Cleb07 - Bates Eye

Front 1

The question: Is the problem worse during close work or at distances? Tries to distinguish between what conditions? (3)

Back 1

Difficulty with close work suggests hyperopia(farsightedness) or presbyopia(aging vision); with distances, myopia(nearsightedness).

Front 2

Is there blurred vision? If yes, is the onset sudden or gradual? If sudden and unilateral, is the visual loss painless or painful? These questions could be answered with PAINLESS, which would indicate what conditions? (5)

Back 2

If sudden unilateralvisual loss is painless, consider vitreous hemorrhage from diabetes or trauma, macular degeneration, retinal detachment, retinal vein occlusion, or central retinal artery occlusion.

Front 3

Is there blurred vision? If yes, is the onset sudden or gradual? If sudden and unilateral, is the visual loss painless or painful? These questions could be answered with PAINFUL, which would indicate what conditions? (5)

Back 3

If painful, causes are usually in the cornea and anterior chamber as in corneal ulcer, uveitis, traumatichyphema, and acute glaucoma. Optic neuritis from multiple sclerosis may also be painful. Immediate referral may be warranted.

Front 4

What is uveitis?

Back 4

inflammation of pigments parts, (The vascular middle layer of the eye. It is traditionally divided into 3 areas, from front to back, the iris, ciliary body, and choroid.)

Front 5

what is traumatic hyphema?

Back 5

blood in the anterior chamber, as in from a punch to the face.

Front 6

Sudden bilateral visual loss is rare, BUT if bilateral loss and painless, what might you suspect?

Back 6

medications that change refraction such as cholinergics, anticholinergics, and steroids may contribute.

Front 7

Sudden bilateral visual loss is rare, BUT if bilateral and painful, what might you suspect?

Back 7

If bilateral and painful, consider chemical or radiation exposures.

Front 8

Is the onset of bilateral visual loss gradual? What might this indicate?

Back 8

This usually arises from cataracts or macular degeneration.

Front 9

Location of visual loss may also be helpful. Is there blurring of the entire field of vision or only parts of it? What would a CENTRAL loss indicate?

Back 9

Slow central loss in nuclearcataract (p. 258), macular degeneration, pg. 267

Front 10

Location of visual loss may also be helpful. Is there blurring of the entire field of vision or only parts of it? What would a PERIPHERAL loss indicate?

Back 10

peripheral loss in advanced OPEN angle glaucoma.

Front 11

Location of visual loss may also be helpful. Is there blurring of the entire field of vision or only parts of it? What would a ONE-SIDED loss indicate?

Back 11

one-sided loss in hemianopsia and quadrantic defects (p.254)

Front 12

what is hemianopsia?

Back 12

defective vision or blindness in half of the visual field of one or both eyes, (lateral, medial, etc.)

Front 13

what is a quadrantic defects?

Back 13

hemianopia in one fourth of the visual field, bounded by a vertical and a horizontal radius. Called also tetartanopia and quadrant hemianopia.

Front 14

Are there specks in the vision or areas where the patient cannot see (scotomas), If so, do they move around in the visual field with shifts in gaze or are they fixed? (what could either indicate?)

Back 14

Moving specks or strands suggest vitreous floaters; fixed defects (scotomas ) suggest lesions in the retina or visual pathways.

Front 15

define scotomas?

Back 15

an area of lost or depressed vision within the visual field, surrounded by an area of less depressed or of normal vision

Front 16

Has the patient seen lights flashing across the field of vision? Vitreous floaters may accompany this symptom. What is indicated?

Back 16

Flashing lights or new vitreous floaters suggest detachment of vitreous from retina. Prompt eye consultation is indicated.

Front 17

Double vision images can be side by side (in horizontal diplopia) or on top of each other (in vertical diplopia). Horizontal or Vertical diplopia might be caused by what?

Back 17

Diplopia in adults may arise from a lesion in the brainstem or cerebellum, or from weakness or paralysis of one or more extraocular muscles, as in horizontal diplopia from palsy of CN III or VI, or vertical diplopia from palsy of CN III or IV.

Front 18

Diplopia in one eye, with the other closed, suggests a problem in what?

Back 18

the cornea or lens.

Front 19

20/200 and 20/15 vision mean what?

Back 19

Vision of 20/200 means that at 20 feet the patient can read print that a person with normal vision could read at 200 feet. The larger the second number, the worse the vision. “20/40 corrected” means the patient could read the 40 line with glasses (a correction)

Front 20

what is the classification for legally blind?

Back 20

n the United States, a person isusually considered legally blind when vision in the better eye, corrected by glasses, is 20/200 or less. Legal blindness also results from a constricted field of vision: 20°or less in the better eye.

Front 21

An enlarged blind spot occurs in which conditions? (3)

Back 21

Conditions affecting the opticnerve such as glaucoma, optic neuritis, and papilledema.

Front 22

eyebrows are laterally sparse in which condition?

Back 22

hypothyroidism

Front 23

blepharitis can cause what in the eyelids?

Back 23

red inflamed lid margins, often with crusting.

Front 24

when light is temporally shone on the temporal side of the iris, a shadow may be detected from a abnormal bowing of the iris. What does this increase the risk of?

Back 24

A narrow angle increases the risk for acute narrow-angle glaucoma—a sudden increase in intraocular pressure when drainage of the aqueous humor is blocked. In open-angle glaucoma—the common form of glaucoma—the normal spatial relation between iris and cornea is preserved and the iris is fully lit.

Front 25

What are the technical term for dilated and constricted pupils?

Back 25

miosis - constriction. And mydriasis - dilation.

Front 26

when pupillary reactions are not normal, and unequal in size, shape, symmetry, what are three conditions indicated?

Back 26

Horner's syndrome, occulomotor nerve paralysis, tonic pupil.

Front 27

testing the pupillary near reaction is helpful in diagnosing which two conditions?

Back 27

Argyll Robretson and tonic (Adie's) pupils.

Front 28

in hyperthyroidism, what is notable about the downward gaze?

Back 28

a rim of sclera is visible above the iris. (lid lag, where lid does not descend, exophthalmos, characteristic staring)

Front 29

poor convergence is seen in what thyroid condition?

Back 29

hyperthyroid.

Front 30

when should mydriatic drops not be used?

Back 30

1) when pupillary reactions are essential, as in monitoring head injury. And 2) and suspicion of narrow-angle glaucoma, which could exacerbate the pressure.

Front 31

what is hippus?

Back 31

abnormally exaggerated rhythmic contraction and dilation of the pupil, independent of changes in illumination or in fixation of the eyes. (dependent if counting fatiguing the eye)

Front 32

why are the arteries magnified in the fundus even when your diopter setting is set to zero?

Back 32

the magnifying property of the eye lens. In people where the lens has been removed the arteries appear smaller giving a larger range of view of the fundus.

Front 33

when would you use the minus diopters?

Back 33

myopic patient, (they focus anteriorly to the retina requring you diverge the light slightly to reach the retina and bring it into focus).

Front 34

when would you use the positive diopters?

Back 34

hyperopic patient, (they focus the light posterior to the retina, requiring you to converge the light more, anteriorly, to bring the retina into focus)

Front 35

SVP is seen in up to what percent of normal patients?

Back 35

spontaneous venous pulsations are seen in 75%, indicates normal intracranial pressure.

Front 36

artery or vein of the fundus characteristic? Color - light red

Back 36

arteries

Front 37

artery or vein of the fundus characteristic? Size - smaller (2/3 to 4/5 the size of the other)

Back 37

arteries

Front 38

artery or vein of the fundus characteristic? Light reflex - bright

Back 38

arteries

Front 39

artery or vein of the fundus characteristic? Color - dark red

Back 39

veins

Front 40

artery or vein of the fundus characteristic? Size - larger

Back 40

veins

Front 41

artery or vein of the fundus characteristic? Light reflex - inconspicous or absent

Back 41

veins