Cliffs Ap Biology Ch 11 Muscular And Immune

Front 1

What is the term used to define the plasma membrane of a muscle cell?

Back 1

Sarcolemma

Front 2

What is the term used to define the cytoplasm of a muscle cell?

Back 2

Sarcoplasm

Front 3

What is the term used to define the calcium storage structure of a muscle cell?

Back 3

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Front 4

Do skeletal muscle cells have more than one nucleii?

Back 4

Yes, they are multinucleated

Front 5

Thin filaments are composed of XXXXXXX.

Back 5

Actin

Front 6

Thick filaments are composed of XXXXXXXX.

Back 6

Myosin

Front 7

What is the term used to define a repeating unit of overlapping muscle filaments?

Back 7

Sarcomere

Front 8

Describe the five steps of muscle contraction.

Back 8

1. ATP binds to the myosin head and forms ADP + Pi
2. Ca2+ exposes the binding sites on actin filaments. Ca2+ binds to troponin causing tropomyosin to expose positions on the actin filament for attachment of the myosin heads.
3. Cross Bridges between the myosin heads and actin filaments form
4. ADP and Pi are released and the sliding motion of actin results.
5. ATP causes the cross-bridges to unwind

Front 9

Describe the four steps in muscle contraction:

Back 9

1. Action potential generates the release of acetylcholine
2. Action Potential is generated on sarcolemma throughout the T-Tubules
3. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum releases Ca2+
4. Myosin Cross-Bridges Form

Front 10

What are the three kinds of muscle?

Back 10

1. Skeletal Muscle
2. Smooth Muscle
3. Cardiac Muscle

Front 11

What is the term used to define a type of muscle that is voluntary that is attached to bones and causes movement of the body.

Back 11

Skeletal Muscle

Front 12

What is the term used to define a type of muscle that is involved in involuntary movements that is not striated?

Back 12

Smooth Muscle

Front 13

What is the term used to define a type of muscle that is responsible for rythmic contractions of the heart?

Back 13

Cardiac Muscle

Front 14

XXXXXXXXX are white blood cells that engulf pathogens by phagocytosis?

Back 14

Phagocytes

Front 15

What are two types of Phagocytes?

Back 15

1. Neutrophils
2. Monocytes

Front 16

Monocytes enlarge into large phagocytic cells called XXXXXXXXX.

Back 16

Macrophages

Front 17

Other white bloods cells called XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXX attack abnormal body cells or pathogen-infected cells?

Back 17

Natural Killer Cells

Front 18

What is the term used to define a group of about twenty proteins that help attract phagocytes to foreign cells and help destroy foreign cells by promoting cell lysis?

Back 18

Complement

Front 19

What is the term used to define substances secreted by cells invaded by viruses that stimulate neighboring cells to produce proteins that help defend against the viruses?

Back 19

Interferons

Front 20

What is the term used to define a series of non-specific events that occur in response to pathogens that include histamine, vasodilation, phagocytes, and complement?

Back 20

Inflammatory Response

Front 21

Histamine is secreted by XXXXXXXX, white blood cells found in connective tissue.

Back 21

Basophils

Front 22

What is the term used to define increased blood supplies to damaged areas allowing for easier movement for white blood cells in response to histamine release?

Back 22

Vasodilation

Front 23

What is the term used to define a mechanism by which the immune system is able to differentiate between self and nonself cells?

Back 23

Major histocompatibility complex

Front 24

White blood cells originate in XXXXXX XXXXXX.

Back 24

Bone Marrow

Front 25

B cells have antigen receptors on their plasma membrane called XXXXXXXX.

Back 25

Antibodies

Front 26

When B cells encounter antigens that specifically bind to their antibodies, the B-cells proliferate producing two types of daughter B cells called:

Back 26

1. Plasma Cells
2. Memory Cells

Front 27

What is the term used to define B cells that release their specific antibodies which when circulating through the body binding to antigens?

Back 27

Plasma Cells

Front 28

What is the term used to define long-lived B-cells that do not release their antibodies in response to the immediate antigen invasion. Instead they circulate through the body and respond to any susequent invasion?

Back 28

Memory Cells

Front 29

XXX XXXXXXX are lymphocytes that originate in the bone marrow, but mature in the thymus gland

Back 29

T-Cells

Front 30

What is the term used to define the immune system response that uses mostly T-Cells and responds to any non-self cells, including cells invaded by a pathogen?

Back 30

Cell-Mediated Response

Front 31

What is the term used to define most cells and responds to antigens or pathogens that are circulating in the blood or lymph?

Back 31

Humoral Response

Front 32

What is the term used to define chemicals derived from bacteria or fungi that are harmful to microorganisms?

Back 32

Antibiotics

Front 33

What is the term used to define substances that stimulate the production of memory cells?

Back 33

Antibiotics

Front 34

What is the term used to define a type of immunity obtained by transferring antibodies from an individual who previously had a disease to a newly infected individual?

Back 34

Passive Immunity