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206 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does BCE mean?
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Before common Era, same thing as BC
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What year was the birth of Archeology?
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1870 CE
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who was in the Trojan War
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Trojans (Eastern culture) Vs. Greeks (Western culture)
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Who is the father of Archeology? and what did he do?
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Henrich Schliemann and he found Troy, Proved Homer's legends were real, Found home of Agamemnon, King of Troy (Mycenae)
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Who is Sir Arthur Evans?
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Disciple of Schliemann, uncovered first evidence of minotaur & Labyrinth.
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Neolithic to Bronze age
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6000-3000
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Indo-European speakers reach Greece and eventually become the Mycenaeans (the early Greeks)
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3000 something happened that drove theses people to move to other parts of Europe.
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Pre-Hellenic, Inhabitants
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there before the Greeks not indo European. (Minoans, Egyptians, Sumarians)
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Indo-Europeans settled in agricultural communities what did they bring with them
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Pottery Tools Trade Houses
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Bronze Age
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3000
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What island was the Minoan Civilization on?
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Crete
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What were the Minoan's like?
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Rich, Polished, Artists, Well established Trades
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Who threatened Greek Culture? and What Year?
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1st Greek speakers Peloponeese, Mycenean 2200
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Eastern Culture
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(Crete) Minoan (King Minos) Older, Richer, Eastern, Sophisticated. Sea Kingdom,Natural Resources, Centralized Palace(Strong Political System, Worship of Nature, Esspecially Mother Goddess
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Western Culture
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Mycenae,Newer,Fortified Acropolis(base),Live by war, Had contact with crete because they tried to copy the art but failed.Good at war. cults based upon male gods, surprising amount of gold(from conquest of the east) Warrior Code
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Shaft Grave Dynasty
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1600-1400
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Tholos (Beehive tomb Dynasty) also called The Heroic Age
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1400-1200
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Trojan War, East Widespread Destruction
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1400-1200
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On Crete, among the Minoans and other Aegean Peoples (Epypt)
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destruction of homes palaces, heroes of greek mythology did this. widespread violence.
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Fall of Troy and the dark ages for greece, The begin attacking themselves.
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1100
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Beginning of Iron age and Rebirth of Greek Culture
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700
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Homer
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Epic poet, orally wrote Iliad (Trojan War) and Odyssey (Troy's destruction and Odysseus travel home), could not write himself
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Hesiod
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Books, Theogony(birth of Gods), Works and Days (How humans came into the world.)
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Homeric Hymns
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Sources of what we know about the major gods Apollo, Athena, Zeus etc.
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Tragedies
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Aeschylus-story of royal family of Mycenaeans, Sophocles-Oedipus the King, Euripides-Jason golden fleet & Mydea),Dionysis(dark & Mysterious powers of the gods)
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Plato
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wrote the Republic which deals with the afterlife.
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Virgil
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Roman poet, Aeneid, deals with the afterlife
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Ovid
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Metamorphoses- deals with individual myths & lesser dieties, 200+ epic poems of myths and legends from creation of the universe to early rome (echo and narcissus, appolo and daphne)
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Myth
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Greek: Mythos, Word speech story. Discusses relationship between human and god. narriative, any medium:song dance art stories.
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Saga, legend
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Historical fact iliad
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folk and fairy tales
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didactic entertainment, culturally bound, teaches children a message.
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Religious School
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Ritual (cult and practice) earliest school, every myth describes an actual religious ritual, this theory works for a lot of myths but not them all.
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Etiological School
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Explanatory:Thundering, constellations & skin color. Primitive attempt to explain why things are the way they are explain natural and universal phenomenon
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School of Rationalism
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Actual history: every myth relects actually history. No gods just good men who were deified for their good deeds. ie-Zeus was king of crete became a god
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Allegory
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Sustained metaphor-discusses a greater reality. traditional tales use a metaphor to discuss greater reality:symbols hide or reveal profound ad universal truths. IE-Demeter and Persephone-agricultural metaphor to discuss more than the agricultural seasons (life death rebirth)
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Pchyoanalytical
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Victorian Period. freudian thoughts
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Freud
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sexuality, infant sexuality, unconscious, Oedipus complex, dreams
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The purpose of dreaming is Catharsis
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purging of fears and desires.(too powerful or frightening for the conscious mind and are thus repressed and create anxiety on unconscious level
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Anxiety is purged in dreams through symbols , both individual and ocmmon myth preform this for a culture
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The same function that dreams preform for a person. The purpose of myth is catharsis of fears and desires through cultural symbols (swords, umbrellas, boxes, apples)
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Jung was freud assistant
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he thought that myth is an expression of the collective unconscious and uses collective symbols.
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Archetypes
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Collective symbols (hero,princess,wise old man, enemy to be overcome)
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1st Generation of Leaders and their dynastic name
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Ge and Uranus (no dynastic name
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2nd generation
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Rhea and Cronus (Titians)
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3rd generation
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Hera and Zeus (Olympians)
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Homer
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700 BCE Iliad-briefly describes gods
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Oceanus and Tethys (HOMER)
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create all other gods. Oceanus surrounds and supports the flat disc of the universe including tethys
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Hesiod
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700 BCE wrote Theogony- Describes generation of gods
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Chaos
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not a god, a void with energy and matter. Creates with own volition and without a partner
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Ge, Nux, Tartarus, Erebos, Eros
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Earth, Night, Underworld, Darkness and Love
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Ge
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Mother earth-female fertile, powerful, brings about the primary order of our world by creating an equal Uranus
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Uranus
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Father sky Gaea creates him (her equal) male deity all enveloping sky father
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Heiros Gamos
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Holy marriage of Earth and Sky
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Two places where sky and earth meet so they can have sex physical union
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Pontos-Sea and Mountains
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Cyclops
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Thunder, lightening and Bright, born from Ge and Uranus
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Hecatonshires
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Monsters with one hundred arms and fifty heads, born from Ge and Uranus
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Titians
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2nd generation of gods lead by Rhea and Cronus
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Defeat of Uranus
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Ge and Uranus were about to have sex, Ge told her youngest song Cronus to use a Bronze sickle to cut off Uranus' genitals
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2nd Heiros Gamos (Titians)
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Rhea and Kronos
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Oceanus and Tethys
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have the oceanids- 3000 daughters and 3000 sons, spirits of rivers, waters and springs
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Hyperion and Theia
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Helios, Selene and Eos
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Helios
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Sun god with golden blonde hair lives in the east crosses sky with golden horses, floats back east on the oceanus in a golden bowl. gold chariot and golden palace. Has a son Phaethon.
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Phaethon
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Helios' son, asks to fly the chariot, Helios sworn to let him, he flew too far away from earth(Cold places) and too close (africa) Zeus had to stop him with a thunder bolt
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Selene
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2 Horses, silver and Ivory. Fall in love with Endymion
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Endymion
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Selene falls in love with him and asks her dad if she can marry him, he only lets her to be with him when he is sleeping
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Eos
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Saffron and Rose Chariot two horses. Morning Falls in love with Tithonus
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Tithonus
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Eos falls in love with him, she asks to marry him and make him immortal, her father lets her but he makes him immortal but not forever young, he gets really old and becomes a cricket and she carries him around in a box
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What is dangerous for mortal?
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Nearness to the gods is dangerous
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Helios, Eos, Selene, the oceanids
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they are all Physical Deifies of some aspects of natural
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Themis, Prometheus and Epimetheus
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Intellectual Deifications
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Themis
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Thought, Mother of Prometheus and Epimetheus
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Prometheus
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Forethought son of themis
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Epimetheus
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Afterthought son of themis
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Fall of the 2nd Generation
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Zeus kills Cronos because he swallowed his brothers and sisters
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Zeus's rise to power
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Rhea tricks kronos into vomiting up all of the other Olympians gods
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Minoans lived in Crete
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They loved mother earth the most, culturally advanced, Indo-European want to attach themselves to the minoans because they were so advanced
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Zeus dethrones Cronus
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Cronus is exiled to the island of the blessed-where heroes go when they die, other titians are held in Tarturus.
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1st generation olympians Hestia, Hera, Dmeter, Hades, Poseidon
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Hearth, Human Fertility, Natural Fertility(grain & Fruits), Underworld, Sea. Banded together to preserve Zeus's leadership in two wars
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Titianomachy
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war of Zeus against remaining titians.
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Zeus Side
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Location-Mt. Olympus
Allies-Olympians, Themis, Prometheus and the Hecatonshires |
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Kronos Side
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Mt. Othrys, Atlas, Hyperion(cant fight at night), Oceanus, Tethys(Earth Goddess)
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Gigantomachy
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2nd War against the giants(born by Uranus' castration
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Otus and Ephialtes
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Giant Leaders
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Mt Ossa on Pelion
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The giants tried to reach Mt. Olympus by piling mountains on top of each other and then climbing up them. They failed and Zeus buried them in the earth(Sometimes people say earthquakes are them trying to escape.
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Hesiod
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wrote the book Works and Days, Believe that humans and gods come from a common source
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5 ages
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Gold Silver Bronze Heroes Iron
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Gold
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Cronos made used gold to create golden race of humans they are more like gods than mortals, had frequent interaction with gods. Don't really die loose physical forms and become holy spirits that watch over the humans on earth
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Silver
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First 100 years, people were babies who couldn't do much. over night, they matured to senseless adults, arrogant,don't worship gods and don't make sacrifices. don't die but instead loose form and are hidden under the earth because they are evil.
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Bronze
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terrible,violent,pursue war against each others. no breading names, low level of civilization, nomads,no farming, live like animals
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Heroes
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Demigods, ex: Troy, golden fleece, are mortal, semi divine. when they die they are sent to the Isles of the blessed ruled by Cronos.
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Iron
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Worse from all ages, constant work and constant suffering. constant war and battle between parents and children, friend & friend, Brother & Brother. have no respect for the gods
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Bad omen meaning the end of the iron age
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babies being born with white hair
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another source of humans
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Humans where created from the digression of the titians mainly Prometheus. Made from mud and rain and given the divine spark from the titian soul
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Myth of Prometheus
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Prometheus tricks Zeus into choosing the bones and fat instead of the meat from sacrificed animals resulted in humans leaving the bones of animals behind as a sacrificed for gods. because burning fat smells better than burning hair.
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Prometheus's theft and punishment
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Zeus took away fire from the humans because of the sacrifice decision, so Prometheus stole fire from the heavens and gave it to the humans. He was chained to a rock shaped mountain and an eagle comes ever day to peck out his liver, since he is a god he is immortal so he regenerates his liver every night
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Herakles
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Child greater than his father (Zeus). Prometheus knows about Herakles and how he is better than his father
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Pandora
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Name means all gifts. Aphrodite-beauty Hermes-Character-Bitch and a Thief. Athena-Weaving
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Pandora's Dowry
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a box from Zeus with suffering sends her to Epimethius and she opens it releases everything but hope.
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Hope stays in the box Why?
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because there is nothing crueler than hope is hopeless situations. Hope should not be part of the other sufferings as a human condition
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Zeus and The Flood
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Zeus went to humans and was outraged by the savage behavior. he met Lycaon.
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Lycaon
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invites travelers into his house and then kills them. Zeus is mad because he is the protector of travelers
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Deucalion(Prometheus) & Pyrrha (Epimethius)
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Zeus likes them. so they build a boat to out last the storm
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"the bones of your Mother"
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Deucalion realizes that bones were stones and rocks of mother earth so they make a bunch of stone people and also have a real child Hellas.
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Hellas
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Ancestor to the Hellenes (Greeks)
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6 original (1st generation) Olympians
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Zeus(sky) Hera(Earth), Hades(underworld), Demeter(grain), Hesia (hearth) Poseidon(SEA)
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Athena: Metis (thought)
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Zeus eats metis, athena springs from Zeus head
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Apollo and Artemis: Leto
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Thebian princess, Zeus seduces
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Hermes: Maia
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Mountain Nymph
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Dionysus:Semele
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Thebian Princess
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Aphrodite: Dione, Uranus
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Two different sets of parents, sprang from Uranus gentials or by Zeus and Dione
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The Nine Muses
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Zeus mated with Mnemosyne
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Calliope
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Epic Poems
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Clio
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Lyre (history)
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Euterpe
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Lyric Poetry (tragedy Flute)
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Melpomene
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Tragedy or Lyre
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Terpsichore
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Choral Dance
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Erato
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Erotic Poetry (love Poems)
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Polyhymnia
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Sacred
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Urania
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Astronomy
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Thalia
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Comedy
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Children of Zeus and Hera
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Hebe Eileithyia and Hephaestus
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Hebe
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Cupbearer Marries Herakles
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Eileithyia
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Childbirth (shared with Hera) Limited in powers and Authority
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Hephaestus
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Vulcan smith, creative fire, culture god, benefactor to humanity. Artist and Inventor: Shield of Achilles(HOMER), Female robots
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more Hephaestus
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Sometimes his forge in under the earth, helpers-Original cyclops-thunder,lightening and bright.
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Hephaestus linked with Athena
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especially in Athens because of arts and crafts, champions of progress and civilization
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How did Hephaestus become deformed
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*because he was produced by Hera alone(like Zeus:Athena) and was born deformed, because Hera sucks.*or during a quarrel between Hera and Zeus, he was hurled to the earth by Zeus onto Lemnos
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Lemnos
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Center of hephaestus worship like other volvanic regions also Etna and of course Athens because of arts and crafts.
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Aphrodite & Hephaestus
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She is the most beautiful and he is deformed.
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Hippocrene Fountain (Boeotia) Mt. Helicon
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Association with Apollo:god of music, poetry and the arts
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3 fates:Moirai
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parents are either Zeus and Themis or Night and Erebus. Birht Spirits: 3 old women: Control destiny for all beings, even gods
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Clotho
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Moirai, spinner
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Lachesis
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Apportioner: measurer
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Atropos
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Inflexible
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Moira
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Fate itself more abstract
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Tyche
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Luck
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Ananke
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Necessity-dark and mysterious, sometimes Zeus is supreme, controls fate: sometimes fate(Ananke) controls all
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Iconography
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How or with what a god is represented in Art IE bearded, young, special clothes
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Attributes
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personal qualities or objects, Zeus-Thunderbolt-token weapon
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Epithets
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tellings or nicknames: owl eyed Athena
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Domain
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geographical areas: samos-Hera, area of power:Marriage, the marriage bed
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Companion or token animal
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Aphrodite- 3 graces, Artemis-deer
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Duality
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contrasting or opposite qualities seen in one god or goddess, Aphrodite-smiling/dangerous
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Anthropomorphic
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like humans in shape & character.
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Ichor
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blood of gods
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Magnified or Idealized
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Immortality
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Differences and similarities between gods and humans
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lived in houses, have relationships and children, enjoy food(ambrosia) and drinks(Nectar).More beautiful, quicker, more passionate, crueler, more petty, vain. they lie cheat and steal more
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Organized in a family
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mother & Father, Cental Couple, Parents, Brothers & Sisters, Aunts & Uncles, Daughters & Sons, Nieces & Nephews, Siblings
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Archetypal Family members
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Zeus and Hera Archetypal Married Couple, Apollo and Artemis Adolescents
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Paired by social Archetypes
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Ares and Aphrodite:Adulterous couple
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Paired by Function
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Athena and Hephaestus- worker, culture benefactors
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Paired by elemental forces
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Aphrodite & Ares, Creation & Destruction
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Paired Necessity
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Demeter and Dionysis
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Polar Opposites
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Artemis & Aphrodite, Aphrodite and Hephaestus
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Zeus
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Father, Deus Pater, Jupiter Tuesday Zeus's day. Sky god, elemental force:Thunder, lightening, winds, clouds, rain, hail, snow, all kinds of storms. Both Beneficent and Destructive
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Epithets of Zeus
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names that show origin, character or power. Cloud-gather, thunders on high, Hurler of thunder bolts, father of gods and men
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Zeus Domain
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Mt. Olympus and Sky
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Weapon of zeus
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Thunderbolt, forged by the original cyclopes:thunder, lightening, and Bright
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Token Items of zeus
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Eagle(soars the highest), Bull(straight), Oak(Tallest, largest, longest living)& Aegis(leather sac that holds the winds, passes some of them onto Athena)
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Iconography of zeus
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Depiction of Zeus changes as the character of Zeus evolves, always bearded, powerful and mature
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Power of zeus
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Virility, sexual and generative powers (populates the nation) Like the sky he covers all
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Rules of Zeus
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Warrior, judge, enforcer of law and fate
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Zeus wife
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Hera- Wife and sister. Zeus pretends to be a cuckoo, to get close to Hera. She insists that if he wants her then he has to marry her.
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Leda
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Zeus disguises himself as a swan-she lays egg, Helene of troy, clydenstra, castor & polis
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Aegina
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Zeus Disguises himself as an eagle
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Europa
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Bull-Europa climbs on his back and he runs away with here. their son is Minos-minotaur-half man/half bull
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Alcmene
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Zeus disguises himself as her husband, because she was so faithful. Herakles is born
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Myth of Io (greek princess)
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Zeus turns her into a cloud and plays with her. Zeus switches her into a cow. Hera sends the monster after her with all of the eyes. Zeus sends Hermes to kill the monster. he does and hera makes the dead monster her peacock. Then she sends horse fly after Io. Io jumps into the sea and swims to Egypt and becomes a human again and gives birth to Zeus kids and they become Faros.
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Myth of Ganymede
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He is a man, homosexuality is normal, Zeus brought him to olympus
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Zeus
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Sky god-all seeing, all knowing, all powerful
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Patriarch zeus
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fathers and guides the nations
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Human need of Zeus
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Justice, knowledge that tempers power
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Zeus's male Fantasy
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All powerful male complete freedon
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Hera
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Should be his equal in age and power
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Hieros Gamos
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Physical union of earth goddess and sky god
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Domains of Hera
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Argos-southern greece, older than Zeus's temple and Samos-island off the coast of greece(Zeus and Hera married and spent the night here)
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Iconography of Hera
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Mature, strong, beautiful, sexual women
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Epithets of Hera
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Ox-eyed, White-armed, Early-time
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Toke animal of hera
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Peacock
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Power of hera
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marriage and marriage bed
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3 states of marriage
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before-virginity, during-fullfillment, after separation-shrew
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Poseidon Power and domains
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equal in power and domain with Zeus and Hades
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Previous ocean gods
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Titan Oceanus, Tethys and the Oceanids
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Pontus
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Born of Ge and then mates with Ge to make Nereus
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Nereus, Doris and The Nereids
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Two are of special importance, old men of the sea
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Thetis
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Special prophecy:mother of Achilles, Zues will mate with her and the child that will destroy Zeus
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Amphitrite
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Marries Poseidon and creates Triton
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Triton
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Merna, conch shell, shape shifter like an ocean shapes itself around obsticles
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Iconography of Poseidon
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mature, breaded, violent, Shaggy-because he just came out of the water
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Attendants of Poseidon
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Nereus, Proteus and Triton
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Token Weapon and Token Animal of Poseidon
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Trident-three prong spear and Dolphin-human like creature
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What does Poseidon drive?
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4 horse carriage can run across the top of the ocean
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Epithets and Duality of Poseidon
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Fertile/Infertile, Benevolent Savior. Destructive:earthshaker. God of earthquakes, shipwrecks, storms and death at sea. Taureos-Bull god-his anger first associated with crete and Poseidon and then Zeus took it over. Hippios- Horse god
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Unusually Domain of Poseidon
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Chariot races and horsemen-his horses were so swift that they could run across water, he was worshiped as a horse god
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Sacrifies
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Tuna, and once every four years a horse is drowned in the sea for him
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Poseidon's relationship with Demeter
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Fathers a horse with demeter. Union of male and female powers: fertility of the earth and yet the sea is barren and unproductive
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Medusa(gorgon)> Pegasus
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Where her head is cut off she bears pegasus. Medusa was punished by athena because he and poseidon had an affair in her temple
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Scylla
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Amphitrite throws magic herbs into scylla's bath, she had an affair with poseidon and got caught.
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Straits of Messene (Sicily and Italy)
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Scylla lives in a cave there with Charbybdis
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Charybdis
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Daughter of Ge and Poseidon, Zeus cast her in the sea three times so three times a day she draws in a mountain of water and spews it forth (Odyssey)
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Associated Ocean. Prophecy Deities
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Nereids, oceanids, iris, harpies, Graeae, Gorgons
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Iris
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Rainbow, winged messenger (Hera)
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Harpies
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Snatchers Mean winged and snatches humans
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Graeae
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Aged ones 1 eye and 1 tooth (can tell you want is going to happen to you in the future)
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Grogons
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Their gaze turns you to stone
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Importance of water, sea travel, dominance
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Conquests
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Nereus, Proteus, Triton
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Ageless gentle and wis
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