Classification Of Eukaryotic Microoganisms

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Classification of Eukaryotic Microorganisms. (Domain, Kingdoms)

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-Domain: Eukarya
-Kingdom:
>>Protista (unicellular eukaryotes), including algae, protozea, and slime molds - extremely paraphyletic group!
>>Fungi - (multicellular eukaryotes), includes yeasts, molds, etc.
>>Animalia- (multicellular eukaryotes), mainly certain microscopic worms and rotifers.

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Kingdom Protista: Algae (usually viewed as "Sub-Kingdom")

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-Algae are "plant-like" protists, in that they photosynthesize using chlorophyll (they are photoautotrophs)
-They are usually unicellular, although there are some exceptions (like "seaweeds")
-They almost always live in aquatic environments, where they are important primary producers.
-Multicellular with no true tissue (bc no cell differentiation)

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5 Division of Algae?

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1)-Phaeophyta
2)-Rhodophyta
3)-Chlorophyta
4)-Chrysophyta
5)-Dinophyta or Pyrrophyta

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Phaeophyta
(Algae)

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"the brown algae"
-Commonly called "kelps." they appear brown or tan because they contain an accessory pigment called fucoxanthin. Algin, a food thickener/emulsifier, is obtained from them.
*Representative genus = Sargassum

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Rhodophyta
(Algae)

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"the red algae"
-They appear reddish because they contain phycobilin accessory pigments. Agar, used as bacterial media, is obtained from them. So is the food additive carrageenan.
*Representative genus = Gelidium

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Chlorophyta
(Algae)

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"the green algae"
-Most are unicellular with cellulose cell walls
(Spyrogyra = "pond scum")
(Ulva = sea lettuce, which is multicellular seaweed)
-Green algae are almost certainly ancestors of modern terrestrial plants.
-Unlike the brown and red algae, the green algae contain many freshwater forms.

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Chrysophyta
(Algae)

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"the diatoms"
-possess cell walls of silicon dioxide, often complex and beautiful shapes.

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Dinophyta or Pyrrophyta
(Algae)

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The "dinoflagellates"
-Known for their production of neurotoxins during spring "blooms," often called "red tides."
-Both are the major primary producers of the marine world, and produce the majority of the molecular oxygen on earth.
-Fossil fuels are largely the remains of these two groups.

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Protozoa
(Subkingdom of Protista)

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-Protozoa are "animal-like" protists in that they are chemoheterotrophs.
-They are exclusively unicellular
-They live in soil and water, and often in symbiotic relationships with animals (like termites)
-Some are pathogens

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Phyla of Protozoa (4 Types)

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1) - Sarcodina
2) - Mastigophora
3) - Ciliophora
4) - Apicomplexa

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Sarcodina
(Protozoa)

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the "amoeba"
-Amoebas use pseudopods to move; Entamoeba is the cause of amoebic dysentery.

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Mastigophora
(Protozoa)

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the "flagellates"
-Flagellates use flagella to move. Giarda causes giardiasis ("beaver fever")

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Ciliophora
(Protozoa)

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the "ciliates"
-Ciliates move by means of cilia. Generally not medically important.

*Representative genus: Paramecium.

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Apicomplexa
(Protozoa)

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-Obligate intracellular parasites. An interesting example is *Plasmodium* which causes malaria.

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Plasmodium Life Cycle (Example of a complex protozoan parasite)

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-Plasmodium grows by sexual reproduction in the Anopheles mosquito; if the mosquito "bites" a human, the infective particles, called sporozoites, enter the blood and travel to the liver.
-They multiply (by schizogeny) in the liver, and the new cells are called merozoites; these enter the blood and infect red blood cells.
-As they grow asexually, the red blood cells eventually rupture, releasing more merozoites and toxins which cause the fever and chills associated with disease.
-Some sexual cells called gametocytes are also formed, and can be picked up by another mosquito to repeat the cycle.
-The mosquito is called the DEFINITIVE HOST because it harbors the sexual stage; humans are called the INTERMEDIATE HOST because asexual reproduction occurs in us.

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KNOW PLASMODIUM LIFECYCLE PICTURE!!!

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pg. 136

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KINGDOM FUNGI

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-Fungi are aerobic or facultatively anaerobic chemoheterotrophs.
-They are usually decomposers living in the soil, but some cause disease.
-Yeasts are the only unicellular fungi - they are placed in this kingdom because of their striking similarity to other fungi.
-Fungi have cell walls made of chitin.

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Divisions of Fungi (How are they classified? 4 types?)

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-Fungi are classified based on the type of sexual spore they make.
1) Zygomycota
2) Ascomycota
3) Basidiomycota
4) Deuteromycota

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Zygomycota

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The "conjugation fungi"
*Representative genus: Rhizopus, the common black bread mold.
-Zygomycetes produce zygospores sexually, from the union of two compatible strands of the fungi (hyphae).

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Ascomycota

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"the sac fungi"
*Representative genera:
-Neurospora, a mold
-Saccharomyces, a yeast.
-The sexual ascospores are enclosed in a sac-like "ascus."

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Basidiomycota

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"the club fungi"
-most things we recognize as "mushrooms" belong in this division. Sexual basidiospores are present at the tips of stalk-like appendages called basidia. Most are macroscopic.

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Deuteromycota

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Not observed to produce sexual spores, but when they are, they can be recategorized into the appropriate group.

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LICHENS

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-Lichens represent a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and an algae. They are quite common and are often pioneer species ecologically.

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Platyhelminthes; 2 Types.
(Animalia)

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"the flatworms"
-Trematodes, or "flukes," attach to host tissue and suck tissue fluids for nutrition.
-Cestodes, or "tapeworms," generally exist in the G-I tract and eat a lot of their host's food! Disgustingly, they can get quite large (greater than 20 ft).

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Nematoda
(Animalia)

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the "roundworms"
-Generally not parasites, and are very ubiquitus in soil and water.

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Rotifera
(Animalia)

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-free-living freshwater organisms also referred to as "wheel creatures." Not pathogenic.

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Arthropoda; 2 types?
(Animalia.)

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1) - Class Insecta: insects, like the mosquito (malaria)
2) - Class Arachnida: ticks (Lyme disease) (related to spiders)