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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When did Tito come to power? |
1945 - Tito came to power - under his constitution there were 6 equal republics and 2 autonomous regions within Serbia |
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What countries did Yugoslavia consist of before the war? and what were their religious and ethnic make-up? |
6 republics = Slovenia (Catholic, slavic)/ Croatia (Catholic, slavic)/ Bosnia and Herzegovina (multi ethnic with Muslim plurality)/ Montenegro (slavic, orthodox christian)/ Macedonia (multi ethnic, orthodox christian)/ Serbia (slavic, orthodox christian) 2 serb regions: Kosovo (Muslim Albanian majority)/ Vojvodina (Hungarian majority) |
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When did Tito die, and what happened after his death? |
1. Died in 1980 2. 1981 - unrest in Kosovo when Albanian Muslim students demanded a larger political role for their compatriots 3. Massive anti-Serb rallies
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How did Milosevic become involved? 4 points |
1987 1. Yugo pres. Ivan Stambolic enlisted Slobodan Milosevic with anti-Serb uprising 2. To Milosevic - Kosovo was sacred ground 3. By 1988, Kosovo assembly was under his control 4. Montenegro was next on his agenda - 3 rallies broke the back of Montenegro regime |
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How did Yugoslavia become dismembered? 5 points |
1. By 1989, most generals in the Yugoslav army were Serbs 2. Slovenia - rejected a Serb-dominated Yugoslavia - seceded in 1990 3. Croatia - secession more complex - broke out into war 4. CRO had a large minority of Serbs/ 1/3 territory - Milosevic whipped them into a nationalist frenzy 5. 1990 - Krajina Serbs demanded autonomy from Croatia and union with Serbia |
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What did the Krajina serbs do? and what was the result of the conflict? 4 points |
1. They set out on ethnic cleansing mission - tried to cleanse Croat community 2. Met a lot of resistance - could not seize Dubrovnik 3. Croatia withstood the result and in 1991 became independent 4. But serbs controlled a 1/3 of his country |
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What were the international interventions with Croatia? 2 points |
1. European Community (EC) - recognised Croatia's sovereignty to enhance its status against Serbia - but they were viable to negotiate a truce 2. UN - protection force -1992- acted as a buffer between warring parties but when they arrived the deed was already done |
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What internal factors influenced the war in Bosnia? |
Bosnia was truly multi-ethnic - ½ Muslim, ⅓ Serbia - rest Croatian Groups were completely intermingled -drawing of borders impossible |
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What were the 3 stages that led up to the war in Bosnia? |
1st Stage: 1992 - EC recognised Bosnia as a sovereign state - Karadzic proclaimed a new state called the Serbian Republic of Bosnia with Sarajevo as its capital 2nd Stage: Thousands of Sarajevo citizens of all nationalities protested the ethnic division of the city 3rd Stage: Serbs began siege of Sarajevo - widely publicised- when focus was on Sarajevo - Mladic and Karadzic pursued ethnic cleansing all over Bosnia - 100,000 Bosnian lives |
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What did the ethnic cleansing of Bosnia consist of? |
1. Drove 2 million people from their homes 2. Concentration camps, starvations, physical and mental torture, mass execution 3. Rape of Bosnian women 4. Massive refugee exodus |
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What was the result of the ethnic cleansing? |
By 1993, Karadzic and Mladic had 2/3 of Bosnia under Serb control |
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How did the UN get involved with the ethnic cleansing? |
1. Declared Srebrenica+Sarajevo as safe places - they weren’t 2. informed that “Serb offensive” on Muslims would begin 3. Mladic extended ultimatum to 300,000 Muslims in Srebrenica via UN- surrender or get all the muslims out. "Else we take the town in 2 days" 4. UN would rather have 30,000 refugees than dead - Most extensive single act of ‘ethnic cleansing’ in Bosnia was carried out by UN, blackmailed |
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What prompted the international community to intervene? 1994 |
1994 - Bomb in Sarajevo market square |
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What did the international community do?
4 points |
1. NATO issued ultimatum to the Serbs - didn't really work 2. BUT when Russians promised peacekeepers to UN - Serbs complied - Yeltsin - diplomatic triumph 3. UN / Mladic - airstrike face off 4. For 2 years - the great powers refused to act, when they finally did it was too late! |
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What was the contact group? |
US, GB, RUSS, FR, GER - plan for 51% of Bosnia for a Muslim-Croat Federation - 49% for Serbs - Milosevic thought Karadzic and Mladic would find the proposal unacceptable --> pretended to be flexible - Mladic + Karadzic looked like warmongers and Milosevic a peacemaker - He thought it was time for them to step out of the spotlight |
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How did the Croats and Bosnians turn the table on the Serbs? 3 points |
1. Ex-army US --> taught Croats military strategy 2. Iran sent arms to Bosnia 3. 1995 - Croats + Bosnians turned the table on Serb invaders - started pushing them out - 'ethnic cleansing' - changed the ethnic distribution of the country |
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What were the provisions of the Dayton Peace Accords? -1995 |
1. Reconstituted single state of Bosnia 2. Free elections throughout Bosnia 3. Persons indicated by war crimes tribunal could not participate 4. NATO implementation force would ensure compliance 5. All persons could move freely throughout the century |
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What happened after the accords were signed? 1995 |
1. The hope to re-create a multiethnic Bosnia would not become a reality 2. Muslims began ethnic cleansing Serbs - pushed out of homes |
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What happened at the UN War Crimes Tribunal? 5 points |
1. Hopeful that murderers and rapists would be held accountable for their crimes 2. Judges tackled 'i took orders' defense 3. Clinton administration tended to hold the Serbs responsible for the war from the beginning 4. by 1996 - targeted Milosevic 5. hard-line nationalists candidates won handedly in all 3 Bosnian enclaves - Muslim, Serb, Croat - joint presidency |
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What acts led up to Milosevic's downfall? |
1. The ethnic cleansing campaign against the Albanians in Kosovo - made Bosnia look like a dress rehearsal 2. Milosevics goal was the forcible expulsion of Albanians from their homes 3. Kosovo was to be emptied of Muslims 4. Kosovo Liberation Army was formed - with every atrocity they grew in numbers |
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What was the catalyst for the NATO airstrike? |
1. Discovery of numerous massacres of Albanians 2. Western powers discovered Milosevic's 'operation horseshoe' - plan to fix Albanian problem - encircle them and force them to exit Kosovo |
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What were Milosevic's 3 main aims with his campaign in Kosovo? |
1. Crush KLA 2. Permanently change ethnic balance in Kosovo - in favour of Serbs 3. To overwhelm NATO with an unmanageable relief crisis |
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Why did Milosevic's 3 main aims fail? |
All 3 failed! because photographs of atrocities reached the West - NATO appeared victorious with air power alone and without a single casualty - after 78 days |
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Why did Milosevic give in? |
1. 20,000 bombs dropped on Yugoslavia 2. War crimes tribunal - he was indicted for war crimes and crimes against humanity |
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What were NATO's surrender terms to Milosevic? 3 points |
1. Withdrawal of all Serbs military forces within a week 2. Return of all Algerian refugees to Kosovo 3. Deployment of 50,000 peacekeepers |
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What was the aftermath of the war like? |
1. Houses burned down 2. 2008 - Kosovo declared its independence 3. Helpers and workers were so overwhelmed by the sheer mass of homeless |
