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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the prefered method of toxicology detection
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Mass Spectrophotometer
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Ethanol metabolize r
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dehydrogenase
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With ethylene glycol you can find what in the urine
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oxalate crystals
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Isopropyl alcohol is metabolized by ADH to
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Acetone
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mercury analysys done by
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atomic absorption
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cocaine metabolite
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benzoylecgonine
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metabolite of heroin
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acetylmorphine
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Tylenol is
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acetaminophen
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Aspirin is
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salicylates
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first order of kinetics =
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concentration is in direct correlation to metabolism
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decreased kidney function can lead to increased levels of drugs in
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blood
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what is pharmacokinetics
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mathimatical interpretation of of drug disposition over time
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phenytoin
phenobarbitol valproic acid |
antiepileptics
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digoxin
procainamide quinidine |
cardiovascular agent
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theophyline
caffeine |
bronchodilators
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lithium
cyclic antidepressants |
antidepressant
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aminoglycosides
chloramphenicol |
antibiotics
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cyclosporine
tacrolimus (prograf) |
immunosupressant
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FSH
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follicle stimulating hormone
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hormones made by ovaries
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estrogen
progesterone androgens |
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principle estrogen produced in ovaries
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estradiol
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____ and ____ are elevated in menopause
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FSH
LH |
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congenital chromosomial abnormality
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turners syndrome
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LH
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luteinizing hormone
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testosterone deficiency results in
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loss of bone mass
osteoporosis hypogonadism |
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GnRH determines production of (2)
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LH
FSH |
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organs involved in calcium homeostasis
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small intestine
bone kidneys |
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PTH and vitamine D have control of
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calcium
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PTH act to raise ___________
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blood calcium
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PTH lowers levels of
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blood phosphate
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calcium reference range
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total calcium = 8.6 - 10 mg/dl
ionized calcium = 4.8 - 5.5 mg/dl |
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calcium levels higher then 10 mg/dl =
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hypercalcimia
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calcium levels less than 8.6 =
ionized calcium levels <4.8 also result in |
hypocalcimia
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hallmark difference in rickets and osteomalacia
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age of onset
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high levels of calcium in the blood stimulates _______ to be released
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calcitonin
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hormones that regulate metabolism and neurological developement
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thyroid hormones
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Iodine deficiency can result in
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hypothyroidism
mental retardation |
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2 active forms of thyroid hormones
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T3 and T4
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______ is the key to synthesis of thyroid hormones
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iodine
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prolonged TSH stimulation can result in a
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goiter
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TRH
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thyrotropin releasing hormone
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a decrease in thyroid hormone results in an increase in
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TRH and TSH
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Thyroglobulin is a ______ _______ for thyroid ________
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tumor
marker cancer |
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TSH refference range
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.5 - 5 mIU/l
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T4 reference range
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4.5 - 13 ug/dl
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Hashimotos thyroiditis is the most frequent cause of _______ ________ in developed countries
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primary hypothyroidism`
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most common cause of hyperthyroidism is
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Graves disease
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graves disease is an ___________ _________ disorder
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auto immune
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nonthyroidal illness
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euthyroid sick syndrome
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Adrenal medulla cells synthesize
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dopamine
norepinephrine epinephrine |
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cortisol is a
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glucocorticoid
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aldosterone is a
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mineralcorticoid
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steroid hormones are synthesized from
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cholesteral
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DHEA
androstenedione testosterone all are |
androgens
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this acts directly on the kidney tubules to regulate __________ homeostasis and control _________ pressure
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sodium
arterial |
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renin angiotensin system
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renin is synthesized
angiotenisin is produced angiotenisin 2 is produced stimulation of aldosterone production |
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hypoaldosteronism is a hyperfunction of the
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adrenal cortex
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Addisons disease would be an insuffiiency of
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adrenal function
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Cushings syndrome is an excess of
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corticosteroid
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Conns syndrome is an excess of
AKA hyperaldosteronism |
mineral corticoid
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two other types of hyperaldosteronism
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liddels syndrome
barters syndrome |
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5 hormones of the anterior pituitary
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TSH, GH, LH, FSH, prolactin
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posterior pituitaryis storage and release of (2)
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oxytosin
vasopressin |
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3 actions of hormones
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regulatory
morphogenick integrative |
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testosterone and estriol develope the influence of
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male and female sex charactoristics
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carbohydrate metabolism in the
pancreas = pancreas = pituitary gland = adrenal gland = |
insulin
glucagon growth hormone epinephrine |
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hormone control main targets
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thyroid gland
adrenal cortex gonads |
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TRH = release of
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TSH and prolactin
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GnRH = release of
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LH and FSH
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CRH = release of
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ACTH
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GHRH = release of
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GH
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somatostatin inhibits
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GH and TSH
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hormone that regulates water excretion
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vasopressin
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oxytocin has a critical role in
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lactation
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most quantitative and used form of hormone test
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immunoassay
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agent that causes cancer
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carcinogen
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oncogens are good/bad
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bad
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tumer suppressor genes are good/bad
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good
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enzyme used as tumer marker in liver, bone, or liver cancers
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ALP
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pancreatic, breast, gastric and colon cancer hormone elevates
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ACTH
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alpha fetoprotein AFP is developed in the embryonic
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yolk sac
liver |
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carcinoembryonic antigen CEA is usefull marker in
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gastrointestinal, lung and breast cancer
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carbohydrate marker for breast cancer
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ca 15-3
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CA 27.29
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breast carcinoma
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CA 549
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breast cancer (advanced)
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CA 125
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ovarian tumers
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CA 19-9
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pancreatic carcinoma
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CA 72-4
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carcinomas of GI tract
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CA 242
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pancreatic and colorectal cancer
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3 basic parts of cell organization
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unit membranes
cytoplasm nucleus |
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3 functions of cell membrane
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restricts and facilitates interchange of substance
cell to cell recognition surface markers for cell identification |
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2 types of protiens in cell membrane
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integral and peripheral
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3 parts of the cell nucleus
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chromatin
nuclear envelope nucleoli |
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synthesize site of ribosomes
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nucleoli
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will modify, sort and package molecules for secretion and delivery in a cell
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goldi complex
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ribosomes are composed of
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protein and RNA
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mitochondria is sself replicating with its own
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DNA and RNA
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these contain enzymes involved in the cells digestive process
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lysosomes
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funtion of this is
aid in cell division cytoskeletal support motility |
microfiliments
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these make up mitotic spindle fibers and centrioles during mitosis
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microtubules
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three phases of fetal homatopoiesis
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mesoblastic phase
hepatic phase medullary phase |
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Adult hematopoiesis
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proliferation and maturing of cells
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erythroid, myeloid, megakaryocytic, and lymphoid cells are contained where
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bone marrow
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primary lymphoid is divided into
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bone marrow and thymus
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secondary lymphoid tissue divide into
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spleen, lymph nodes, and gut associated lymphoid tissue
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red bone marrow
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active marrow
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yellow bone marrow
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composed of fat cells
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kupffer cells are in the
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liver
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3 types of splenic tissue
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white pulp
red pulp marginal zone |
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the spleen can remove damaged _________ passing through
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RBCs
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3 main functions of lymph nodes
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formation of new lymphocytes
proccessing of specific immunoglobins filtration of debris |
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2 areas of the thymus
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peripheral and central zones
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2 types of progenital cells
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noncommitted and multipotenial
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CFU-GEMM
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granulocyte, erythrocyte, megakaryocyte, monocyte
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CFU-E
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erythrocyte
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CFU-Meg
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megakaryocyte
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CFU-M
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monocyte
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CFU-GM
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granulocyte/monocyte
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CFU-BASO
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myeloid to basophil
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CFU-EO
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myeloid to eosinophil
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CFU-G
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myeloid to neutrophil
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CFU-pre-T
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T lymphocyte
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CFU-pre-B
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B Lymphocyte
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hematopoietic growth factors AKA
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cytokines
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protiens that exibit multiple biologic activities
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interleukins
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2 catagories of leukopoiesis
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myelopoiesis and lymphopoeisis
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3 functions of RBCs
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carry oxygen
returns carbon dioxide buffers PH of blood |
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nucleated precurser of RBC
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erythroblast
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what is the first morphologically identifiable RBC precurser
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pronormoblast
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one single pronormoblast can make _____ mature RBCs
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8
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RBC maturation sequence (6)
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pronormoblast
basophilic normoblast polychromatic normoblast orthochromic normoblast reticulocyte erythrocyte |
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collection of all stages of erythrocytes throughout the body
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erythron
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too little oxygen =
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hypoxia
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Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone produced in the
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kidney
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what is the lifespan of a erythrocyte
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120 days
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conversion of glucose into pyruvate with the production of ATP
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glycolysis
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anaerobic glycolysis metabolizes glucose into
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lactic acid
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this is responsible for maintaining iron in its reduced state which is nessessary for oxygen transport
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methemoglobin reductase
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3 RBC membrane functions
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maintain shape
maximizes surface to volume ratio (concave shape) maintain osmotic balance |
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RBC membraine composition (%)
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lipid = 40%
protien = 52% carbohydrate = 8% |
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peripheral blood smear use _______ tube with _________ color top
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EDTA
lavendar |
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platelet count refference range
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150 - 450 * 10^3 / ul
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