Classic To Romantic Quiz 1

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Classic and Romantic refers to the difference in Art and ideas from the early 18th to the early 19th century. The Art and ideas are about 20% different from each other. It is like something gray getting grayer.

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The years covered in the Classic to Romantic period are 1700--1820. This stretch of time is known as a literary period that some refer to as THE LONG 18th Century.

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Between 1700 and 1820, the Industrial Revolution (1760), the American Revolution (1776), and the French Revolution (1789) all took place.

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In THE LONG 18th century, Britain establishes an imperial trading empire in India, China, the Carribean, and North America. Britain also takes Canada in the French and Indian War.

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The Romantic Revolution emphasizes the role of the self. In the Classic period, it was about fitting in, working hard, not rocking the boat, and dying fast so you could go to heaven. We are part of a post-romantic world.

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CLASSIC refers to that which has stood the test of time. It is something people still want to use. If it is not classic, it disappears.

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Classic as a term comes from the ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome. The Greeks and Romans produced literary epics, philosophers, and other things that lasted. The design of the Texas Capital is Neo-Classical--the design comes straight from Rome. The U.S. Capital is the same way.

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RENAISSANCE--refers to the re-birth of classical learning.

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Classical Works were written by Pagans--made them out of favor in Europe. Michelangelo creates a sculpture in the form of a Greek Soldier and calls it Adam to keep himself out of trouble.

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NEO_CLASSICAL refers to New Classical.

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RETRO-CLASSICAL refers to Revival Classical. Retro-Classical is not an exact immitation but an exact immitation that adds modern elements.

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People are so excited about new material that they use it as as treasure trove and don't think how it was used in a historically authentic way. The Renaissance was not strict Neo-Classicism.

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In the 17th century, Ben Johnson and others want to make Neo-Classicism more rigid by basing poetic forms and other things directly off fo the Greeks and Romans.

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RESTORATION OF THE STUART MONARCHY--During this time, Charles and others who fled the country were being raised in the court of Louie 14th--this court was undergoing a great Neo-Classical Movement involving literature, plays, etc.

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The HEROIC CUPLET uses Iambic Pentameter. The Essay On Criticism uses the Heroic Cuplet.

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The Greeks believed in gods, yet all of their gods proved to be fake. Some people in Europe begin to wonder if there is anything wrong with their spiritual beliefs.

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CHRISTIAN HUMANISTS reconcile Classical Civilizations with a strong belief in Christianity. Yet, all classical writers were believed to be burning in hell. How do you get around this? Modern Context: Like trying to admire a Nazi writer.

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RENAISSANCE MAN--someone who is equipped to engage the world, lead, explore, etc. Renaissance is a way for them to express their celebratory energies.

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The Greek Parethenon inspires the Roman Pantheon. The Roman Pantheon inspires St. Paul's Cathedral.

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ROMANTICISM was about people looking into themselves and nature. People moved away from classicism and into the Romantic. Clothing becomes less restrictive. Clothing in classicism is extremely restrictive (whale bone) etc.

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Alexander Pope is born in 1688. He is a Catholic in England and experiences legal penalties for not converting to Protestantism. He could not attend Oxford or Cambridge and could not become a politician. His career path was circumscribed by his religion. He is given a private education with tutors and becomes a literary genius. When he is young he gets a tubercular infection of the spine and won't be able to walk very well the rest of his life. He is in pain the rest of his life. He had very bad skulliosis.

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Glorious Revolution--The Stewart Monarchs were closet Catholics. James II comes out and declares he's Catholic and is expelled from the country. William and Mary come in as Protestants and take the throne.

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As William and Mary took power, the Parliament was more powerful, the monarch was less powerful, a Bill of Rights was passed, and commercial interests gained more support.

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In the early 1700s, wealthy, landed gentlemen did not have jobs--their job was to run the estate. Working people, even wealthy businessmen were looked down upon.

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1714-1715 saw the death of Queen Anne. Around this time, Pope becomes known as a poet and "An Essay On Critism" makes his name well known.

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There was not enough of a reading public to sell poetry to read it. No such thing as a professional author. Poets needed patrons to finance their efforts.

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As women begin to read, it becomes more possible to make a living by writing. Controversy and scandal were two topics that sold very well. Nasty Criticism sold very well. Lots of bad writers writing bad criticism on lots of new works.

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HACKS--A Hack writer was a writer you could hire to write anything you wanted. He was the first writer to make enough off his trade to live independently of patrons. Hacks were seenas Prostitute writers by Pope and Swift. Pope sees himself as a gentleman writing pieces that will have a positive effect on his readers.

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Neo-Classicism also involved the combination of Nature and Classical works. Nature was seen as the best thing to tap into.

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Government and Politics are important to Pope. Pope never disavows Catholicism, but all his friends were Anglican and he rarely went to Church. He becomes close friends wth the most powerful men in the Protestant English governement. It was a moderate Tory administration. 1711-1713

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Torie were more conservative--in favor of landed interest, less in favor of business, in favor of an authoritative high church. Whigs were in favor of a less powerful low church, more in favor of commerce/trade, and were more willing to fight wars to protect/expand their trade routes.

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Robert Harley, the Prime Minister, and Henry St. John, the Secretary of State, become friends with Swift and Pope. Pope becomes known with this administration--when the admin is overthrown, Swift and Pope go into hiding.

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PROTESTANT SUCCESSION ACT--If the English monarch died childless, a Protestant person who was designated could take the spot. George I was imported from Hanover.

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In AN ESSAY ON CRITICISM, Pope is not trying to be radical or original in his critical theory. He is trying to reformulate opinions of the day and make them fit the Neo-Classic mold.

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Trying to reformulate ideas and make them modern is known as IMMITATION, because it takes a classcial model, updates it, and makes it accessible to a modern audience.

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AN ESSAY ON CRITICISM is written with metaphors, similies, and other illustrations made new and updated.

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Pope believed that a bad critic is worse than a bad writer because a bad critic can teach people to read badly. The underlying targets are hacks.

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Pope believes that everyone has at least the beginnings of good common sense and can become good critics. However, their common sense can be defaced by false learning.

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Pope does not believe in higher criticism. Literature is meant to teach people about their faults and get them to live in a pleasurable way.

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DULCE and UTILE---Sweet and Useful. Pope believed that literature should simultaneously entertain and instruct.

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WIT---Intelligence

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In AN ESSAY ON CRITICISM, Pope says the single most important influence a writer or critic needs to have is NATURE. Line 68

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NATURE is universal and perfect. Nature is always the same and always perfect. Nature has a religious element to it--"universal light." The Ancient writers were believed to help the modern reader find nature.

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In NATURE, Pope is also talking about an underlying template--something that, at one time, was perfect, balanced, and universal--the Garden of Eden and its ultimate fall. This melds Judeo-Christian beliefs with Ancient beliefs.

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In AN ESSAY ON CRITICISM, Pope says that the Ancients are a way to connect you to nature. They act as a sort of halfway point.

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PLATONISM--There is a large tree and a small tree. The small tree is the same version as the large tree but wishes to be a large tree. The desk I use now will be gone in 200 years, but desks will still be present 200 years from now.

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Christian Neo-Platonism says there is unfallen nature (EDEN) and fallen nature (present day nature). The writer, through his work, can allow the reader to access the perfection of EDEN through the universality of nature. The work a writer produces must be based on the classics.

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The problem with perfection is that if everything is perfect, everything will be the same. If everything is the same in literature, it will be boring. Literature needs conflict, sin, duplicity, love, or war to make it interesting.

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RULES--Ancients gave us forms to follow when writing. BEGINNING-MIDDLE- END. OR MIDDLE-BEGINNING-END.

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Those who study nature around us can achieve a more universal sense of nature in landscape gardens.

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In AN ESSAY ON CRITICISM, Rules means precedents--the way things have been done befofe. The more knowledge you have of the great precedents, the more you have to draw on for writing and criticism.

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"Wit and Judgement"--line 82. Wit, in this sense, means going wild, and Judgement means restraint.

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Pegasus is an overflow of images and ideas. Your Pegasus is taking you away for a flight to the moon. Yet, you can use reason/judgement to control your course. The Neo-Classical Position is that restraint is necessary.

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Parnassus is the place where the Muses live. Muse was the name of a daughter of Zeus.

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"She drew from them what they derive from heaven." Good critics derive their rules from the Greeks.

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Lines 108-112--Those who know little are judging harshly. Like a doctor knowing a little about medicine and then prescribing it to a patient. Those who are obsessed with parts don't understand how they fit into the whole.

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Pope says you have to know every little detail about an author's life to judge a work well. This part almost discredits the essay. Don't have to know about author to enjoy the essay.

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Pope says the classics like Homer are one with nature.

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Pope says there are times when it would be better not to know some of the rules, but only when your training in the classics is brought to the unconscious level do you have a right to break the rules. If you have the talent and training, you can make use of inspiration. If you have inspiration without training, you can't do anything with it. Pope believed that inspiration, with proper training and talent, could make you remembered.

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Pope says "Pride is the never failing vice of fools." In this sense, Pride means arrogance. He refers to fledgling readers who read a little and then think they know everything.

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"A little learning is a dangerous thing." Pope says you must drink deep from the fountain of knowledge or don't drink at all.

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With the Romantics, a metaphor was a spiritual relationship between objects. Neo-Classicists thought about metaphors as ways to explain ideas or moral understandings.

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A submerged metaphor and overt simile was used by Pope when discussing heights/alps. When you scale a mountain of knowledge, you see another mountain of knowledge beyond it. After you scaled the new mountain, you'll find another one beyond that--into infinity.

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Pope wants literature to be accessible, universal, and easy to understand. He doesn't like overusing metaphors. Not good for Neo-Classicists to over use metaphors.

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Lines 319-325--Pope says you must adjust the style of language to the style of the story you're telling. In an Epic, you want to use elevated language.

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If you don't know how parts fit into a whole, you are only going to fool yourself. A theme in AN ESSAY ON CRITICISM, and EPISTLE TO BURLINGTON.

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Some people put up paintings without understanding them just so they can fit in. "Pompous buildings were one things of use." What Pope says about literature in AN ESSAY ON CRITICISM, he is now trying to say about architecture in EPISTLE TO BURLINGTON.

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The GEORGIAN ERA began with George I.

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When the administration fell apart, Pope goes into hiding. He built a miniature garden. He translates the works of Homer by himself. He translates the Illiad and sends samples to wealthy donors so they will pay him for full editions.

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In 1721, Robert Walpole becomes first Lord of the treasury--a Prime Minister. He is a Whig, very interested in new aristocracy based on money and business. He is not interested in art and literature. Pope and Swift see him as vulgar and corrupt. He remains PM until 1742. In the early part Walpole's reign, Pope is open to offers from Walpole--yet, Walpole has no interest in Pope, which offends Pope and makes him mad. Pope responds by writing satire against the administration, English culture, and hacks.

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The Country Party consisted of landed gentry and opposed Walpole. Swift and Pope were a part of this party. CP supporte the taxation of the Prime Minister.

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In 1726-1727, Gulliver's Travels, The Dunciad, and other political satires came out. From this point, Pope and Swift were seen as part of the opposition.

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The Scriblerus Club was formed in 1913 to satirize all forms of false learning. Swift, Pope, and Gay were all members.

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John Arbuthnot is a physician who creates the character John Bull as a symbol of England. Similar to America's Uncle Sam.

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Epistle to Burlington is Pope's view of the architectural world of the very wealthy. Some people are so wealthy that they don't even know what they are buying. They buy things only to show off. Andrea Palladio was a famous architect.

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Burlington publishes Pope's book as a way of moving away from a rediculously ornamental vision of neo-classicism. Pope is talking about the relationship between the natural , raw landscapes, and the perfect man-made landscapes common for the time.

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Everything in our class pictures was created by man and made to look better than nature could ever make it look.

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"Modern Virtue" from EPISTLE TO BURLINGTON refers to Walpole, Pop Cutlure, and Hack writers.

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A Haha is a sunken fence with spikes that was designed to keep animals out of one's garden. The wall was sunken so as to prevent the wall from ruining one's vista.