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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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C. Sempronius Gracchus
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- Tribunate of the plebs in 123 bc, reelected in 122
Refer to rest of class notes. |
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His program of reform
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Vengeance against those who opposed Ti.
Popillius Laenas exiled for violating legal rights of Gracchan supporters as consul of 132 New form of extortion court Juries of equites (wealthiest non-senators) Limit on price of grain For support of urban plebs. Wanted to give citizenship to allies. Rioting during assembly to repeal one of his laws in 121 Gracchans seize Aventine to avoid fate of Ti. Consul has "final decree" passed Use of violence now "official" Like martial law Military force used to suppress Gracchans |
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Citizenship for allies
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C. Graccus tried to get it.
Want voting rights and ability to be elected Drusus also tried to get italian allies citizenship |
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M. Livius Drusus the elder
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Undermined Graccus
Was a tribunite Argued that granting citizenship to more people would dilute the rewards given to each current citizen |
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L. Opimius cos. 121
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-Killed C. Graccus
-Destroyed a Latin colony -consul of 121 -Convicted of bribery by gracchan jurors, along with Sp. Albinius and Bestia |
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Jugurtha
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Jugurtha is junior member of ruling house of Numidia
Mother a slave Treated as son by the King Macipsa King later has two sons of his own Upon death of Macipsa, Jugurtha attacks his sons Bribed senators Jugerthian war is well known due to Sallust writing a detailed monogram about it |
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Q. Caecilius Metellus Numidicus cos. 109
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From noble family, father subdued the macedon revolt
Many family members were consuls Waged war against Jugurtha Slow strategy to subdue Numidia to deny Jugertha any refuge or support Senate gave Metellus command, but tribunate put it to a vote, Marius won so senate gave Metellus the name Numidicus as a snub to Marius, as if he had won the war |
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C. Marius cos. 107
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Was a "new man" with 2nd class status until 188 b.c
Claims Metellus was ineffective Fan favorite, but disliked by the senate Troops chosen without regard for census Old system of conscription abandoned Poor soldiers seek rewards after campaign from general Loyal to him rather than to "republic" Marius not the first to take advantage of this change in loyalty Wages war the same way as Metellus Defeats Jegurtha in 105, Sulla tries to claim glory Consul from 104-100 BC Dies 86 BC Defeated Cimbri at battle of Vercallae Was the "savior of the state" |
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Enrollment of the landless in army
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Made possible by Marius, and became loyal to him
Game changer Took power away from the republic due to loyalties to the commander. Big reason republic fell, showed the lack of control |
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Cimbri and Teutoni
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Were first attacked in 113 BC without reason
Again in 109, Consul was defeated catastophically Victory in 107 against Romans with the Teutoni in Gaul Attacked italy in 102 with divided forces and got owned |
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Battle of Arausio
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105 Bc, Major victory
Roman leaders, Caepio and Mallius would not join forces Resulted in major deafeat to the Cimbri Angered Rome to lose due to faulty magistrate actions Mallius was a "new man" and Caepio would not team up with him 80,000 soldiers died |
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L. Apuleius Saturninus tr. pl. 100
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Creates new meaning for "treason" charges
"Lessening the prestige of Rome" Leads the attacks against Caepio and Mallius in court Gains election in 100 by violence, murders other candidate Tries to get C. Servilius Glaucia elected illegally to consulship Glaucia had been a troublemaking tribune, now praetor and so ineligible Glaucia had reformed the provincial corruption court, making it more severe Also restored jury album to equites One candidate murdered to get Glaucia elected Marius didn't need Saturninus after passing his law Dismissed Saturninus to keep respect in the senate Marius kills Saturninus and Glaucia after they seize the capital, they first surrendered Final Decree now legitamized |
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M. Livius Drusus the younger tr. pl. 91
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wealthy son of man who undermined C. Gracchus in 123
Self proclaimed "patron of senate" Resented by many senior senators Tribunate of the plebs. 91 Tries to solve all political problems in Rome with a series of laws Tries to make broad coalition Totality of laws opposed Proposes citizenship for Itialian allies Assassinated - causes italians to revolt knowing they wont be granted citizenship. After losing a few battles, Rome granted citizenship |
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Social War
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With death of Drusus, allies give up hope of getting citizenship peacefully
Not all allies revolt Aims negative If Romans won't give citizenship, they'll form their own "state" Several defeats inflicted on Roman armies in 90, 89 Romans promptly grant citizenship Rebels mostly subdued by 89 |
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L. Cornelius Sulla cos. 88
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Sulla was Marius' quaestor in Numidia
Marius embittered Resents: Sulla's attempt to claim glory of ending war with Jugurtha Lack of respect in senate Shabby treatment during Social War Sulla wins consulship for 88 Receives command in looming war in East against Mithridates Dispute over enrollment of allies in tribes Tribune seeks Marius' aid for enrollment scheme Distribute new citizens in old tribes rather than segregate them in a few new ones Marius to receive command in East Sulla marches with troops on Rome Senatorial officers don't cooperate Troops stick with their general Tribune killed, Marius flees Sulla leaves for East in spring of 87, then declared an outlaw Waging war with Mithradate Defeats Mithradaic army in Chaeronea Captures Athens in 86 Takes refuge in Marius house in exchange of letting Rufus laws pass Destroyed an army at Orchomenus |
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Cn. Octavius cos. 87
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Bellum Octavianum
"War of Octavius" Dispute among consuls of 87 L. Cornelius Cinna opposes laws passed by Sulla Cn.Octavius supports Sulla's measures Octavius drives Cinna out of Rome Armies raised by Cinna, Marius and others capture Rome Cn. Pompeius Strabo cos. 89 plays both sides Instigates mutiny among his troops when Q. Pompeius Rufus cos. 88 tries to assume command Strabo dies of plague, which allows Marians to take Rome Octavius and a few senior senators (14 most prominent senators) killed Marius consul for 86, dies soon after taking up office Cinna controls Rome |
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L. Cornelius Cinna cos. 87
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Allied with Marius
Helped seize the city against Octavious Consolship declared void when he went against Sulla Consul in 86 Killed by mutanous troops in 84 while crossing the adriatic sea No leader to oppose Sulla after Cinna died |
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Mithridates
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King of Pontus - (Eastern asia minor + coucasus)
Mithridatic war provoked by Romans in 90 Orders masacre of all Roman residents (80,000) Fleas to King of Armenia, leaves to fight again, loses and is not accepted by the King a second time, assassinated 63 BC |
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First Mithridatic War
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Conflict b/w Bithynia (Roman ally) and Pontus
War provoked by Roman envoy in 90 Asia Minor quickly overrun by Mithridates No Roman garrison Some Greek cities disloyal Mithridatic forces in Greece and Macedonia by 88 Sulla finally crosses over to Greece in 87 Captures Athens Defeats Mithridates' forces twice in 86 Chaeronea Oropus L. Valerius Flaccus cos. 86 brings army from Italy Avoids Sulla, marches on Asia Minor Killed in mutiny instigated by subordinate C. Fimbria Flaccus unpopular for restraining troops from plundering Troops willing to kill commander for plunder Sulla refuses to cooperate with Fimbria Fimbria's army abandons him Peace of Dardanus Mithridates keeps kingdom Supplies Sulla for impending civil war Sulla lets troops extort wealth from disloyal cities in Asia |
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Insufficient number of praetorships
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basic problems
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Equestrians (equites), control of law courts
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Were the rich people, and sat on juries.
Used the strong control of court system for their benefit Having equestrians on the jury drove a wedge between them and senators, who were supposed to have the same goals |
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Sulla's invasion of Italy
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Cinna dies, and has nobody else to opose Sulla
Sulla lands in southern italy in 83, obtains Scipio Asiagenus army for his own Scipio makes a deal to be released, then goes back on it Sulla reacts bitterly |
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C. Marius junior
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Consol of 82
Put under siege at Praeneste Stuck in Praeneste, tries to escape and dies |
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Colline Gate/Praeneste
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Town east of Rome where Marius was put under siege by Sulla
Sulla could not achieve decisive victory When opposition was unable to raise the siege, Marched on Rome and were SMASHED at Colline Gate outside of Rome |
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Cn. Pompeius (Pompey)
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nicknamed "young butcher" after executing senators in Sicily and Africa
Got made Consul at 35 because nobody wanted to oppose him. Married Ceasers daughter after they make the "triumverate" which is the power of 3. Does what he wants |
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Proscriptions
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Sulla creates a law capable of murder if on behalf of Rome
Creates a list of people able to kill Children of the proscribed were prohibited from holding office in future Property of proscribed was sold at auction and was won by Sulla's associates at cheap prices Something like 200 senators and 2000 equestrians |
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Sullan dictatorship/constitution/settlement
Chapter 9 List: |
Strips tribunes of power
more magistrates (8 praetors) (20 questors) Restores courts to senate Tries to return control of political system to senate Can't undo own precedent of using military force to get his way in politics VERY vindictive Helps friends Kills enemies Confiscated land to veterans Sulla resigns as dictator in 79, soon dies Sulla's heritage determines political parties for rest of Republic Many revere him for benefits or success Many embittered by his vindictivenesss Populares opposed to Sulla's arrangments |
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Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius cos. 80
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Senate sent Metellus Pius to stop Sertorious after Sertorious defeated the Sullan governor
Major supporter of Sulla Couldnt defeat Sertorius so Pompey joined him Assassinate Sertorious in 72 |
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M. Aemilius Lepidus cos. 78
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Against Sullan ways
Opposed by Latatius Catalus The use of poorly trained trouble makers was no match for Roman army Pompey easily disposes of Lepidus Refuses to disband army, extorts command in Spain from senate Troops remain loyal to general in dispute with "legitimate gov." |
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Q. Sertorius
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Major supporter of Cinna and Marius in 87
Held Spain during Sulla's invasion of Italy Holds Spain against forces sent by Sulla Spain refuge for those threatened by Sulla War ends only in 72 when Sertorius is assassinated |
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Spartacus
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Spartacus leads slave revolt in 74-71
Starts with gladiators in Campania Spreads to rural slaves, huge armies formed Several raw Roman armies defeated (including both consuls of 72) M. Licinius Crassus pr. 73 ends revolt Pompey returns from Spain in 71 Ends the remainder of spartacus` Slave Revolt Extorts consulship though never held office before, underage Pompey and Crassus cos. 70 Don't get along |
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M. Licinius Crassus cos. 70
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Had 6000 slaves crucified on Appian way
Very wealthy Disliked by the Senate Made strategic alliances with Pompey and Ceaser Competetive with Pompey for fame and glory Dies with army in Carhae |
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L. Licinius Lucullus cos.74
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Was Sullas quaestor
Persues Mithradates to Armenia The only man to remain loyal to Sulla Not popular because of strict discipline Roman troops Mutiny Destroys Mithridates army in 71 BC in CABIRA |
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Third Mithridatic War
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Starts in 73 as result of Rome inheriting kingdom of Bithynia
Major commander: Lucullus cos of 74 Spectacular Roman victories No conclusion to war after years of campaigning Mithridates sneaks into Pontus in 67, defeats legate of Lucullus |
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Pompey and the war against the pirates
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Pirates threaten grain supply of Rome
Special election gives Pompey extraordinary powers (67) He is allowed to create many independent legates with own imperium Command to last three years Precursor of system used by emperors Pirates crushed in only 40 days Shows how empire needs centralized coordination and control Got over 100,000 troops |
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Pompey's Settlement of the East
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War against Mithridates transferred to Pompey by law in 66
Pompey makes peace with king of Armenia Creates province of Bithynia and Pontus Annexes Syria as province in 64 Makes huge number of administrative decisions Acquires vast wealth Rome has now assumed administrative and military responsibility for all of Asia Minor and Syria Pompey finally returns to Italy in 61 |
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Populares
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Assert rights of roman people as a whole against the senate
Tend to oppose senate on principal Senator class of citizen, not the poor ones Comparable to Liberals |
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Optimates
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Latin for `Best Men`
oppose whatever populares like Uphold privileges of senate The leading families in senate often equate the interests of the senate with their own Comparable to the Conservative party |
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Electoral Practices in the Late Republic
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Political issues didn`t matter
Votes based on `the home town boy`theory Bias towards men from prominant family names |
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M. Tullius Cicero
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Is a `new man`
Greatest literary figure of late republice, (best orator) Reached highest office due to oractorical skills, always obtained new office at earliest age possible From same town as Marius Tooks Sulla`s side in civil war Great speach vs Verres caused Verres to go into exile before the case was even done Cicero exiled by hostile tribune in 58, for wrongful executions, recalled next year Prone to blowing own horn |
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L. Sergius Catilina (Catiline)
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Influenced a lot of what Cicero did during consulship
Was defeated in 64 and 63 for consulship represented the worst of those who had come to prominence through adherence to Sulla |
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Catilinarian conspiracy
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Reports of men collecting arms Etruria for an uprising
Senate passed `final decree` authorizing cicero to secure safety of common wealth Cicero speaks against Catiline, forces him into hiding Catilina joins the uprising and defeats the other consul Executions happen on basis of final decree, even though the decree was not meant for those people |
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Pompey's Wishes/Intentions upon his Return from the East
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Dismissed army when returned
Needed distriubution of land ti his veterans and ratification of his acts in the east. To get what he wanted, Pompey was forced to form an alliance that would result in the demise of the republic |
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Crassus and the equestrians
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Controlled the equestrians, allowed for laws to be passed that favored the equestrian class
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M. Porcius Cato
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Lead opposition to Caesar and associates
Reputation for personal integrity Cato`s son in law Bibulus was elected to obstruct Caesar Due to the oligarchs opposing Caesar, triumvirate forced to stick together |
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Caesar's Consulship
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Earlier career anti-Sullan
aunt married to Marius himself married Cinna's (cos. 87) daughter Reputation as man of action Pompey agrees to support his campaign for consulship Needs someone to ratify his acts in East and give land to veterans These laws opposed by senate Crassus also supports him Wants revision to contract for equestrian tax farmers in Asia As consul in 59 Caesar uses violence to pass legislation |
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"First Triumvirate"
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Pompey, Crassus, Caeasr for coalition to support each other
Falsely called "First Triumvirate" Lasts till death of Crassus in 53 |
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Caesar's conquest of Gaul
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Law in 59 gives Caesar command in Gaul for 5 yrs., extended for another 5 in 55
Caeasr conquers Gaul in a series of campaigns 58-52 1 mil. killed, huge numbers of captives Caeasr enriches veteran army By 50 Caesar needed to find a way to be re-elected as consul and avoid prosecution for use of violence back in 59 |
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Breakdown of Electoral Process in 50's
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System seemingly functions in 70's, 60's
Effect of enfranchisement of allies not clear Rich voters travel to Rome Seemingly poor citizens at distance don't Lots of "new men" from the ruling classes of the Italian cities Such men become prominent senators under Early Empire Electoral system collapses in late 60's, '50s 52 starts without conuls, pompey becomes solo cons. Widespread use of bribery Frequent domination of assemblies through violence |
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P. Clodius Pulcher
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Patritian turned Plebian to hold tribunate
Gang leader, found gangs to be fun T. Annius Milo organizes rival gangs Holds grudge against Cicero Back in 61 he snuck in to women's religious party (held by Caesar's wife) Cicero ruined Clodius' alibi Clodius got off anyway through bribery Allowed to become plebeian by Caesar as consul after Cicero spoke against him As tr. pl. in 58 Clodius forms gangs to pass legislation Something of a loose cannon Exiles Cicero for his role in executing Catilinarian conspirators back in 63 |
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Second joint consulship of Pompey and Crassus
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in 55 BC
Pompey gets Spain Crassus gets Syria Caesars rule in Gaul is extended for 5 years Crassus and Pompey not keen on each other Caesar forced to hold conference at Luca in 56 to reconcile them All have to stick together against "senatorial" opponents |
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Reconciliation of Pompey and Caesar's Enemies
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Pompey resents Caesar, becomes reconciled with opponents in senate
Senior nobles see Caesar as main threat to constitution, want to use Pompey's military "genius" against Caesar Violence, bribery undermine legitimacy of assemblies in Rome Year after year in late 50s the elections are delayed b/c of bribery, violence 52 starts without consuls Clodius murdered in encounter with Milo, gang leader working for senate Pompey elected sole consul (later choses his father-in-law as colleague) Makes sure that Milo is convicted, brings military into city Clearly controls the city Reconciles with senatorial group hostile to Caesar Hostility to Caesar led by Cato By 50, Caesar is outmaneuvered Can't secure re-election by legal means |
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Caesar's/Pompey's motives/plans during civil war
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Caesar - wants to be allowed to run for consulship again so that he will remain protected from prosecution for his prior illegal actions
Pompey - To align with the senators against Caesar for personal prestige gain, after his wife and crassus died he had no reason to stay friends with Caesar |
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Battles of Pharsalus, Thapsus, Munda
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Pharsalus - Pompey is defeated in Greece, death blow of the republic. August 9th, 48 BC.
Thapsus - 46 BC, Caesar induced battle by seeming to be in an unadvantagous position. Slaughtered 10,000 Romans who wanted to surrender. Gnaeus and Sextus retreat to Spain Munda - 45 BC, Gnaeus and 30,000 Romans dead, Sextus survives. Basically no more military opposition to Caesar |
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Cleopatra
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Married to her brother, King Ptolemny XIII.
At age 21 meets Caesar Kills Ptolemny XIV in 44 BC (her younger brother) Had Caesar`s son |
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Caesar's final intentions
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Febuary, 44 BC was declared `dictator for life`
Was temporary dictator several times during war Clear never intended to restore the Republic All intentions were towards own gain and safety Wanted to be king and supreme grand master of the universe |
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Motives for Caesar's assassination
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Did not want a king ruling Rome.
Thought the old constitution would come back to life, they were WRONG 60 men were involved, but not Cicero |
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M. Junius Brutus
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Cato`s nephew
Leader of the conspiracy to assassin Caesar the tyrant Was a praetor pardoned by Caesar in 44 BC Didn`t allow assassination of M. Antonious |
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C. Cassius Longinus
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Crassus`quaestor
Was a praetor pardoned by Caesar in 44 BC Leader of the conspiracy to assassin Caesar Salvaged some of Crassus`army when defeated |
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M. Antonius (Mark Antony)
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Caesar`s colleague
Caesar`s quaestor in late 50`s First obvious choice to take over for Caesar after death Attempted to reach accomodations with Caesars killers, while assuming all interests of Caesar Son of pr. 74, grandson of cos. 99 Distant relative of Caesar's Served under Caesar in Gaul As tr. pl. in 49 stood up for Caesar, fled to him (cause of civil war) During civil war looked after Italy while Caesar was in East Cos. at time of assassination besieges D. Brutus in Mantua |
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C. Octavius/Octavian/young Caesar/Imp. Caesar divi filius
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Great nephew of Caesar, who had no heir
Son of "new man" praetor of 61 19 yrs. old at time of Caesars assassination Basically a small-town nobody Adopted by Caesar's will Takes on Caesar's name "Young Caesar" Never uses form "Octavian" (shows lowly origins) Has no status of his own Plays on memory of assassinated "father" Undermine Antony's support among Caesarians by attacking reconciliation with assassins Raises troops (illegally) among Caesar's veterans Tries unsuccessful coup d'etat in summer of 44 |
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D. Junius Brutus
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D. Brutus (rel. of M. Brutus) seizes Cisalpine Gaul
Supporter of Caesar throughout civil war Assassin Appointed gov. of Cisalpine Gaul by Caesar before assassinations |
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Battle of Mutina
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M. Antony attacks D. Brutus at Mutina
Young Caesar forces M. Antony to retreat to Transalpine Gaul Senate votes to give Young Caesars troops to D. Brutus |
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Philippics
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1
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M. Aemilius Lepidus cos. 46
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Son of consul of 78 BC
Governor of Transalpine Gaul Entered allegiance with M. Antony Declared a public enemy but senate was helpless One of the original triumvirate. |
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Triumvirate
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Young Caesar enters into alliance with Antony, Lepidus
Triumvirate established by law In effect, a permanent three-man dictatorship Antony, Young Caesar, Lepidus Lepidus important only temporarily Young Caesar at bottom of totem-pole now, will rise New Proscriptions Cicero killed along with his brother and nephew |
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Proscriptions
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100 senators and 1000s of equestrians died
1 consul, cicero and his brother and nephew Retaliation, Brutus executed Antony`s brother Gaius |
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Battle of Philippi
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Cassius suicides after losing to Antony, unware that Brutus beat young Caeser
Brutus obtains Cassius men Large numbers of noblemen died at Philippi, a huge part of the end of the Republic Last army to even pretend to be fighting for Republic |
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L. Antonius
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-Tried to undermine Young Caesar by starting a rumor that Caesar was short changing M.Antony`s men
-Was forced to take refuge in the etruscan city of Perusia after hostilities broke out with Young Caesar |
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Perusian War
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Perusine War, 41
Troubles caused by Antony's brother Lucius Champions discontent of dispossessed Caesar besieges L. Antonius in Perusia Caesar sacrifices the town councilors to shades of father "Don't mess with me" Agreement with Sex. Pompeius in early 30s Exiles return to Italy Young Caesar adopts name "Imp. Caesar Divi filius" in 38 "General Caesar, son of the God" Special nomenclature distinguishes him from normal humans Long tenure brings legitimacy |
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Sex. Pompeius/Magnus Pius
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son of Pompey
Survived the defeat of the Pompeians by Caesar in Spain in 45 Established himself as a naval commander Seized Sicily, other islands in 44, 43 The proscribed flee to him Republicans flee to him after Philippi Caused Young Caesar much trouble in Italy Threatens grain supply of Rome Changes name to Pius Magnus Magnus ("the Great") was a cognomen adopted by Pompey Pius ("the dutiful one") shows his loyalty to his father New name distinguishes the warlord from regular humans |
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Battle of Naulochus
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Sextus Pompeius fleet gets wiped out
Sextus flees to Asia, re-establishes nagotiations with Antony Was defeated and executed in 35 BC |
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End of Lepidus
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Post victory, Lepidus allows Sextus`men to surrender, even though Caesar said no.
Demands he gets the islands, Caesar takes over his army and sends Lepidus to exile, survives for 30 years |
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"Donations"
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"Donations" - Antony gives Roman territory to Cleopatra and their common children and her son by Caesar the dictator
Looks bad in Italy |
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Antony's will
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-Requests to be buried beside Cleopatra
-Turns Roman view of Antony bad, for appearing to name Cleopatra the next ruler of Rome -Used as pre-text to war by Young Caesar, and he starts assembling an army to fight Antony with -Gives title to Cleopatra and his kids |
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Oath to Caesar as"dux
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-Italy swore an oath to Caesar of their personal loyalty and desire for him as leader
-Allowed Caesar the political position to wage war on Cleopatra due to the public support in 32 BC |
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Battle of Actium
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-Agrippa attacked Mesennia to disrupt Antony`s supply lines to Actium
-Cut off from supplies, Antonys officers defected -Antony`s fleet emerged from the harbor September 2nd, 31 BC -Antony wanted to escape rather than fight -Cleopatra takes off during the battle, Antony follows, leaving his other ships to die -Antony commits suicide, then Cleopatra does as well -Caesar now the one and only world leader, supreme grandmaster of roman strategy and universe. |
