Classics 204 Egypt

Front 1

Who was the first to excavate Egpyt and publish?

Back 1

Flynder Petri

Front 2

Why is southern Egypt called Upper Egypt and northern called Lower Egypt?

Back 2

The Nile flow from the south to the North with fan like tributaries flowing to the Mediterranean. (Egptian Delta)

Front 3

Define ALLUVIL?

Back 3

Fertile soil, as on the banks of the Nile due to extreme winter flooding, 20 miles wide

Front 4

How did the egyptian increase the fertile land wideth?

Back 4

irrigation from as early as 4000 BCE

Front 5

Why was Egyptian culture more stable than Mesopotamian?

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Tremendous local natural resources, (gold) and predictible weather (flooding of Nile every winter), therefore they remained isolated bc they didn't need to trade.
Exception: traded w Lebanon for timbre which they didin't have

Front 6

Describe Neolithic Egypt?

Back 6

5000-4000 BCE
cliff caves by Nile
burials with gifts

Front 7

Pre-Dynastic/Chalcolithic Egypt?
Amratian Culture/Naqadal I?4000-3500
Gerzean Culture/Naquada II?3500-3200

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Amration Culture- moved down to Nile banks and cleared swamps, hut, gold jewelery, Ivory(hippos, elephants) inlllllayed w bituman(trade w Meso),
stone work(palete for kohl
Black top redware w incised animals, nile life
religion- female with raised arms
Gerzean Culture-pottery- reversed tech- now decoration painted on white ground- more figuration and narrative, boats w god statues, smiting symbols,
have textiles preserve due to dry climate

Front 8

how do we know most of Egyptian culture?

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elaborate burial tombs, afterlife more NB than earthly life(villages not built to endure time)

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Wall painting on plaster, Tomb 100 @ hierakonpolis, Egypt, Pre-Dynastic, 3500-3200BCE 16'3" w
riverboats w cabin perhaps festival,
narrative depicts several independant grouping of activities w beginning of iconographic elements- boats, battle, master of animals, smiting enemies, corraled animals.
Comosite perpective-frontal, profile, birds eye

Front 10

Egypt was divide into_______ during the pre-dynastic period?

Back 10

NOMES

Front 11

Proto dynastic period? NB event

Back 11

3000-2920 BCE
King Narmer unified the nomes, thereafter refered to as dynasty

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Palette of King Naarmer,(3000-2920BCE) from Heirkanpolis, Egypt, pre-dynastic, slate, 2'1" h
NB comparble to the Rosetta Stone in dechering Egytian culture. oldes historic antiquity
Depict the unificatioon of Egypt. Begining of iconographic egyptian elements
Front- depicts(1 costume) King Narmer in twisted perspective, wearing the height crown of Upper Egypt,(2) smiting his ememies. (3)Hawk- Horace god, protector of Pharoh, smites ememy(papyrus flower- lowere egypt), (4)begining of inscription in cartoouche, heiroglyphics
Back- after battle, decapitatd ememies,feet bw legs, Narmer wear low, white crown of lower egypt
enigmatic serpantine necked beasts creat hole for grinding kohl

Front 13

Define MASTABA?

Back 13

bench-like
Name of Egyptian Tombs I(BEGINING of seperate burials for royalty)
flat top buildings, air shaft in roof, first ones were brick later stone

Front 14

By the III dynasty --------- becomes more pwerful?

Back 14

Pharoh

Front 15

First political capital of Egypt?

Back 15

Memphis

Front 16

What type of cities formed on the East bank of the Nile?
West Bank?

Back 16

east- rinsing sun- land of the living
west- setting sun, lan of the dead, tombs, payramids

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Stepped Pyramid, tomb of Djoser, @Saqqara, Egypt, dynasty III, 2630-2611BCE, Imhotep(cheif advisor) desinged, Stone(eternity), in Necropolis(city of dead)

Front 18

NECROPOLIS

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city of the dead
necro- dead
polis- city

Front 19

The stepped pyramid was based on

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zigurat or stacked Mastaba

Front 20

Palace of the King at Saqqara?

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not left, but based on nature- the fluted colums thought to be reeds bound togethr, Wall carved relief hebsed festival(rejeuvination of King), walls glazed tile, SERDAB in each room from this point on

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SERDAB

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portrait statue of King in tomb, thought the KA of pharoh would inhabit when he visited earth, small opening in front of it to allow entrance and exit

Front 22

Defn KLAFT?

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egyptian headress worn by pharoh, cloth folded behind ears

Front 23

What became standard for representing Phorah from here oon?

Back 23

Kiing seated
phoaroh wears Klaft
false beard

Front 24

What are the two out buildings @ The Stepped pyramid od Djoser for?

Back 24

dummy, facades (stone ruble behind)only to represent upper and lower Egypt.

Front 25

Describe plan of stepped pyramid

Back 25

Front 26

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Papyrus engaged colum from North palace of stepped pyramid at Saqqara
Papyrus reps Lower Egypt

Front 27

Describe Facad of entrace to stepped palace

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recessed an butress design, entrance end of long side

Front 28

ID

Back 28

relief in wall of stepped pyramid shows pharoh in rejeuvination festival of hep sed

Front 29

Where are the first historical evidence of colums?

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Engage papyrus colums at the stepped pyramid and fluted engaged colums @ same.

Front 30

Khufu's Pyramid?

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The Great Pyramid @ Giza
Largest pyramid, placed according to compass, symbols of sun(rays) god kings could use to ascednd to heaven,blocks of limestone w polished limestone exterior, built with ramps, 16 Y, kings tom in center, queens tomb smaller and under kings, two air shafts out sides, fasle tomb and passages lead undergroound, 3 small pyramids at base for wives, mastabas for family burial

Front 31

Describe Khufu's pyramid

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The Great Pyramid @ Giza
Largest pyramid, placed according to compass, symbols of sun(rays) god kings could use to ascednd to heaven,blocks of limestone w polished limestone exterior, built with ramps, 16 Y, kings tom in center, queens tomb smaller and under kings, two air shafts out sides, fasle tomb and passages lead undergroound, 3 small pyramids at base for wives, mastabas for family burial

Front 32

Describe Khufu complex

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Valley temple- by nile, received body after parade down Nile
Mortuary temple- causeway connected from valley temple, enbalming of body

Front 33

What was used to embalm body?

Back 33

NATRON - found in Nile Valley salt

Front 34

How does Khaf-re 's temple differs from his father's ?

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Smaller, pharoh's tomb now below,fewer mastabas(smaller family), Great Sphinx (sandstone)by causeway, prayers on walls of tomb but only sarcophagus left as w Khufu's
causeway left, Valley Temple also(post & lintel) portrait statue of Khaf-re bw posts

Front 35

What was the function of the sphinx?

Back 35

lion symbole of power, king of beasts, Cobra on head also symbol of pharonic power, solid block of stone
steele as per inscription, probably a portrait of Khaf-re, rediscoverd on cleaned 1000 later by Tutmoses III

Front 36

Where was the capital of egypt at time of old kingdom?

Back 36

Memphis

Front 37

Egyptian aesthetic?

Back 37

massive simple shapes
no embelishment as Mesopotaminan

Front 38

Why is Menkaure's tomb the smallest?
Describe

Back 38

Pharoh losing economic power, less money due to building of elaborate Khufu's pyramid
same structure, original casing blocks at base indicate not finished as some are not polished

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Khaf-re, Dyn IV, 2520-2494BCE,from Giza, 5'6"h, Dorite
from Valley Temple
Horace hawk embraces Khaf-re, protectiooon god of kings, side of throne papyrus & lotus(unified Egypt) kilt, bare chest , strong idealic body, klaft, no human imperfectioooon like wrinkle or fat, idealized portrait no expresion, notheing ephemeral, timelesss

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Menkaure & Queen, dyn IV, 2490-2472BCE, Graywacke, 4'6"H fron Valley temple @Giza
less $ material, smaller , high relief, than Khaf-re's statue, group
perhaps some age aroound mouth & eyes, NB as pharoh's power decreases his image is not so eternal, feet flat on ground to show permanance, forward leg longer to not have hips shift

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Seated Scribe Kay? from his Mastba @ Saqqara, dyn V, 2450-2350 BCE,painted limestone,1'9"h
realistic portrait -sagging belly, chest
NB scribes of very high status and wealth to hve a mastaba and comissioon serdab, kings powe decresing

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Ka-Aper, Saqqara, wood, 3'7", gesso covered & painted
local governor,Realistic, round face and belly, inlaid crystal eyes, NB powerful private

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Ti watching hippo hunt, relief from mastaba of Ti, Saqqara, egypt, Dyn V, 2450-2350BCE, painted limestone, 4'h
NB depict idealic life on the nile,flora & fawna of nile above, bacdgrouond lined stems of papyrus

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Goats treading see, cattle herding, from the Mastaba of Ti, Saqquara, Egypt, Dyn V2450-2350BCE, relief painted limestone
-sophisticated techn of overlapping shapes to show depth but new , each animal in different position with humanized expressioooon oon face(anxiety of mother as her calf is carried across canal by servant.

Front 45

Where is Pyramid of Pepi I?
NB
NB of his statuary?

Back 45

@ Saqqara, Dynasty VI
1 st king of VI
small muc brick pyramid, due to lack of funds spent on gret pyramids of previoous dynsty
-pharaoh depected kneeling, making offerings to gods

Front 46

Dynasty V NB?

Back 46

Nomes gaining in power
scribe very high status, wealthy, build mastabas for themselves

Front 47

What happens in the 1 st Intermediary Period?

Back 47

local nomes assert power, civil unrest
-breakdown of Pharaonic power & palacial schools of art , rsulting in cheaper 2nd class art

Front 48

Who reunites Egypt and begins the Middle Kingdom?

Back 48

Mentu-hotep I or II, Dyn. XI-XII
From Thebes in south(upper Egypt)
wears new combo crow of upper and lower E

Front 49

describe traditional symbols of upper & lower Egypt & crowns

Back 49

Upper- tall white crown, lotus flower
Lower- short red crown, papyrus flower

Front 50

Deir el -Bahri

Back 50

Deir el-Bahri , Dyn XI is the site of Menu-hotep II, and later Hatshepsut of the New Kingdom.
1.Menu-hotep combined the elements of the great pyramids at Giza, valley temple, mortuary temple and tomb into one mastaba like complex carve into stone cliffs outside Thebes know as The Valley of the Kings
2. A ramp flanked by trees, led up to the main terrace of rows of colonnades in the center of which once stood a solid core which is not preserve. Fn unkown.
3. behind that more collonnades, and mortuary temple,carve into the cliff chamber for queen and wives, chapels to gods
4. a shaft descend to the kings tomb below groound level

Front 51

what new position was created by Mentu-hotep?XI

Back 51

Vizier- 2 nd in command, organization of Egypt
1. Meket-re
2. Sesostris I-revived pyramid, mud brick

Front 52

Dynasty XII kings NB?

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expanded kingdom to include Nubia (gold mines) and east to Syani and Jordan (copper)
NB rise in prosperity

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Fragmentary head of Sesostris III/ SenusretIII?-
Dyn XII,Red quartzite, 6 1/2" h
NB pharaoh depicted looks tired, downturned expression, bags undr deep set eyes, furrowed brow represents psychological change in view of king. lost confidence in stbility of pharoah

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Beni-hason,(n 100m of thebes) Necropolis on EAST bank of nile,Dyn XII, limestone cliffs, cemetary for governors of nomes
1. two colum stone carves porches entrances
2. interior chambers carved into stolid stone to resemble built architeture, post and lintels, beams
3. walls painted with life scenes of owner, hunting, fishing, victory batles, animal sacrifices
4. tomb ID by carving over door

Front 55

2 nd Intermediary Period?
Capita

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Dynasty 13-17
The Hyksos Period( dyn 13-15)
Thebean Dy 17
Hyksos people migrated into Egypt(asiadic) and took over
Avaris capital of Hyksos

Front 56

End of Dyn 12?

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crisis and collapse in succession
dussinigration of pharaonic power

Front 57

Avaris?

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capital of Hyksos dynasty15-16
modern Tell el Daba
fragmentary wall paintings look heavily influence by Minoan culture,
Hyksos warrior bodies in pit burial
NB show infleunc of mediterean culture, seen as forieng rule

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hatshepsut as male, temple of Deir el Bahri, Dy 18
red granite, 8'6"h
1sr time woman was Pharoah

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Senmut & Nefru, Dyn 18,Granite, 3'1/2"h,Thebes, Egypt
tutor, possible lover of Hat.
New style- cube statue

Front 60

Tutmosis III?

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most enegeetic pharoah, expanded to Siani & Syria, now superpower
step son & nephew of hatshepsut

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Amarna?

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new capital under Amun-hotepIV/Akhen-aten

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Amun-hotep IV/Akhenaten

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new monetheastic religion of sungod Aten
new sculture-elongated eyes, diagonal cheeks, emppphasis mouth, femininiaztions of his charateristics

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head of Queen Tiye,(mother of Akhenaten& powerful ruller w her husband), from Gurab, dyn 18, 1353-1335BCE,wood, gold , lapis, serious, stong , frowning expressioon shows ne artistic standards of Amarna style, old age

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Tomb of Nebamun, from The Valley of Nobles on the west bank of Thebes, dyn 18,1400-1350,fresco,2'8"h
fowling scene, idealic lif on the Nile theme, painting not relief, incredible skille ex cat, heirarchical persp w Nebamum, fat cone on head of wife 7 stained linen dress

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Akhenaten,dyn 18, 1353-1335,Temple of Aten, Karnak, sand stone, 13'h
androgenoous charateristics to rep pharoaoh new Amarna style of art; elongated face, ephasis on mouth, heavy lidded almond eyes, effemininate body,belly ,hips, thighs
painted eyes, incredible skill depicting body under fabric
traditioona symbols of pharonic power the crook and flail

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Nefertiti,studio of tutmose,Armarna,dyn 18, 1353-1335, painted plaster and limestone,1'8"h
elogated neck but proportional face. accurate likeness, new crown, same new slightly amused expression as akhenaten.

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Royal family worshiping sun god Aten,
dy 18, 1353-1355, limestone, 1212 1/4"h,Amarna.
Show informal intamacy charateristic,belly, elongated skull, of Armana style, aten extending rays to royal family

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Tomb of Tut-ank-amun, dyn 18, Thebes, only unplundered tomb, show wealth and Armarna stlye,
descedning staircast to corridor to Ante chamber- guilded furniture filled,chariots, provisions, 2 stutue
gaurd tomb door, inlaid chest
annex-parially plundered, provisions. bed
tomb-series of shrines inside each other, stone sarcaughagus with mummy cases inside each other, last one solid gold, gold death mask inlaid w semiprecioous stone,
Treasury-anubis statue, boat models guilded shrine
info on egyptian life and warfare incomparable

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painted chest from tomb of Tutankhamen, dyn 18, thebes
depicts young king in scences of conquest, war and hunting

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deathe maks