Clep: Intro Ed Psych.

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Achievement Motivation

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the degree to which a person actively strives to excel in life.

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Acronym

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a mnemonic device that uses the first letter of each item in a list to create a short, easily remembered concept. Acronyms are effective for learning and recalling short lists of items.

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Acrostic

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a mnemonic device that makes a sentences based on te first letter contained in a list of items to be remembered.

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Algorithm

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a step-by-step process to achievea goal or solve a problem.

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Analogy

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a similarity between a new concept and a previously learned concept.

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Attention

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a conscious and selective focus on stimuli in the world to determine what is important from what is irrelevant.

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Attribution Theory

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positsthat a person's behavior and motivation are determined by how the person thinks about and views the world.

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Automaticity

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the ability to perform an operation or task with very little conscious effort.

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Brainstorming

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two or more people working togetherto suggest all the ways they can think of to solvea problem. None of the suggestions is evaluated as a possible solution until all suggestions have been made.

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Character

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a pervasiveand dominant set of underlying qualities of a person reflecting a general and consistent tendency to behave in ways that are courageous, honest, responsible and respectful of the rights of others.

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Character Education Program

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a program designed to enhance character and moral development in an educational setting and to teach children hot to apply this knowledgeto real life.

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Chunking

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a process of combining information into larger sets that are easier to recall.

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Classical Conditioning

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the association of a neutral stimulus with an automatic response.

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Community-Based Education Program

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A program that emphasizes democratic decision-making process in the real world of the community and the larger society, rather than merely in the classroom setting.

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Conditioned Response (CR)

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a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

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a previously neutral stimulus that has become repeatedly associated with a learned response.

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Contingency Contracting

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the teacher and student jointly develop a written contract specifying a set of mutually agreed-on academic and/or social behavioral goals. Rewards or consequences are given based on how well the student meets the contract terms.

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Corporal Punishment

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a highly controversial behavior management approach that uses physical punishment, such as spanking by using a hand or an object, when the child shows unacceptable behavior.

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Culture

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the traditions, values, attitudes, and perceptions of reality that guide behavior for a group or people.

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Decay

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the process of learned information simply fading away from memory.

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Dependent Variable

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a variable that reflectsthe effects of the independent variable on the partiipants in a study.

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Development

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the process of orderly change occuring over time to improve a person's overall adjustments to the world.

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Dual Coding Hypothesis

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during intial learning concrete words and concepts are encoded both as visual images and verbal labels while abstract concepts are encoded only verbally.

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Echoic Storage Register

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the first stageof auditory information processingwith a maxium storage capacity of 4 seconds before information is either transferred to the short-term memory of lost through interference.

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Elaborative Encoding

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a characteristic of mature learners; the ability to associate new information with information that has already been learned and stored in long-term memory. Also called elaborative rehearsal.

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Elective Biography

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characterizes a person's life by periods of formal education during childhood and adolescent yearsthat culminate in gaining employment and pursing additional educationas adults. Periods of employment are sometimes interrupted by periods of unemployment because of economic downturns, and the person reenters the formal education system to acquire new skills and reenters the workforce with a more marketable portfolio.

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Encoding

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the process of forming mental representation of stimuli that have been perceived through the senses, processed in the working memory, and logically organized.

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Episodic Memory

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a file system in long-term memory that contains personal experiences and activites.

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Experiment

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a highly controlled study done in a restriced setting with a researcher manipulating several variables or characteristics of the person or situation to determine their impact.

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External Locus of Control

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a peron's belief that regardless of what he or she does, the person has no control over his or her success or failure.

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Extinction

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the disappearance of a target behavior wen the reinforcment is removed.

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Extrinsic Motivator

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a reward given to a person by someone else.

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Extrinsic Reward

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an external reward.

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Forgetting

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loss of the ability to retrieve information from memory due to interference and/or decay.

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Formative Evaluation

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an ongoing assessment that enables the teacher to determine how well students are learning and comprehending the material being taught.

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Functional Fixedness

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the inability of a person to use tools or objects to solve problems.

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Gender Bias

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an individual's belief that because males and females behave differently and have different strengths and weakness, one gender is better that the other.

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Gender Role Identity

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the set of beliefs a person holds about the specific characteristics associated with either femine or masculine traits

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General Transfer

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a concept, skill, or fact learned in one setting is applied to a new problem in a new setting that is not similar to the original.

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Grammar

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a system of rules that govern how language is expressed.

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Graphic Representation

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an illustration of a problem, such as a diagram, a flow chart, a brief outline, or a drawing of various parts of the problem using circles or other pictures.

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High Road Transfer

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applying learned rules, strategies, or algorithms to new tasks and problems intentionally. This type of trasfer shows when students know how the principles operate across different contexts and situations and can determine when the rule is revelant to the new task and how to adapt it, if necessary.

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Holophrastic Speech

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one-word speech that is usually used to express a demand or indicate something that is wanted.

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Iconic Storage Register

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the first stage of visual information processing with maimum storage capacity of 1 second before information is either transfered to the short-term memory or lost through interference.

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IDEAL Strategy

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a five step sequence to solving a problem consisting of. (1) Identifying problems and opportunities, (2)Defining goals, (3)Exploring possible strategies to approach a problem's solution, (4) Anticipating outcomes and taking action, and (5) Looking back to learn from the strategy used.

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Identity

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the perception and beliefs a person holds about his or her abilities, values, and priorities that motivate and focus that person's efforts and self-perception as a social being.

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Ideology of Assimilation

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an approach for cultural assimilation and biligual education that stresses conformity and often causes students to lose their identity with their first culture, language, and ethic affiliation.

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Inclusion

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educating exceptional students in a regular educational setting while providing the appropriate supportive and educational services so the students' probability of success is increased.

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Independent Variable

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a variable that the reseacher manipulates carefully to determine how changes affect people's reactions to another variable that is being measured.

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Individual Education Program (IEP)

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a specific curriculm and instructional plan for both regular education and special education teachers and specialists to provide the most appropriate educational ecperiences in a legally accountable way to help the child reach full intellectual and educational potential.

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Internal Locus of Control

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a person's belief that success or failure is the direct result of his or her own efforts and capabilities.

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Internal Review Board

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a board that ensures that the methods used in a study are reasonable and appropriate and will not cause any kind of psychological or physical distress to participants.

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Intrinsic Motivator

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a reward that a person develops internally for succesful performance.

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Invincibility Fallacy

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a person's belief that he or she is not vulnerable to the kinds of bad things that happen to other people.

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Keyword

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a mnemonic memory strategy in whihc a part of a word is isolated, and a visual image is generated to represent the keyword. This techniqueis useful when trying to remember the menaings of words or learning foreign words.

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Long-Term Memory

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a cognitive mechanism that has an unlimited storage capacity and creates a permanent record for information that was processed as being significant or important.

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Low-Road Transfer

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the process of automatically using a previously learned concrete skill or behavior in a new task that is very similiar to the one in which the skill was first learned.

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Maintenance Rehearsal (Rote Rehearsal)

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a short-term memory device in which the person repeats information out loud or mentally in the exact form in which it was processed.

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Law of Effect

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states that if a behavior is followed by satisfying change in the environment, the probability of that behavior being repeated in similar situations in the future is very high.

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Piaget's Stages

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(1) Sensorimotor
(2) Preoperational
(3) Concrete Operational
(4) Formal Operational

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Sensorimotor Stage

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At this stage of development a child interacts with the world primarily through sensory and motor functions. I.E crying, sucking, breathing, and reflexes emerge first.

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Preoperational Stage

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At this stage of cognitive development children undergo many important changes in how they view their world. Language development grows rapidly, as does the ability to think using symbols and concepts.

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Sensorimotor Key Concepts

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(1) Goal-oriented behaviors
(2) Object permanence
(3) Imitation of behaviors of
others.

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Preoperational Key Concepts

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(1) Language development increases
(2) Centration
(3) Conservation
(4) Egocentricity
(5) Reversibility
(6) Transformation

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Concrete Operational Key Concepts

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(1) Logical Reasoning
(2) Engages in alternative perspectives, reversibility, and conversation
(3) Class inclusion
(4) Seriation
(5) Transitivity
(6) Classification

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Formal Operational Key Concepts

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(1) Symbolic, systematic, and abstract reasoning.
(2) Understanding of quantative concepts.
(3) Capacity to deal with hypothetical situations logically.

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Concrete Operational Stage

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At this stage children's cognitive development achieves a new level of sophistication. The ability to order and organize thoughts emerges as well as the mental capacity to relate these thoughts to life experiences.

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Formal Operational Stage

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The final state of cognative development is that of formal operational thought. Reasoning now goes beyond immediate sensory experiences and becomes transforme into symbols and symbolic thinking.

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Erikson's 8 stages of development

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(1) Birth to 1yr old: trust vs mistrust.
(2) 1yr to 3yr old: autonomy vs shame.
(3) 3yr to 6yr old: initiative vs guilt.
(4) 6yr to 12yr old: industry vs inferiority.
(5) Adolescence: indentity vs role confusion.
(6) Early adulthood: intimacy vs isolation.
(7) Middle adulthood: generativity vs stagnation.
(8) Old age: integrity vs despair.

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Stages in the Acquisition of Language

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(1) Prenatal influences
(2) Cooing
(3) Babbling
(4) Holophrastic Speech
(5) Telegraphic Speech
(6) Development and refinement of basic adult language communication that is typically present in most children by age 4.

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

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The deficiency needs are...
(1) Survival
(2) Safety
(3) Belonging
(4) Self Esteem

The growth needs are...
(1) Intelletual Achievement
(2) Self-actualization.

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Two basic postions of the nature-nuture controversy.

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Are that Genetics (nature) dominates and determines the course of a person's life or that the Environment (nurture) does.

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Cattell's two types of proposed intelligences.

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(1) Fluid intellegence.
(2) Crystallized intelligence.

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Garder's 8 multiple intelligences.

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(1)Linguistic
(2)Logical Mathematical
(3)Musical
(4)Spatial
(5)Bodily Kinesthetic
(6)Interpersonal
(7)Intrapersonal
(8)Naturalist

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Linguistic Intelligence

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ability to understand the meaning and uses of words and language.

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Logical Mathematical Intelligence

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ability to understand, identify, and recognize order and patterns in information.

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Musical Intelligence

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sensitivity to perceive and comprehend harmony, melody, pitch, and tone.

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Spatial Intelligence

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ability to perceive the world accurately on the basis of visal and visual- spatial perceptionsl

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Body Kinesthetic Intelligence

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ability to handle objects or use the body to highly coordinated and creative ways.

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Interpersonal Intelligence

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ability to understand and be aware of other human beings.

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Intrapersonal Intelligence

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deep understanding of how feelings and thoughts affect personals behaviors and social decisions.

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Naturalist Intelligence

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ability to understand similarities and differences that exsits within the physical world.