Cliff 3

Front 1

In the CNS what produces myelin? In the peripheral nervous system what produces myelin?

Back 1

oligodendrocytes

Schwann cells

Front 2

type of cells are axons produced from

Back 2

Glilal cells

Front 3

white part of the eye

Back 3

sclera

Front 4

brain structure controls autonomic fcns like breathing and heart rate

Back 4

Medulla

Front 5

neurons carry motor info

Back 5

efferent neurons

Front 6

eye structure bends/focuses light rays

Back 6

Cornea

Front 7

muscles help cnt the shape and focal length of the lens

Back 7

ciliary muscles

Front 8

structure helps supply the retina with blood

Back 8

Choroid

Front 9

neurons carry sensory info

Back 9

afferent neuron

Front 10

Curare

Back 10

blocks the post-synaptic acetylcholine receptors leadaing to paralysis

Front 11

botox

Back 11

Prevents the release of acetylcholine leading to paralysis

Front 12

channel opens during depolarization

Back 12

Voltage gated Na+ channels

Front 13

When the body's blood volume is low, what does the kidney produce?

Back 13

renin

Front 14

Which pancreatic cells produce and secrete insulin?

Back 14

beta cells

Front 15

ACTH (sourse: Anterior Pituitary)

Back 15

stimulates adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids

Front 16

growth hormone

Back 16

somatotropin

Front 17

glucocorticoids

Back 17

inc blood glucose level and dec protein synthesis

Front 18

What type of corticosteroid is Aldesterone?

Back 18

mineralocorticoids

Front 19

mineralocorticoids

Back 19

inc water reabsorption in the kidneys

Front 20

What is the function of secretin?

Back 20

triggers secretion of alkaline bicarbonate to neutralize acidic chyme

Front 21

parathyroid

Back 21

inc plasma calcium

Front 22

LH do in females? Males?

Back 22

-stimulate ovulation and form.of corpus luteum

-testes to make testosterone

Front 23

What struc. of the pancreas synth. glucagon and insulin?

Back 23

Islets of Langerhans

Front 24

glucagon

Back 24

prod by alpha cells of pancreas and inc glucose level of blood

Front 25

gastrin

Back 25

prod in stomach and induces prod of HCL

Front 26

FSH

Back 26

maturation of ovarian follicle

Front 27

What chemical stimul. the ripening of fruit?

Back 27

Ethylene

Front 28

diabetes mellitus

Back 28

High glucose level and low insulin

Front 29

purpose of cortisol/cortisone

Back 29

reg of glucose

Front 30

calcitonin

Back 30

secreted by thyroid and dec plasma calcium

Front 31

bile

Back 31

prod in gall bladder, digests fat

Front 32

ADH

Back 32

inc permeability of nephron collecting duct and therefore ptomote water reabroption

Front 33

anterior pituitary

Back 33

FLAT PEG

Front 34

endorphine

Back 34

inhib perception of pain in brain

Front 35

aldosterone

Back 35

regulates plasma level of Na and K

Front 36

adrenal medulla (fight or flight)

Back 36

epinephrine and norepinephrine

inc blood glucose level and heart rate

Front 37

What struc produ corticosteroids in resp to stress?

Back 37

Adrenal cortex

Front 38

What causes the inflammatory resp as a defense mechanism?

Back 38

histamine

Front 39

agglutinate

Back 39

Antigens which are clumped togeth into large insoluble complexes

Front 40

Which type of immune cells activate B and T cells?

Back 40

helper T cells

Front 41

suppressor T cells

Back 41

reg activity of B and T cells

Front 42

Which type of immunity is used to combal fungal and viral infections?

Back 42

cell mediated immunity

Front 43

humoral immunity

Back 43

Antibodies which are VERY specific to the antigen

Front 44

left side of the heart and name of its circulation

Back 44

Circulating of oxygenated blood. Systemic circulation

Front 45

right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium through what structure?

Back 45

atrio-ventricular opening

Front 46

What is the fcn of the PITH and where is it located?

Back 46

Storage of nutrients and plants support and it is the innermost layer

Front 47

What is the term refering to the inner layer of xylem that's dead and can be used for lumber

Back 47

Heartwood

Front 48

3 things contained in a vascular bundle

Back 48

xylem,phloem,cambium cells

Front 49

T cells

Back 49

cytolysis of infected cells

Front 50

valve prevents backflow into the left or right ventricles?

Back 50

semi lunar valve

Front 51

platelets

Back 51

lack neuclei

Front 52

interferons

Back 52

proteins prod by cells under viral attack that diffuse and help other cells

Front 53

immunoglobulins

Back 53

large proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigen for removal

Front 54

prod of antibodies against antigens?

Back 54

Humoral immunity

Front 55

fibrin

Back 55

trap blood cells and form clots

Front 56

prod of antibodies against antigens?

Back 56

active immunity

Front 57

gastrulation

Back 57

process of 1 layer blastula to 3 layered strucutre called gastrula

Front 58

Endoderm

Back 58

parts of liver,pancreas,bladder, thyroid lining, lining of digestive and respiratory tracts

Front 59

mesoderm

Back 59

muscoskeletal, circulatory, gonads, excretory sys, connective tissues, part of digestive and respiratory sys

Front 60

determinate cleavage

Back 60

cells whose future pathways are determined early

Front 61

chorion

Back 61

A moist membrane that permits gas exhange envelloping the amnion

Front 62

What is the process of morula developing a fluid filled cavity?

Back 62

Blastulation

Front 63

hollow sphere of cells evolved from blastocoel

Back 63

blastula

Front 64

sac-like strct that's involved in respiration and excretion and cont blood vessels to transp. gas and waste

Back 64

Allantois

Front 65

episome

Back 65

plasmids capable of integration into bacterial genome

Front 66

lateral meristem

Back 66

differentiate into either xylem or phloem cells.

Front 67

apical meristem

Back 67

tip of roots and stems

Front 68

seed embryo

Back 68

1) Epicotyl- precursos to upperstem and leaves

2) Cotyledons- seed leaves

3) Hypocotyl- develops into stem and root

4) Endosperm- grows and feeds the embryo

5) Seed Coat- develops from outer covering of the ovule.

Front 69

female gametophyte

Back 69

dev in ovule from one out of 4 spores

Front 70

major strucutures of a seed embryo

Back 70

1) Epicotyl- precursos to upperstem and leaves

2) Cotyledons- seed leaves

3) Hypocotyl- develops into stem and root

4) Endosperm- grows and feeds the embryo

5) Seed Coat- develops from outer covering of the ovule.

Front 71

Where does the coronary sinus receive deoxygenated blood from?

Back 71

walls of the heart

Front 72

annelids

Back 72

closed circ sys

Front 73

arthropods

Back 73

open circ sys

Front 74

trachids

Back 74

rise from xylem cells

Front 75

sieve tube cell

Back 75

derived from phloem

Front 76

cleavage

Back 76

occurs w/o growth

Front 77

gametophytes produces gametes by

Back 77

mitosis

Front 78

sexual reproduction in plants

Back 78

Alternating between diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte generations

Front 79

LH and FSH regulated

Back 79

GnRH

Front 80

body struc is req for regeneration to occur?

Back 80

central disk

Front 81

budding

Back 81

hydra and yeast

Front 82

fission

Back 82

bacteria,paramecium, algea, amoebae

Front 83

meosis crossing over

Back 83

prophase I

Front 84

meiosis tetrads

Back 84

prophase I

Front 85

meosis interphase

Back 85

chrom are replicated into 2N number of sister chromatids

Front 86

male organ of flowe

Back 86

stamen

Front 87

dev of unfertilized egg

Back 87

Parthenogenesis

Front 88

Meristems

Back 88

undifferentiated tissues in plants that can grow to be an adult plant

Front 89

karyokinesis

Back 89

nuclear division

Front 90

dicots

Back 90

cotyledon absobs the endosperm

Front 91

Corpus Luteum

Back 91

Makes estrogen and progesterone and comes from ruptured follicle

Front 92

break down saccharide polymers?

Back 92

hydrolysis

Front 93

ratio of C, H, and O in carbs, respectively

Back 93

1:2:1

Front 94

cyclosis

Back 94

streaming mov within the cell

Front 95

Browian movement

Back 95

Mov. of particles due to kinetic energy which spreads small suspended particles throughout the cytoplasm of the cell

Front 96

autolysis

Back 96

rupture of lysosome membrane and cell suicide

Front 97

protein cont histone

Back 97

nucleoprotein

Front 98

Protein complexed around a metal ion

Back 98

metalloprotein

Front 99

Proteins bound to pigmented molecules

Back 99

chromoprotein

Front 100

Proteins bound to carbohydrates

Back 100

mucoproteins

Front 101

Simple protein portion w/ nonprotein parts.

Back 101

conjugated

Front 102

Fibrous in nature and act as structural proteins. Collagen

Back 102

scleroprotein

Front 103

Primarily globular in nature, carriers of enzymes

Back 103

albumin and globulin

Front 104

type of protein that are comp composed of amino acids

Back 104

simple

Front 105

What are the reactants and products in photosynthesis (general)?

Back 105

CO2 and H20 -----> Carbohydrates

Front 106

assimilation

Back 106

building of new tissues from digested food

Front 107

Amoebas, earthworms, humans

Back 107

heterotrophic aerobes

Front 108

yeast

Back 108

Heterotrophic anaerobes

Front 109

Green Plants and photoplankton

Back 109

autotrophic aerobes

Front 110

Chemosynthetic bacteria?

Back 110

autotrophic anaerobes

Front 111

each species adapts to a distinct niche

Back 111

competition is minimized

Front 112

speciation

Back 112

1)Genetic variation

2) Env changes

3) Migration to new env

4) Adaptation to new env

5) Natural Selection

6) Isolation

Front 113

allopatric

Sympatric

Back 113

-physical barrier

-no barrier

Front 114

main change during gene flow

Back 114

changing population gene pool

Front 115

bottleneck effect

Back 115

rapid pop reduc where some alleles are over-represented and some alleles are under-represented

Front 116

In the assortive mating concept, what is ultimately affected?

Back 116

Relative genotype ratios

Front 117

assortive mating

Back 117

Non-random mating who are selected via proximity and phenotypes.

Front 118

Hardy weinberg principles

Back 118

1)Pop is large

2) No mutations that affect the gene pool

3) Mating betw indv is completely random

4) No net migration into or out of the pop

5) The genes in the pop are all equally successful at reprod.

Front 119

inheritance of acquired characteristics of Lamarckian evolution?

Back 119

amount of dad muscle wont be d same as son

Front 120

Describe Lamarckian Evolution?

Back 120

New organs or changes in existing ones arose because of the need "use or disuse"

Front 121

links between reptiles and birds

Back 121

Archaeopteryx

Front 122

the process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region.

Back 122

sympatric speciation

Front 123

genetic drift

Back 123

change in gene pool due to changes

Front 124

Two or more similar species becoming more dissimilar?

Back 124

divergent evolution

Front 125

small local pop. that breed w/ each other only

Back 125

deme

Front 126

Allopatric speciation

Back 126

something extrinsic to the organisms prevents 2 or more groups from mating w/ eaothr regularly, eventually caus that lineage to speciate.

Front 127

petrification

Back 127

minearals replace the cells of an organism

Front 128

plasmolysis

Back 128

movement of water out of a cell that results in the collapse of a cell

Front 129

narrow channels between PLANT cells

Back 129

Plasmodesmata

Front 130

connexons

Back 130

to prevent the cytoplasm of ea cell from mixing, but allowing the passage of ions and small molecules

Front 131

gap junction

Back 131

narrow tunnels betw animal cells consisting of proteins called connexons.

Front 132

tightly stitched seams betw animal cells. Normally found in cells lining the digestive tract

Back 132

tight junction

Front 133

hold tog. tissues that undergo considerable stress

Back 133

desmosomes

Front 134

maintain rigidity in the cells

Back 134

Central vacuoles and by process of turgor