania
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Beaver fever (beavers contaminate drinking water)
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Giardia lamblia
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Trophozoite & Cyst forms - only mature cyst is infective (fecal-oral route)
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Giardia lamblia
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"Old man cyst"
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Giardia lamblia
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S&S: Diarrhea, foul-smelling stools, bloating, flatulence, malabsoprtion, weight loss
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Giardia lamblia
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Daycares
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Giardia lamblia
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Dx with O&P - cyst or trophozoite in stools
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Giardia lamblia
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Giardia antigen (ELISA) - IFA
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Giardia lamblia
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Dark field microscopy -DFA
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Giardia lamblia
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Tx for Giardia lamblia
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Flagyl
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Antabuse reaction with ETOH
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Flagyl
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Giemsa
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Trichomonas vaginalis
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Vaginitis - considered STI but can get by other means
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Trichomonas vaginalis
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Women: foul-smelling vaginal discharge
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Trichomonas vaginalis
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Men: asymptomatic (carriers)
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Trichomonas vaginalis
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Trophozoite - 4 flagella, single nucleus
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Trichomonas vaginalis
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No cyst stage
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Trichomonas vaginalis
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Tx for Trichomonas vaginalis
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Flagyl
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Kissing bug or Reduviid bug
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Trypanosoma cruzi (Chaga's Disease)
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Bites face causing induration especially around the eyes
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Trypanosoma cruzi (Chaga's Disease)
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Sand fly
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Leishmaniasis
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Tiny red papule with intense itching that becomes ulcerated, usually have a scar
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Leishmaniasis
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Anopheles gambiae mosquito
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Malaria
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Plasmodium - humans are reservoir
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Malaria
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Initial symptoms: flu-like
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Malaria
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Progress to chills and rigors
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Malaria
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Infxn starts in liver & affects RBCs
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Malaria
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Giemsa-stained thick and thin peripheral smears
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Malaria
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Tx for Malaria
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Larium (mefloquine) prophylaxis, Malarone for peds
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Scuffner's dots
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Plasmodium vivax - Malaria
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Immunocompromised
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Toxoplasmosis
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Pregnant women
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Toxoplasmosis
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Cows, sheep, pigs, cats
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Toxoplasmosis
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Uncooked red meat & fecally contaminated kitty litter
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Toxoplasmosis
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May be asymptomatic or have fever & lymphadenopathy
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Toxoplasmosis
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Helminths-Cestodes
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Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm), Trichuris trichura (whipworm), Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm), Loa Loa (eyeworm)
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Most common helminth infection in US
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Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
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Humans are definitive host
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Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
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Eggs hatch in sm int, larvae migrate to colon where they mate, female worms go to anus to lay eggs
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Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
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Perianal pruritus
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Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
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Tx for Pinworms
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Vermox or Swube Tube (pinworm prep/scotch tape prep)
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Prolapse of rectum
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Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)
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Eggs = bipolar plugs (like football)
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Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)
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Fecal contaminated soil in SE US (fecal-oral)
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Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm)
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Eggs inhaled, larvae hatch in sm int, go through blood to alveoli, break through alveoli, coughed up & swallowed, go back to intestines (mature & mate)
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Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm)
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Can penetrate bowel - peritonitis
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Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm)
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Loeffler's pneumonia, obstruction, malabsorption
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Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm)
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Eosinophilia on peripheral smear
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Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm)
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CXR - perihilar infiltrates
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Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm)
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Tx for roundworms
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Vermox, Pyrantel for pregnant pts + f/u O&P
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Biting fly is vector
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Loa Loa (eyeworm)
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In equatorial rainforest & Africa - see only immigrants and pts who have recently traveled
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Loa Loa (eyeworm)
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Microvilariae from mosquito vector
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Wuchereria bancrofti
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Migrates to SC tissue
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Wuchereria bancrofti
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Lymphadenitis & attacks of fever = elephantitis
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Wuchereria bancrofti
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More common when lack of toilets
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Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm)
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Attach to feet, enter blood, go to lungs (mature), coughed up & swallowed, attach to intestinal wall
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Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm)
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May help with allergies & asthma
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Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm)
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Blood loss - problem
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Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm)
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Anemia & pneumonitis
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Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm)
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Cestodes (tapeworm)
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Hymenolepsis nana (dwarf tapeworm), Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), Echinococcus granulosus (dog tapeworm), Diphyllobothrium latum (broad fish tapeworm
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Serious disease if end up in brain or eye
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Cestodes (tapeworm)
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Don't notice till see pieces of worm in stool
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Cestodes (tapeworm)
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B12 deficiency from malabsorption
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Cestodes (tapeworm)
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Intermediate host - clam or snail (mollusk)
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Trematodes (flukes)
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Important with immigrants
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Trematodes (flukes)
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Paragonimus westermani (lung fluke)
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Chinese immigrants
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Clonochiasis sinensis (liver fluke)
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Asian refugees
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Schistomiasis (blood fluke)
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Hepatosplenomegaly
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