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378 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Puritans
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Fled James and Laud: wanted religious utopia. (Saw themselves as last bastion of pure Christianity) Fearful of outsiders (incl. Pilgrims and Catholics); intolerant and isolated. NOT Pacifistic: English Civil War 1641 - 1660 and The Pequot War 1675 - 1676
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New England Colonists
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Life Expectance: 70 Men; 62 Women (previously skewed by including infants) Average family: 4 - 6 children. Little slavery (no need); Isolated Puritan communities. Climate and geography supported settlement by townships.
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Third Amendment
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Prohibits illegal quartering of troops in private homes
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Article II Constitution
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Deals w/Congress
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Writ of Habeus corpus
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Authorities must present evidence w/i 48 hours. Only Congress can suspend (President as a wartime act) Lincoln: Tennessee and Maryland
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Dutch Colonizers
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Fought with Natives; exploitive fur trade. Bloody war w/Algonquins 1643. They were small in #: recruited other nationalities to settle. New Netherland = diverse = infighting. Patroon System and climate harsh: few takers
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North American Natives
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Diversified economies (except Great Plains: hunters only) Oral traditions; nature sacred. Went to war over territory (some tribes more warlike than others)
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Spanish Colonizers
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Ideal colonial: young unmarried male seeking riches and return to Spain. 16th Century: 1500 conquistadors / year. Exploited natives; then African slaves (Charles V & Las Casas). Established large plantations: adeletandos. Introduced horses.
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First Amendment
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Free speech; religion; Right to Assemble and petition
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Sixth Amendment
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Deals w/Rights of the Accused (speedy trial). Re-enforces DOI. Reflects fears of Anti-Federalists
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Impeachment
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Article I; Sec.2: must start in the House. Sec.3: moves to Senate (presided over by Chief Justice). If guilty: removed. 1867: Andrew Johnson escaped removal by one vote. Nixon: neither impeached nor removed. Clinton: impeached: not removed.
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XYZ Affair
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1796 President John Adams. French were seizing U.S. ships and cargo. 'X,Y&Z' (anonymous sources) told Adams that French PM Talleyrand would accept a 250K bribe / 12 million $ interest-free loan to 'negotiate' the issues'. Adams leaked it to the press who ran with it. Adams considered it his greatest accomplishment. Saved U.S. honor.
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Jay Treaty
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John Jay: appointed by G. Washington in 1794 as Special Ambassador to G.B. Tried to open up West Indian trade and stop impressment but only succeeded in removing English troops from American soil.
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Missouri Compromise
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1819-1820. Dealt w/ slavery & its expansion (secession only slightly)
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The Great Compromise
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Authored by Roger Sherman: CT
Resulted in Bi-cameral legislature. (Virginia AND New Jersey Plans) At Philadelphia Convention. Saved the new government. |
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Puritans
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Fled James and Laud: wanted religious utopia. (Saw themselves as last bastion of pure Christianity) Fearful of outsiders (incl. Pilgrims and Catholics); intolerant and isolated. NOT Pacifistic: English Civil War 1641 - 1660 and The Pequot War 1675 - 1676
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New England Colonists
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Life Expectance: 70 Men; 62 Women (previously skewed by including infants) Average family: 4 - 6 children. Little slavery (no need); Isolated Puritan communities. Climate and geography supported settlement by townships.
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Third Amendment
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Prohibits illegal quartering of troops in private homes
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Article II Constitution
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Deals w/Congress
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Writ of Habeus corpus
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Authorities must present evidence w/i 48 hours. Only Congress can suspend (President as a wartime act) Lincoln: Tennessee and Maryland
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Dutch Colonizers
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Fought with Natives; exploitive fur trade. Bloody war w/Algonquins 1643. They were small in #: recruited other nationalities to settle. New Netherland = diverse = infighting. Patroon System and climate harsh: few takers
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North American Natives
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Diversified economies (except Great Plains: hunters only) Oral traditions; nature sacred. Went to war over territory (some tribes more warlike than others)
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Spanish Colonizers
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Ideal colonial: young unmarried male seeking riches and return to Spain. 16th Century: 1500 conquistadors / year. Exploited natives; then African slaves (Charles V & Las Casas). Established large plantations: adeletandos. Introduced horses.
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First Amendment
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Free speech; religion; Right to Assemble and petition
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Sixth Amendment
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Deals w/Rights of the Accused (speedy trial). Re-enforces DOI. Reflects fears of Anti-Federalists
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Impeachment
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Article I; Sec.2: must start in the House. Sec.3: moves to Senate (presided over by Chief Justice). If guilty: removed. 1867: Andrew Johnson escaped removal by one vote. Nixon: neither impeached nor removed. Clinton: impeached: not removed.
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XYZ Affair
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1796 President John Adams. French were seizing U.S. ships and cargo. 'X,Y&Z' (anonymous sources) told Adams that French PM Talleyrand would accept a 250K bribe / 12 million $ interest-free loan to 'negotiate' the issues'. Adams leaked it to the press who ran with it. Adams considered it his greatest accomplishment. Saved U.S. honor.
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Jay Treaty
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John Jay: appointed by G. Washington in 1794 as Special Ambassador to G.B. Tried to open up West Indian trade and stop impressment but only succeeded in removing English troops from American soil.
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Missouri Compromise
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1819-1820. Dealt w/ slavery & its expansion (secession only slightly)
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The Great Compromise
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Authored by Roger Sherman: CT
Resulted in Bi-cameral legislature. (Virginia AND New Jersey Plans) At Philadelphia Convention. Saved the new government. |
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Patrick Henry
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Anti-Federalist
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Anti-Federalists
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Believed: Supreme Court = too powerful and no rights in writing. Result: Bill of Rights. Opposed Electoral College. Feared country too large for one form of republican government.
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Washington D.C.
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Proposed as seat of government in 1790
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Nullification Controversy
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RE: South Carolina 1831 - 32
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Royal Colonies
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New York; New Hampshire; Delaware: all directly under Crown
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Kansas-Nebraska Acts
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Touched on sesession. More slavery and its expansion
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Mason-Dixon Line
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Touched on sesession. More on slavery and its expansion
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Treaty of Ghent
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Ended War of 1812 but did not prevent the Battle of New Orleans 2 weeks later.
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Battle of New Orleans
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American victory in War of 1812 after Treaty of Ghent was signed in 1815. 2000 British killed / 13 Americans
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American invasion of Canada
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Part of War of 1812: ended in American defeat
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Battle of Lake Eerie
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Part of War of 1812: major American Naval victory
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British burn Washington
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1814 (during War of 1812)
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Monroe Doctrine
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1823 Foreign Policy
1)U.S. to remain neutral in the face of European Wars 2)No more colonization of Western Hemisphere 3)Leave independent countries of N and S. America alone. England supported: avoided war w/ Spain over their deteriorating empire |
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Washington's Farewell Address
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America should avoid future wars. (1797)
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McCulloch v. Maryland
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1819 dealt with rights of Federal Government over States
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Dred Scott
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Slavery decision: 1857 Roger Taney
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Marbury v. Madison
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1803 Established power of judicial review
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Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
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1832. Chief Justice John Marshall writing for majority: tribe NOT a 'nation w/i a nation' but cannot be removed from their lands. (They eventually were: Trail of Tears) President Jackson scoffed at the decision: re-enforced that the Executive Branch had to enforce the decisions of the Supreme Court for them to have any merit.
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Commercial Market Farming
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One major cash-crop per year
After 1812, prices rose, tempting farmers. Process too complex: short-term debt. Farmers became pawns of middlemen. |
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2nd Bank of U.S.
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Nicholas Biddle at odds w/President Jackson
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1830 - 40's Reforms
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Temperance (males drank ~.5 pints per day).
Religious: The Second Great Awakening (revivalism) Seneca Falls Convention 1848: Women's Rights and educational reforms. NOT unionization: un-American; anti-individualistic; 'foreign input'. |
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Labor Reforms
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Not in 1800's: Unions seen as 'foreign' and anti-American
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Andrew Johnson
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Most influential 19th century President and most influential since G. Washington.
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Use of Veto as offensive political weapon
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Andrew Johnson (Maysville Veto; Second Bank of U.S. Veto)
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"The Kitchen Cabinet"
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advisors loyal to him appointed by Andrew Johnson to wrest control away from Congress and his Party
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Appointed Civil Servants to Federal Government
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Andrew Johnson
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Created 'spoil system' (cronyism; favoritism)
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Andrew Johnson
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First manipulation of public opinion by a President
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Andrew Johnson (as w/ Nicholas Biddle and the 2nd U.S. Bank struggle)
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Johnson's Bank War
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Believed the Bank too pro-East and pro-business under Biddle. Refused to re-charter: Grounds: unconstitutional and an illegal monopoly. Used public opinion: Bank's foreign creditors could influence American foreign policy; the Bank catered to the wealthy and raised the taxes of the working man and the farmer.
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The 'Sambo Personality'
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Stanley Elkins: 1961. "Slavery" Likened American slavery to Nazi concentration camps; broke Blacks' personalities and minds.
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Herbert Aptheker
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Marxist: viewed slaves as heroic rebels
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George Fitzhugh
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1850's Southern champion of slavery. Viewed it as 'positive good': all great empires relied on slaves.
"Cannibals All": black slaves better off than Northern factory workers. Blacks inately inferior. |
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Harriet Beecher Stowe
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"Uncle Tom's Cabin": first depiction of Blacks as human beings.
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Eugene Genovese
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Contemporary historian. "Roll Jordan, Roll". Rebutts the 'Sambo theory'.
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American Colonization Society
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Benjamin Lundy: tried to end slavery
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William Lloyd Garrison
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Abolitionists - American Anti-Slavery Society
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No strong stance: wanted political resolution of slavery issues
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Henry Clay; Stephen Douglas
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Lincoln's primary issue: Election of 1860
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Keeping the nation united. He never advocated the extreme abolitionists who did not care if the South seceded.
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John Brown
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1859: advocated violence to end slavery
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Nat Turner Rebellion
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1831: bloodiest slave uprising. 55 whites killed by 15 slaves in Virginia
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
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1854: advocated popular sovereignty to decide the issues of slavery in these territories. (to help the presidential aspirations of Stephen Douglas)
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Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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Headed Seneca Falls Convention of 1848. Militant expression of women's rights.
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Lincoln-Douglas Debates
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1858: over the Senate seat in Illinois
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Homestead Act
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1862: 160 acre farm in Great Plains to any citizen of majority who would work it for 5 years.
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Fugitive Slave Law
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also: The Compromise of 1850. Northeners outraged at being legally required to return runaways. (had gained victories in same agreement re: California free and no more slave auctions in D.C.)
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Importation of African Slaves
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Ended in 1808
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Gag Rule
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Congressional abolition petitions were tabled w/o discussion.
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Wilmot Proviso
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Concerns about Utah and New Mexico (slavery) at end of Mexican-American War.
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Dred Scott Case
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Taney Court: 1857. A Black man sued for freedom on the grounds of his current (northern) inhabitance. Denied basis: Blacks were/could not become citizens. Taney also ruled the Missouri Compromise and all other laws prohibiting slavery were unconstitutional under the 'due process clause' of the Fifth Amendment regarding property.
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Election of 1860
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4 sectional presidential candidates.
Lincoln: Republican: 40% popular vote; carried college Breckenridge: Southern Democrat: 18% popular Stephen Douglas: Northern Democrats: 30% popular vote John Bell: Constitutional Union Party: 13% popular vote. Lincoln: seen as minority president w/o national mandate and representing only the North's interests |
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Emancipation Proclamation
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January 1863
Only freed slaves in the States in which Lincoln had no control (the south). It did not mention those in Tennesee or Maryland. Slavery finally ended: 1865: 13th Amendment |
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13th Amendment
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1865: ended slavery
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Confederate Government
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Resembled Articles of Confederation from 1784 - 88.
Relied on friendly co-operation: states rights supreme. |
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State-Centered Federalism
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The Confederacy and the Articles of Confederation
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Homestead Act
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1865 - 1900 ~4 million went West. Most failed and returned. Cause: 160 acres not big enough; water and climate problems; inexperienced farmers.
Those who succeeded thanked the Republican Party. |
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Black Civil War Soldiers
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Lincoln reluctant. Agreed late (1863) w/ Mass 54th. ~185K segregated troops saw limited, but distinguished, action.
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Lincolns war powers
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Congress was on leave for the first four months: Lincoln was a virtual dictator by necessity.
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Election of 1824
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No candidate received a clear college majority. Jackson won popular (43%) but the House still chose John Quincy Adams. Jackson cried 'foul' when he discovered that Henry Clay - a V.P. candidate had swung his support to Adams and had been named his Secretary of State.
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Radical Republicans' promises to ex-slaves
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40 acres and a mule: from the divided land of plantation owners. Never materialized. Radicals did establish free public schools for Blacks and give them the vote and tried to protect them from the KKK and the White Camelia.
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Reconstruction
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North determined to make South pay. Most ex-slaves became sharecroppers.
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The Sellout of 1876
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Republican Rutherford Hayes tied w/ Democrat Tilden in the college. When fraud claimed, Hayes met w/ southern Representatives and traded their votes for his promise to withdraw Union troops and end Reconstruction. Gave South permission to terrorize and oppress ex-slaves.
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The Albany Plan
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Author: Ben Franklin. 1754 plan for colonial unity. Rejected by 1754 Congress. Franklin drew the segmented snake cartoon in support of his plan.
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The Know-Nothing Party
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Late 1840's.Based on fear of immigrants and Catholics. Special emphasis on allegience to Pope. Members wanted to limit the voting rights of Catholics and immigrants and their ability to hold office.
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The Free Soil Party
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Focused on stopping the spread of slavery in Western territories.
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The Republican Party (at its inception)
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wanted to abolish slavery
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The Whig Party
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a mainstream party opposed to the beliefs of the Know-Nothings. This party was destroyed by more radical ones.
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The Populist Party
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1890's: formed by farmers seeking to redress economic concerns ignored by the mainstream parties.
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Aaron Burr
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removed as V.P: 1804
defeated in NY for Governor conspired w/Spain to ransom President Jefferson for S.W. territories (for his own control) Tried and acquitted: Chief Justice John Marshall (need for 2 eyewitnesses) Marshall used incident to embarass Jefferson in 1807 |
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Virginia Plan
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Proposition for legislature based solely on population
co-author: James Madison |
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New Jersey Plan
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Proposition for legislature granting each state equal # of votes.
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Lewis & Clark
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Territory purchased from Napoleon by Jefferson in 1803 (he really only wanted trading rights to the Mississippi) Began 1804 - reached Pacific 1806
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Election of 1800
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Federalists: Adams and Pickney
Democratic-Republicans: Jefferson and Burr No majority of Electoral College; ballots did not specify position of candidate Burr tried to steal tie; Congress voted 37 times; finally chose Jefferson on Hamilton's recommendation Result: 12th Constitutional Amendment |
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Merchantilism
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Economic policy of British Empire for North America: 17th and 18th centuries. First proposed: 1590's: Richard Haklyt
Colonies forbidden to trade (except w/Britain); discouraged manufacturing: only role was supply of raw materials |
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Connecticut
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Compact / Contract Colony: almost completely independent of British rule until Revolution
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James Madison
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Author: Bill of Rights
Co-author: Virginia Plan Supported: strong presidency and Supreme Court. Federalist Papers 'Publius' (w/ Hamilton and Jay: on a par w/DOI and Constitution) During NY ratification Constitution: unique because: expansive freedoms AND energetic government. Threat: single interest group. Counter: large territory and diverse population. |
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Maryland
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Proprietory Colony: 1632: Purchased by Lord Baltimore as refuge for persecuted English Catholics. Never served purpose. Settlers at odds with Baltimore family authority
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Saratoga
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Military turning point of Revolution; victory persuaded France to aid.
Gates over Burgoyne in New York |
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Compromise of 1850
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Only debate where all were present: Henry Clay; Stephen Douglas; Jefferson Davis; Salmon Chase; William Seward and John C. Calhoun. Key Issue: States' Right to Secession. Secondary:
slavery & expansion into New Mexico and California. |
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John C. Calhoun
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State's Rights advocate; Compromise of 1850; supported secession
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Daniel Webster
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Anti-Federalist
Opposed secession |
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Henry Clay
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Ardent Constitutionalist
Anti-secessionist |
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Boston Massacre
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Relatively minor: dock workers and British troops; 7 Bostonians killed. Major propaganda
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Order of Events:
Begin: Townshend Acts |
Townshend Acts: 1767
Boston Massacre: 1770 Boston Tea Party: 1773 1st Continental Congress: 1774 Intolerable Acts: 1774 Battles: Lexington / Concord: 1775 |
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James Otis
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Mass. lawyer. 1761: opposed general search warrants (Writs of Assistance) Lost case but advanced theory of appealable law. (? dementia later in life)
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Writs of Assistance
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Purpose: Control smuggling and prohibit colonies from trade w/France during Seven Years War. Troops could ransack private homes for evidence. James Otis opposed
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Colonial Elections
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Suffrage: only white male Protestant property owners (those w/large stake in societal well-being) Annual elections: lower legislatures. Active local & county governments: Bi-cameral legislatures
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Wars to control North America
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Between England and France
First 3: inconclusive King William's: 1690 - 97 Queen Anne's: 1702 - 13 King George's: 1744 - 48 England vanquished (& Canada seded) in 1763 after Seven Years War (1756 - 63)Fought to control Ohio Territory. Only one to begin in America and spread to Europe. |
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South Carolina
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Black / White Ratio = 20 / 1
(others: 12 - 15% Black) Why? Harsh conditions of rice growing and fear of malaria = no indentured labor willing |
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Puritan Wars
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1675 - 1676: over white encroachment on Natives' lands. Metacomet (King Philip) organized Wampanoags (and other NE tribes) to drive out English. Indian losses: 40% (essentially wiped out). Ended Native resistance to white settlement of NE.
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"Order of the Star Spangled Banner"
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The organization from which grew the Know-Nothing Party
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The Know-Nothing Party
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Grew out of the Order of the Star Spangled Banner. Based on fear and dislike of Catholics and immigrants. Strongest in urban and coastal areas. 1855: 2nd largest party / by 1860: no longer a faction. Why? Poor leadership; narrow focus; larger issues (slavery)
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Prince Henry of Portugal
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Developed new navigational tools and improved shipbuilding techniques = allowed for transoceanic exploration. Compass and improved astrolabes.
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Roger Williams
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Established RI as a charter colony in 1644 after being exiled from Mass Bay by Puritan leaders. Why: advocating religious tolerance; political leaders should have no say in religion; English should pay Natives for land; government rests on the consent of the governed.
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Anne Hutchinson
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Exiled from Mass Bay. Why? Advocated that religion should be based on direct intuition of God, not through religious leaders.
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Middle Colonies
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New York; Delaware; Pennsylvania; New Jersey
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French Colonizers
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Mostly confined: north of Montreal to mouth of St. Lawrence River. New France: diversified. Fur trade did not require permanent settlements: helped w/Native relations.
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Six Nations
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Indian tribes: never allied w/French
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Middle Passage
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Portion of slave route (from Africa to the Americas) during which 13-33% of slaves died.
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Bozeman Pass
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Lewis & Clark crossed Rockies here.
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Northwest Passage
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Sought by Henry Hudson in 1609
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National Road
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Built between Maryland and Illinois between 1806 and 1852
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Gold seekers
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Crossed through Isthmus of Panama during 1849 Gold Rush
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John Winthrop
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Puritan Governor: Mass Bay. Opposed religious tolerance. Exiled Roger Williams & Anne Hutchinson
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William Penn
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Established religious tolerance in Pennsylvania
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Religious tolerance in Rhode Island
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Roger Williams
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Religious tolerance in Maryland
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Lord Baltimore (Catholics)
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Religious tolerance in Virginia
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Thomas Jefferson (late) he authored the Virginia State for Religious Tolerance in 1786
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Wool Act
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1699: Early British law to curtail American manufacturing
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Intolerable Acts
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1774. Included closing Boston Harbor. In response to the Boston Tea Party (1773)
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Order of tension-producing events:
Beginning w/Boston Massacre |
Boston Massacre: 1770
Committee of Correspondance: 1772 Gaspee Affair: 1772 Boston Tea Party: 1773 Continental Congress: 1774 |
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Nathaniel Greene
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Commanded American troops in the South (Revolutionary War)
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1787 Constitutional Convention
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Held in Philadelphia
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Alexander Hamilton's report on Public Credit
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1790. Proposed that the Federal Government should assume all Revolution War debt (both that of States and that of the Confederation)
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Alexander Hamilton
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Advocated National Bank
Protective tariff Bounties to encourage manufacturing |
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Thomas Jefferson
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Reduced Federal budget via military cuts. Opposed National Bank and assumption of debt, but did not change.
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Albert Gallatin
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Secretary of Treasurer under Jefferson: tried to pay off National Debt quickly
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Adams-Onis Treaty
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1819: Gave us East and West Florida in exchange for the abandonment of 5 million dollars worth of American claims against Spain
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Louisiana
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Purchased in 1803 from France
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Texas
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Obtained independence from Mexico in 1836. Statehood in 1845
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49th Parallel
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Border between Oregon and Canada. Accepted by U.S. and British in 1846
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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Gave us California in 1848
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Report on Manufactures
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Alexander Hamilton 1791: gave bonuses to new industries
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American System
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Henry Clay: included protective tariffs; 2nd Bank of U.S. and federally funded internal improvements
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Bill of Rights
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First 10 Amendments to Constitution. Proposed 1789. Ratified 1791.
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10th Constitutional Amendment
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Reserves all powers to States except those specifically witheld and those specifically delegated to the Federal Government
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Constitutional Amendments 1-9
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Part (w/#10) of Bill of Rights. They limit Congress; forbidding the encroachment of certain basic rights (speech, assembly, petition, etc.)
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Key difference / issue between North and South at the time of Civil War
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Generally accepted now as slavery.
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Jacksonian Era
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Rhetorical egalitarianism: "Jacksonian Democracy". (no significant increase in social mobility) Opposed Indian rights; supported the spoils system.
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Irish Immigration
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Beginning in the 1830's: large numbers. Resented for dress, religion, accent and clannishness.
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Scalawag
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Native-born Southerners who co-operated with Northern authorities during Reconstruction
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Abandonment of Silver Coins
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1873: Congress.
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Bland-Allison Act
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1878
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Sherman Silver Purchase Act
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1890. Despite its passage, the government refused to coin the silver it purchased.
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Government offers to buy silver at 16:1 in relation to gold
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1834
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Tenure of Office Act
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1867. Passed to reduce the power of Andrew Jackson.
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Morill Tariff Act
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1861
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Conscription Act
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1863
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National Banking Act
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1863
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1860 Slave Population
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4 million
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Specie Circular
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1836. Andrew Jackson. Only gold or silver or bank notes backed by gold or silver could be used to pay for public land. Helped spark the panic of 1837.
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1832 Veto of Bank Charter renewal
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Jackson. He then withdrew federal funds contributed to the expansion of circulating bank notes which led to the Specie Circular
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Twelfth Amendment
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Electoral College must vote separately for President and V.P. (because of tie between Jefferson and Burr)
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Second Constitutional Amendment
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Right to Bear Arms
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The Federalist Papers
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85 anonymous essays advocating the ratification of the Constitution and stressing the inadequacies of the Articles of Confederation. (Jefferson, Jay and Madison were 'Publius')
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Ostend Manifesto
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1854. American ministers to France, G.B. and Spain met in Ostend, Beligium and stated that if Spain would not sell Cuba, we had the right to take it by force.
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The Declaratory Act
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1766. Passed after Parliament rescinded the Stamp Act 1765. Affirmed that Parliament had the right to make binding laws on the Colonies.
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The Quartering Act
|
1765
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The Currency Act
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1764
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The Sugar Act
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1764
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The Stamp Act
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1765
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|
|
The Scarlett Letter
|
Nathanial Hawthorne: 1850
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|
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The House of the Seven Gables
|
Nathaniel Hawthorne: 1851
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|
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Leaves of Grass
|
Walt Whitman: 1855
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Walden
|
Henry David Thoreau: 1854
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Moby Dick
|
Herman Melville: 1851
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Secessionism during War of 1812
|
Strongest among New England Federalists. Voiced at Hartford Convention 1814-15
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|
|
The Hartford Convention
|
1814-15. Recommended constitutional amendments to weaken Southern power and the Democratic party (by New England Federalists)
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Joint-Stock Company
|
Form of business organization. Formed Jamestown and Massachusetts.
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The Econmienda
|
Grant to Natives living on a specific piece of land in the Spanish colonies.
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Prince Henry
|
Financed the development of new navigation techniques in the 15th century.
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George III
|
Kind of England during American Revolution
|
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Republicanism
|
Became the dominant political ideology during the American Revolution (1776 - 1783)
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Northeast's primary concern after 1840
|
Manufacturing
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|
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Most influential citizens in New England 1760's
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Merchants
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Advantage of North over South during Civil War
|
Fighting offensive war
Increased manufacturing; large immigrant labor force; diverse economy; open harbors |
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Union Strategies
|
Block Confederate coastline
Seize control of Mississippi Seize Richmond, Virginia Control interior southern railways |
|
|
Presidents after Lincoln
|
Andrew Jackson
Ulysses Grant Rutherford Hayes Garfield Chester Arthur |
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The Northwest Ordinance
|
Barred slavery from these territories (1787)
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|
|
Virginia Colony
|
Founded as Joint-Stock (1607) Became a Royal Colony in 1624.
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The growth of anti-slavery sentiment
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The Liberator (Garrison) 1831
American Anti-Slavery Society: 1833 The 'gag rule': 1836 The Liberty Party: 1840 Uncle Tom's Cabin (Harriet Beecher Stowe): 1851-52 |
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The Panic of 1857
|
Caused by over-speculation in railroad stocks. Bank failures highest in North; few in South. Lasted ~ 1 year: by 1858 the economy began to recover: European demand for foodstuffs and cotton.
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Spanish New World Civilizations
|
Spanish King sole authority: represented by two viceroys.
Indians enslaved until the 1540's: then subject to forced labor (repartimiento). The Mission System evangelized the Natives. Main interest initially: gold and silver (exploited) |
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Massachusetts Bay Colony
|
Founded 1630 by the Puritans (wanted to purify, not separate from the Anglican Church).
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The Pilgrims
|
Separatists: established Plymouth in 1620. Signed the Mayflower Compact (agreement to follow groups rules and laws) Helped by Squanto who taught them about nature and survival.
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The Mayflower Compact
|
Signed by all the majority free male Pilgrims before landing at Plymouth. Agreement to follow all the laws adopted by the group.
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Georgia
|
Founded by James Ogelthorpe: 1732. Debtor Colony to help those released from British prisons.
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|
|
Who thought the Spanish colonies too weak to hold on to their territories at the turn of the 19th century?
|
Thomas Jefferson
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|
|
What State seceded BEFORE Lincoln's inauguration?
|
South Carolina (1860)
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|
|
Patroons
|
Owners of large tracts of land in Dutch "New Netherland"
|
|
|
Who took over New Netherland?
|
The British (1664)
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|
|
The Pequot War
|
Between Puritans and Pequots (1635 - 67)
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|
|
The French Huguenots
|
Settled in the Carolinas (then joined) during the 17th century.
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Colonial farm implements
|
mould board plow; hoe, rake and grain cradle.
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Founded Pennsylvania
|
William Penn (1681)
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|
Two largest Southern cities
|
Charleston, South Carolina (pop. 10,000 in 1750) Baltimore, Maryland (pop. 5000 in 1750)
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|
|
Who controlled the 'purse strings' of the colonial governments?
|
The Colonial Assemblies (this put them in an advantageous bargaining position with the royal governor)
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|
"Popular Sovreignty"
|
Concept of Stephen Douglas; embodied: Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. The people decide the slavery issue for themselves.
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|
President / Vice President of the Confederacy
|
Jefferson Davis / Alexander Stephens
|
|
|
Robert E. Lee
|
Commander of Confederate forces
|
|
|
Robert. Y. Hayne
|
South Carolina Senator prior to the Civil War. Outspoken supporter of Southern issues / slavery / State's Rights
|
|
|
John C. Calhoun
|
South Carolina Senatoro prior to the Civil War. Outspoken supporter of Southern issues / slavery / State's Rights
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|
|
1849
|
California 'Gold Rush'
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|
|
1859
|
Colorado and Nevada 'Gold Rushes'
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|
|
1874
|
South Dakota 'Gold Rush'
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|
|
1880 and 1896
|
Alaskan 'Gold Rushes'
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|
|
Introduced log cabins
|
Swedes, in Delaware be tween 1638 and 1655
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Treaty of Paris
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1783
|
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|
Declaration of Independence
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1776
|
|
|
Cornwallis surrenders
|
1781
|
|
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Constitutional Convention
|
Philadelphia: 1787
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|
|
Constitution ratified
|
1789
|
|
|
Lincoln and Johnson saw the Civil War as a rebellion of what?
|
Individuals.
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|
|
By what method did Lincoln and Johnson deal with those they saw as responsible for the Civil War?
|
Presidential pardons.
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|
|
How did the Radical Republicans see the South after the Civil War?
|
Conquored provinces / unorganized territories overwhich Congress should have control.
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|
|
The Black Codes
|
Passed by the South after the Civil War.
|
|
|
How were slaves counted and for what purposes?
|
As 3/5 of a white man: for both taxation and representation. This was a compromise: the South wanted to count them for representation but not taxation and the North took the opposite position.
|
|
|
What General emerged to prominence in battles along the Mississippi?
|
Ulysses S. Grant (Fort Donelson and Vicksburg)
|
|
|
Who became the Supreme Commander of all Southern forces in 1864?
|
Ulysses S. Grant
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|
|
South Carolina Senator between 1832 - 1850
|
John C. Calhoun
|
|
|
Hinton Rowan Helper
|
Published 'The Imipending Crisis' in 1857. (said slavery caused the South to be economically inferior to the North)
|
|
|
Harriet Beecher Stowe
|
Published 'Uncle Tom's Cabin' in 1851-52
|
|
|
William Lloyd Garrison
|
Leading white abolitionist (immediate, uncompensated abolition of slavery)
|
|
|
Frederick Douglass
|
Leading black abolitionist
|
|
|
Unitarianism
|
Roots in 18th century Enlightenment. Rejected concept of the Trinity.
|
|
|
William Ellery Channing
|
Formally organized Unitarianism in 1825. (No doctrine beyond the universal brotherhood of God and man)
|
|
|
Deism
|
Widespread religious belief among the educated classes in the 18th century.
|
|
|
Transcendentalism
|
Philosophical and literary movement involving several reformed Unitarians (including Ralph Waldo Emerson). Emerged in the 1830's
|
|
|
Presbyterianism and Congregationalism
|
Orthodox Christian denominations deeply rooted in the colonial period.
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|
|
Alien and Sedition Acts
|
1797 - 98. President John Adams' attempt to crush the Democratic - Republicans (Thomas Jefferson and James Madison).
|
|
|
John Adams motivation for Alien and Sedition Acts
|
He feared that Jefferson / the Democratic - Republicans were bent on establishing a French-style class system in America. The A&S Acts were his attempt to keep his party in power.
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|
|
What were the provisions of the Alien and Sedition Acts?
|
Increased residency requirement for citizenship (from 5 to 14 years: new immigrants tended to support Jefferson and now could not vote for 14 years). Gave himself broad powers to remove 'undesirable' aliens (which tended to keep them quiet). Imposed large fines and prison sentences for attacking the American government (the Adams administration).
|
|
|
Jefferson / Madison response to Alien and Sedition Acts.
|
Jefferson anonymously drafted protest resolutions adopted by the Kentucky legislature. Madison drafted the resolutions adopted by the Virginia legislature (in 1789).
|
|
|
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
|
Penned by Jefferson (anonymously) and Madison respectively in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts. Relied on the Compact Theory of the Constitution (the federal government is an agent of the states who are the final judges of the limits of federal power.
|
|
|
The Compact Theory of the Constitution
|
The Federal government is an agent of the states who are the final judges of the limits of federal power.
|
|
|
The Hartford Resolutions
|
Demanded a series of Constitutional Amendments to:
1: require 2/3 vote of Congress to declare war; admit states and impose commercial restrictions 2: stop counting slaves to apportion Congressional representation 3: restrict Presidents to a single term and prohibit successive presidents from the same state |
|
|
Doctrine of Nullification
|
Based on the Compact Theory of the Constitution. When the states entered into the compact, they retained their sovereignty and delegated limited, specific powers to the federal government. If a State judged a federal law to have violated that compact, it could nullify the law within its own borders.
|
|
|
Why did Southern leaders reactivate the Doctrine of Nullification?
|
In response to the desegretation rulings of the Supreme Court. It was found unconstitutional under the National Supremacy Clause of Article VI of the Constitution
|
|
|
The Scarlett Letter (1850) and The House of the Seven Gables (1851)
|
Nathaniel Hawthorne's two greatest novels
|
|
|
Gabriel Prosser, Denmark Vesey and Nat Turner
|
All organized unsuccessful rebellions and were executed. Prosser: a slave in Henrico County, Virginia in 1800. Vesey: a free black. Organized slaves in Charleston, South Carolina in 1822. Turner: a slave. Led uprising in Southampton County, Virginia in 1831.
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|
|
How did Europeans see Native Americans?
|
As subhuman inferior heathens (non-Christians were all heathens).
|
|
|
Corruption in the Grant Administration
|
The 'Whiskey Ring' and corruption in the Naval Department
|
|
|
How did the construction of the Eerie Canal affect farmers in the 'Old Northwest'?
|
They were no longer dependent upon the Mississippi River to move their crops.
|
|
|
Pocahontas
|
Daughter of Powhatan; kidnapped and held hostage at Jamestown; converted to Christianity (Rebecca). Married John Rolfe in 1614; went to England w/him and died there.
|
|
|
John Peter Zenger
|
Accused of seditious libel for criticizing New York's governor. Imprisoned for 10 months; brought to trial in 1735. Jury ignored English law which would have convicted him; decided what he said was true and freed him. No laws changed, but more editors became critical.
|
|
|
Thomas Paine
|
Wrote 'Common Sense' in 1776 during debates on Home Rule. Advocated independence; blamed the King, not the British Parliament, for the colonies troubles.
|
|
|
Controversy over New Netherlands
|
Founded by Dutch on the Hudson River. Despite this, Charles II bestowed a large portion of its land to his brother in 1664, resulting in 3 Anglo-Dutch wars which the English eventually won (1664)
|
|
|
Scotch-Irish Settlers
|
Primarily Presbyterian; had been treated badly by English (no loyalty); immigrated because of deteriorating wool industry in Ireland and generally settled on the frontier.
|
|
|
Tidewater South
|
Area of flourishing slavery. (South Carolina: black majority through most of 18th century.
|
|
|
Where did 18th century slaves come from?
|
50%: Congo Angola and the Bight of Biafra. Remainder: from the Atlantic coast of Africa up to Senegambia.
|
|
|
Slaves were considered . . .?
|
Property
|
|
|
Most significant military victory of Revolutionary War?
|
Battle of Brandywine Creek (Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold v.s. John Burgoyne. He surrendered at Saratoga in 1777. Battle proved to the French that the colonies could win (they recognized the U.S. as independent) and prevented the isolation of New England.
|
|
|
The first State Constitutions . . .
|
varied in details. Much like colonial governments but elected governors and senates instead of appointed governors and councils. Most contained a Bill of Rights and embodied a separation of powers.
|
|
|
Webster-Hayne Debate
|
Grew out of the Foot Resolution (Senator Samuel Foot: Connecticut). Sale of public lands should include only those already surveyed and on the market. (Because manufacturers feared the great migration to the West) Western Senators wanted more settlement: they opposed the proposition. The South sided w/ the West just to be against the East. Senator Hayne (South Carolina) accused New England of being disloyal during the War of 1812 and for their insistence on protective tariffs. He claimed Calhoun's doctrine of nullification was the only answer. (Neither man advocated the break-up of the union). This debate was remembered by nullifiers and secessionists for future use.
|
|
|
Oliver Ellsworth
|
With Roger Sherman, advanced the Connecticut Compromise which resulted in bi-camral federal legislature.
|
|
|
Randolph Plan and Patterson Plan
|
Also known as The New Jersey Plan and the Plan
|
|
|
Chief Justice John Marshall
|
Viewed the Constitution as an instrument of national unity: created its own sanctions by its implied powers.
|
|
|
The Marshall Court
|
Affirmed the Court's constitutional power to engage in judicial review of federal and state legislation; gave judicial sanction to the doctrine of centralization of powers at the expense of the states and erected barriers against attacks upon property rights.
|
|
|
Alexander Hamilton's revenue proposals
|
An excise tax on Whiskey. Resulted in Western Pennsylvanian farmers' armed 'Whiskey Rebellion'. President Washington put down the rebellion w/ 13,000 troops
|
|
|
The Louisiana Purchase . . .
|
More than doubled the U.S.; gave farmers access to the Mississippi River and gave the U.S. control of New Orleans.
|
|
|
Jefferson was troubled by the Louisiana Purchase because . . .
|
He doubted that he had the Constitutional power to make the purchase. (He interpreted the Constitution 'strictly'.)
|
|
|
The Webster-Ashburton Treaty
|
1842. Fixed the present North-Eastern Main-Canada border and provided joint Anglo-American effort to supress the African slave trade.
|
|
|
Controversy over Eastern terminus of the transcontinental railway: in the North or in the South?
|
Southern supporters: easier to build (mountains lower); would not pass through unorganized territory (a Northern route would have to pass through unorganized Nebraska territory: no troops to protect against Indians). Northern Supporters: O.K.: organize Nebraska.
|
|
|
Stephen Douglas, Senator from Illinois: involvement in transcontinental terminus controversy
|
1854. Wanted Chicago as terminus (personal investments in Chicago real estate and railroad stock) He could gain political support AND benefit personally. Knew the South would not agree to organize Nebraska w/o some concession to slavery. Pushed through Kansas-Nebraska Act: 2 territories organized, not 1: Kansas = slave; Nebraska = free; Missouri Compromise = repealed; status of slavery in new territories = popular sovereignty. South supported: North rejected but it passed.
|
|
|
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
|
Passed by Stephen Douglas to resolve the eastern terminus of the transcontinental railway (in Chicago). Repealed the Missouri Compromise.
|
|
|
Andrew Johnson and Native Americans
|
They were better off out of the way. Passed the Indian Removal Act. (Cherokee Nation v.s. Georgia)
|
|
|
Principal of Rotation in Office
|
Andrew Jackson: no man has any more intrinsic right to official station than another. Breeds indifference and untoward toleration. More citizens involved in government = government more responsive to electorate.
|
|
|
Jefferson attacked the Quebec Act of 1774 in the . .
|
Declaration of Independence.
|
|
|
The Quebec Act of 1774
|
Established an authoritative government and Roman Catholicism in Quebec and all territory west of the Appalachians, north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi.
|
|
|
The Quartering Act
|
1774. Colonists must supply room and board for British troops at their own expense.
|
|
|
The Prohibitory Act
|
late 1775. Americans no longer under the protection of King George III; essentially a declaration of war.
|
|
|
The Stamp Act and the Townshend Acts
|
1765 and 1768: attempts by British parliament to tax the colonists.
|
|
|
William Lloyd Garrison
|
Most vehement of northern abolitionists (complete and immediate abolition). Published 'The Liberator': attacked more moderate abolitionists; advocated Northern secession and castigated slaveholders. On July 4, 1854 he burned a copy of the Constitution and stated "So perish all compromises with tyranny."
|
|
|
Election of 1860
|
Lincoln received 39% popular vote; won electoral majority. He carried every free state except New Jersey.
|
|
|
Candidates Election of 1860
|
Lincoln: Republican
Democrats split: Northern Democrats = Stephen A. Douglas; Southern Democrats = John C. Breckenridge |
|
|
Democratic split in election of 1860 caused . . .
|
No candidate to win popular majority. (Lincoln: 39% popular; majority of electorate)
|
|
|
Lincoln's primary reason for Civil War?
|
Preserving the Union
|
|
|
Radical Republicans on slavery . . .
|
Moral, not a political issue. Wanted immediate emancipation.
|
|
|
Andrew Johnson's plan for Reconstruction:
|
Loyal, white Southern citizens should draft and ratify new constitutions; elect state legislatures; repeal the ordinance of secession; repudiate the Confederate state debts and ratify the 13th Amendment.
|
|
|
The Congressional Plan for Reconstruction
|
New lists of registered voters should include former slaves. They should elect a constitutional convention which must provide guarantees of universal manhood suffrage. Once that was done, each state's senators and congressmen would be admitted to Congress.
|
|
|
Indian population at time of Cortez
|
at least 20 million
|
|
|
Indian population 100 years after Cortez
|
2 million (European diseases, primarily)
|
|
|
Thomas Malthus
|
"Essay on Population": 1789. Contended that since population increased by geometric ratio and food supply increased only by an arithmatic ratio, population would eventually outstrip food supplies.
|
|
|
First English North American settlement
|
Roanoak, Virginia (failed)
|
|
|
First permanent, successful English North American settlement
|
Jamestown, Virginia 1607. (near mouth of Jamestown River)
|
|
|
10th Federalist Paper
|
Written anonymously by Alexander Hamilton; meant to ease fears about proposed Constitution by explaining that it would preserve the rights of the states.
|
|
|
George Washington's farewell address at the end of his Presidency
|
Advised America to keep free of European entanglements.
|
|
|
Religious toleration in Maryland
|
For all Christian faiths through the Toleration Act of 1649
|
|
|
William Penn viewed Pennsylvania as . . .
|
a holy experiment. He constructed a 'frame of government' that guaranteed complete religious freedom to residents
|
|
|
The Peace of Paris
|
1763: gave Britain all French North America east of the Mississippe and all of Spanish Florida. (France ceded Lousiana to Spain to compensate them for losing Florida, which barred colonists from the trans-Missippi West.
|
|
|
Why was tobacco such a good cash crop?
|
It could be planted in semi-cleared land and cultivated with a hoe.
|
|
|
The last colony
|
Georgia. Meant to help Englishmen imprisoned for debt start a new life AND as a military barrier against the Spaniards on the southern border of English America
|
|
|
Merchantilism
|
The pursuit of economic power through national self-sufficiency: the dominant economic doctrine in Western Europe by 1660. Encouraged the state to stimulate manufacturing; to develop and protect its own shipping and to make use of colonies as sources of raw materials and market for manufactured goods.
|
|
|
Cotton Mather
|
Influential Puritan minister and intellectual. Leading figure in Mass. witch trials 1692 - 94. Published "Magnalia Christi Americana": a tribute to great Puritan Americans in 1704.
|
|
|
Noah Webster
|
Late 18th century champion of American culture. Created American English language.
|
|
|
Freneau, Crevecoueur and Barlow
|
post-Revolutionary writers exhalting new American culture through essays, poems and plays. Saw America as special to freedom and liberty in world history.
|
|
|
Former President John Adams tactics against the Jefferson Administration
|
Tried to use the national courts to block Jefferson's programs. Appointed several new Federalist federal judges the night before Jefferson's inauguration. Jefferson tried to remove them (the 'midnight appointments') through one Supreme Court test case: Marbury v. Madison. The Marshall Court demurred to Congress (but also declared the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional and granted the Supreme Court the power of judicial review.)
|
|
|
The Marshall Court
|
Demurred to Congress in Marbury v. Madison.
Declared the 1789 Judiciary Act unconstitutional; affirmed the Court's power of judicial review. Fletcher (1810): extended the power of judicial review over state governments. Gibbons (1824): extended governmental power over commerce. Martin (1816): extended judicial review over state courts Dartmouth (1819): offered contract and corporation interpretation which would greatly influence the 19th century economy. |
|
|
The Power of Judicial Review
|
(The Marshall Court)
Allows the Supreme Court as the last voice on the constitutionality of American law. |
|
|
Power of Original Jurisdiction
|
(Supreme Court) Grated by Article III of the Constitution
|
|
|
The "War Hawks"
|
Henry Clay and his Western supporters advocated war w/ Britain (the War of 1812) to advance westward push; to enhance their land speculations and end the 'Indian menace'.
|
|
|
Federalist and New Englanders' feelings about the War of 1812
|
Vehemently opposed war (as were British nobility)
|
|
|
President Madison's feelings about the War of 1812
|
Tried peaceful resolution: went to war reluctantly.
|
|
|
The Hartford Convention
|
1814. Came out of New England's opposition to the War of 1812. Led by Federalists, it was meant to explore regions options. Came up with a plan for States' Rights exactly like that which would be advanced by the South prior to the Civil War. Few delegates supported secession. Convention accomplished little except they were seen as unpatriotic due to the victory at the Battle of New Orleans and the Treaty.
|
|
|
1819
|
Co-operative nationalism of America since the War of 1812 ended because of slavery and the statehood of Missouri coming before Congress.
|
|
|
From 1815 through 1819
|
The nation co-operated in public improvements and advanced views of a monolithic patriotism. The issue of Missouri statehood ended this period as sectionalism increased.
|
|
|
The Missouri Compromise
|
Henry Clay: Kentucky. Sectional balance between free and slave to continue: Maine comes in free; Missouri comes in slave: 12 and 12. Established the 36-30 line: only areas south could come in as slave states.
|
|
|
Between 1820 and 1850
|
American population more than doubled
|
|
|
Chesapeake Affair
|
1807: involved British impressment of American seamen
|
|
|
The Non-Intercourse Act
|
Jefferson's feeble attempt to avoid the War of 1812
|
|
|
The Domestication of the Family
|
The 1820's. Home = refuge from outside world to escape societal demands. Love replaced harsh discipline: children center-state in familial matters. Women = separate spheres from men: raised children; rran the home. Men = made money. Kind of 'separate but equal' doctrine.
|
|
|
The Tariff Act of 1832 (meant to protect New England industries)
|
Led directly to the Nullification Crisis between South Carolina and the U.S.
Henry Clay intervened and averted war: South Carolina did not have to pay, but States' Rights doctrines were not advanced. |
|
|
Benjamin Lundy
|
1817. The American Colonization Society: the first anti-slavery organization. Gradual emancipation; abolition not political but moral. Tried to appeal to the Christian mindset to emancipate their own slaves, who would then be returned to Africa. (Society extremely racist: blacks inferior)
|
|
|
Manifest Destiny
|
1820's and 30's through the 19th century. America had the God-given right to create a mighty nation which spanned the two coasts. American economy demanded new markets; an expanding frontier guaranteed that nation would remain a democracy of small, yeoman farmers.
|
|
|
One of the most famous speeches in American history
|
Given by Daniel Webster in defense of the Compromise of 1850 to the House of Representatives. Meant to stamp out sectionalism.
|
|
|
The Secret Six
|
A group of New York millionaires who provided money for John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry Virginia in 1859. (raid on federal arsenal for weapons to lead massive uprising). When the ties to the Secret Six were discovered during Brown's trial, the South began to seriously consider secession as it's only course against abolitionists. The SS felt Lincoln too soft on slavery
|
|
|
April 12, 1861
|
Confederates bomb Fort Sumter.
|
|
|
First to secede
|
The Lower South: South Carolina; Alabama; Mississippi; Florida; Georgia; Lousiana and Texas.
|
|
|
Last to secede
|
The Upper South: Virginia; Arkansas; Tennessee and North Carolina
|
|
|
Northern sentiments about the Civil War
|
They opposed it. Draft riots and threats by the Copperheads.
|
|
|
Anti-Lincoln Republicans
|
The Radical Republicans
|
|
|
Scalawags
|
Pro-Union Southeners
|
|
|
King Cotton Diplomacy
|
The sole foreign policy stategy of the Confederacy. They refused to export cotton to Europe, hoping to cause a depression in the North.(Failed because Europe had been stockpiling cotton since 1855 in anticipation and because they found a new source in Egypt.
|
|
|
The Stars and Bars
|
The Confederate flag
|
|
|
War of Attrition
|
General Grant's military strategy for ending the Civil War.
|
|
|
The Zenith of the Great Plains Indians
|
The 1840's
|
|
|
Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction
|
Lenient toward the South: states re-enter on a state-by-state basis after agreeingi to abolish slavery; educate ex-slaves; establish Republican governments and have 10% of Southern citizens take an oath of loyalty to the Union. (Did not provide for citizenship for ex-slaves)
|
|
|
Wade-Davis Act
|
Broke the Radical Republicans from Lincoln. Southern states were considered conquered provinces to be handled under military rule. 50% of voters must take loyalty oath. Lincoln vetoed.
|
|
|
The Fifteenth Amendment
|
Extended the vote to ex-slaves
|
|
|
Andrew Johnson's Impeachment Proceedings
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Congress cited his violation of the Tenure of Office Act (9 of 11 charges) in removing Sec. of War Henry Stanton w/o Senate approval.
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The Morill Act
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1862. Established publically financed land-grant colleges in the states.
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The Civil Rights Act
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Passed in 1866 in response to the Black Codes passed by Southern governmnents.
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Ex Parte Milligan 1866
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Supreme Court decision: civilian courts should have been allowed to function during the Civil War (not military tribunals Lincoln established)
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Thomas Nast
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Political cartoonist
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The Stamp Act Congress . . .
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afforded colonial leaders the opportunity to meet and establish aadquaintances with one an other. 9 colonies were represented. The results were only mild protestations against the act.
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South's attitude toward slavery between 1835 - 1865
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They defended slavery as a positive benefit to society -and even to the slaves.
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Southern crop prices during the 1850's
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High. Southerners saw this as their slave society being economically superior to that of the North - especially when the North was hit so hard by the Panic of 1857
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Merchantilists
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The government should direct the economy to maximize exports.
High tariff barriers were good, as was possession of colonies. Exports must exceed imports. |
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Bacon's Rebellion
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His followers resented the Virginia governor Berkeley's refusal to protect their frontier area from Indian raids.
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Shay's Rebellion (1786)
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Caused by Massachusetts authorities jailing and seizing property for failure to pay taxes during hard economic times.
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The Newburgh Conspiracy
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Composed of army officers disgusted with a central governmnet too weak to collect taxes to pay them and their troops.
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Benedict Arnold's treason
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Giving the plans for the fort at West Point to the British
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The 1791 Whiskey Rebellion
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Concerned Western Pennsylvanian farmers who opposed an excise tax on whiskey.
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New England's threat to secede
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At the Hartford Convention in 1814 (not strongly supported)
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The Wilmot Proviso
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intended to prohibit slavery in the area acquired through the Mexican War.
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Measures to calm the furor over the Wilmot Proviso
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1. California should be free but the remainder of the Mexican Cession was reserved for slavery.
2. Slavery in the Mexican Cession should be determined by popular sovereignty 3. The Missouri Compromise line should be extended to the Pacific coast. |
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Why did the Whigs turn on President Tyler?
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He opposed their entire legislative program
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John L. O'Sullivan
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Coined the phrase 'Manifest Destiny'
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Causes of the Mexican War
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We wanted California.
Mexico owed us money (debts and damages) The annexation of the formerly Mexican-held Republic of Texas The disputed southern boundary of Texas |
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Seward's Folly
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His plan to purchase Alaska from Russia
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Congress' post-Civil War treatment of Southern Representatives and Senators
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They excluded them
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The Treaty of Toprdesillas
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1494. Intended to divide the non-European world between Spain and Portugal and leave everyone else out in the cold.
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Non-importation
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Boycotting British goods: the colonists best way to get taxes repealed.
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The Tea Act
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Enacted in part to save the East India Company
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The Mulligan Letters
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incriminated 1884 Republican presidential candidate James G. Blaine in an unsavory stock scheme.
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Alexis DeTocqueville
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Early 19th century visitor to America. Found Americans had little or no sense of social deference; were politicized and individualistic; proud of their country and placed a high value on personal freedom.
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Webster, Emerson and Cooper
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All writers who contributed to a more distinctly American literature.
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The largest reduction inland freight rates between 1815 and 1830
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The introduction of steamboats
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The Molassas Act
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Intended to force colonists to buy sugar from British colonial sources rather than from foreign producers.
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